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Integrated United States History
Challenges to an Emerging Nation
SS0802
Eighth Grade Social Studies: Integrated United States History
Unit 2: Challenges to an Emerging Nation
Big Picture Graphic
Overarching Question:
How successful were political and social leaders in solving domestic and international
problems faced by the new nation?
Previous Unit:
Foundations of a New
Nation
This Unit:
Challenges to an Emerging Nation
Next Unit:
Regional and Economic
Growth
Questions To Focus Assessment and Instruction:
1. How did political and social leaders attempt to meet the domestic and foreign challenges facing
the new government?
2. How did competing ideas, experiences of political leaders, and fears of the Founders influence
the development of political parties?
3. How did the decisions by the President and Congress and decisions of the Supreme Court help
to define the authority of the national government?
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Integrated United States History
Challenges to an Emerging Nation
SS0802
Graphic Organizer
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Integrated United States History
Challenges to an Emerging Nation
High School Foundations (see USHG F1.2)
Understand how the character of American life and political society changed with
respect to
• competing views on the responsibilities of government;
• the development of political parties;
• America’s role in the world.
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Public Issues (See 6.2)
• Balance of Power:
Distribution of power
among central
government, state
governments, and the
people.
• Liberty vs. Security:
Competing interests of
liberty and security
Unit Abstract
This unit addresses the role of political and social leaders in meeting the challenges of the new
government. Students explore the development of foreign policy, economic policy, politics, and
early expansion that transformed the United States as a nation from the time of George
Washington’s inauguration to the Monroe Doctrine. Beginning with the economic problems faced
by the new government, students examine and evaluate the economic policies proposed by
Jefferson and Hamilton and explore how these disagreements and others led to the rise of political
parties. Using primary sources, they assess the impact of the Marshall Court on the power of
federal and state governments. Students also evaluate America’s changing relationship with other
nations, and use evidence of treaties, wars, and policy decisions to support their positions.
Throughout the unit, students explore the tensions caused by the separating and balancing of
power within and among central and state governments and the people, as well as those derived
from the competing interests of liberty and security in both historical and contemporary times.
Focus Questions
1. How did political and social leaders attempt to meet the domestic and foreign challenges
facing the new government?
2. How did competing ideas, experiences of political leaders, and fears of the Founders
influence the development of political parties?
3. How did the decisions of the Supreme Court, including the power of judicial review, help to
define the authority of the national government?
Content Expectations
8 – U4.1.1: Washington’s Farewell – Use Washington’s Farewell Address to analyze the most
significant challenges the new nation faced and the extent to which subsequent
Presidents heeded Washington’s advice.
8 – U4.1.2:
Establishing America’s Place in the World – Explain the changes in America’s
relationships with other nations by analyzing treaties with American Indian nations,
the French Revolution, Jay’s Treaty (1795), Pinckney’s Treaty (1795), Louisiana
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Integrated United States History
Challenges to an Emerging Nation
SS0802
Purchase (1803), War of 1812, Transcontinental Treaty (1819), and the Monroe
Doctrine (1823).1
8 – U4.1.3:
Challenge of Political Conflict – Explain how political parties emerged out of the
competing ideas, experiences, and fears of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander
Hamilton (and their followers), despite the worries the Founders had concerning the
dangers of political division, by analyzing disagreements over
• relative power of the national government (e.g., Whiskey Rebellion, Alien and
Sedition Acts)
• foreign relations (e.g., French Revolution, relations with Great Britain)
• economic policy (e.g., the creation of a national bank, assumption of revolutionary
debt).
8 – U4.1.4:
Establishing a National Judiciary and Its Power – Explain the development of the
power of the Supreme Court through the doctrine of judicial review as manifested in
Marbury v. Madison (1803) and the role of Chief Justice John Marshall and the
Supreme Court in interpreting the power of the national government (e.g.,
McCullouch v. Maryland, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Gibbons v. Ogden).
Key Concepts
domestic policy
federalism
foreign policy
growing independence of US foreign policy
judicial review
national economic policy
neutrality
political conflict
political parties
transition of political power
treaty
Duration
4 weeks
Lesson Sequence
Lesson 1: Economic Issues Facing the New Nation
Lesson 2: Were Political Parties Inevitable?
Lesson 3: Washington’s Farewell Address
Lesson 4: Trouble with France
1
This expectation has been modified by placing the events in chronological order and adding dates for clarification.
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Integrated United States History
Challenges to an Emerging Nation
SS0802
Lesson 5: Liberty vs. Order: Political Conflict Then and Now
Lesson 6: The Louisiana Purchase: Foreign Relations and the Power of Government
Lesson 7: The Marshall Court and Judicial Review
Lesson 8: The War of 1812
Lesson 9: Using Evidence to Support Historical Arguments about America’s Place in the World
Lesson 10: The Growing Power of the Judiciary
Lesson 11: Revisiting Washington’s Warnings – From Adams to Monroe
Assessment
Selected Response Items
Constructed Response Items
Extended Response Items
Performance Assessments
8 – U4.1.4: Compose an essay comparing the power and significance of the Supreme Court in
1800 to its power and significance in 1820. The essay should reference court cases
to illustrate how the Marshall Court’s decisions strengthened the power of the federal
government.
Resources
Equipment/Manipulative
Markers
Overhead projector or document camera
Poster board or butcher paper
Student Resource
Binder, Frederick M., and David M. Reimers. The Way We Lived: Essays and Documents in
American Social History. Vol. 1: 1607-1877. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988. 140-62.
Constitutionality of the National Bank: Alexander Hamilton. American Patriot Network. 23 July 2008
<http://www.civil-liberties.com/cases/nat_bank2.html>.
Constitutionality of the National Bank: Thomas Jefferson. American Patriot Network. 23 July 2008
<http://www.civil-liberties.com/cases/nat_bank1.html>.
Establishing Precedents: Webisode 7. Freedom A History of US. PBS. 23 July 2008
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/web02/segment7.html>.
“Farewell Address.” Farewell Address 1796. Rediscovering George Washington. PBS.Org.
Claremont Institute. 23 July 2008
<http://www.pbs.org/georgewashington/milestones/farewell_address_about.html>.
Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum
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Integrated United States History
Challenges to an Emerging Nation
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“Farewell Address.” Rediscovering George Washington. PBS.Org. Claremont Institute. 2002. 23
July 2008 <http://www.pbs.org/georgewashington/milestones/farewell_address_read.html>.
Hakim, Joy. The New Nation. New York: Oxford Press, 1999. 24-29.
Horizons. United States History: Beginnings. Orlando: Harcourt School Publishers, 2003. 374-379
(or other similar textbooks).
Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States: George Washington to George W.
Bush. Bartleby.com. 23 July 2008 <http://www.bartleby.com/124/>.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Background Summary and Questions. Landmark Cases.Org.
Supreme Court Historical Society and Street Law. 23 July 2008
<http://www.landmarkcases.org/mcculloch/background1.html>.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Key Excerpts from the Opinion. Landmarkcases.org. Supreme
Court Historical Society and Street Law. 23 July 2008
<http://www.landmarkcases.org/mcculloch/opinion.html>.
President Elect. Presidentelect.org. 6 Jan. 2005. 23 July 2008
<http://presidentelect.org/index.html>.
“Whiskey Rebellion.” Social Studies for Kids. 23 July 2008
<http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/wwww/us/whiskeyrebelliondef.htm>.
Teacher Resource
Bergen, Paul, ed. “United States Historical Census Data Browser.” 24 Mar. 1998. University of
Virginia Library. 23 July 2008 <http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/>.
Blohm, Craig E. “Old Ironsides: America’s Fighting Lady.” Cobblestone: The History Magazine for
Young People. Vol. 9. No. 1. Peterborough, NH: Cobblestone Publishing, 1988. 14-18.
Cababe Louise D., et al. U.S. History Book 1 – Beginnings to 1876. Rocky River, OH: Center for
Learning, 1997. 93-105.
Davidson, James West, et al. The American Nation: Teacher’s Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall, 2000. 168-247, 660-70.
“Effects of Taxes.” MSN Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Microsoft. 2004. 23 July 2008
<http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573037_3/Taxation.html#endads>.
The Evils of Necessity: A Time Line of the National Bank. American Patriot Network. 23 July 2008
<http://www.civil-liberties.com/cases/bank.html>.
Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum
www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org
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Integrated United States History
Challenges to an Emerging Nation
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“Hamilton vs. Jefferson.” An Outline of American History (1994). From Revolution to
Reconstruction. 20 Oct. 2004. 23 July 2008 <http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/H/1994/ch4_p8.htm>.
Historical Maps of the United States. 10 Dec. 2001. General Libraries - The University of Texas at
Austin. 23 July 2008 <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map collection/histus.html>.
Jefferson’s West: Thomas Jefferson and the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Monticello. 23 July 2008
<http://www.monticello.org/jefferson/lewisandclark>.
Kane, Beth Irwin. “The Burning of Washington.” Cobblestone: The History Magazine for Young
People. Vol. 9. No. 1. Peterborough, NH: Cobblestone Publishing, 1988.
Kimball, Virginia. “The Bright Promise.” Cobblestone: The History Magazine for Young People. Vol.
2. No. 9. Peterborough, NH: Cobblestone Publishing, 1981. 18-23.
LaFrance, Ruth M. “Dolly Madison Journal: Flight From Washington.” Cobblestone: The History
Magazine for Young People. Vol. 9. No. 1. Peterborough, NH: Cobblestone Publishing, 1988.
29-31.
“Marbury v. Madison (1803).” Landmark Cases. Street Law and the Supreme Court Historical
Society. 23 July 2008 <http://www.landmarkcases.org/marbury/home.html>.
Martel, Nancy B. “The Birth of ‘The Star Spangled Banner.’” Cobblestone: The History Magazine
for Young People. Vol. 9 No. 1. Peterborough, NH: Cobblestone Publishing, 1988. 32-33.
“Michigan State Taxes.” Bankrate.com. 26 Jan. 2005. 23 July 2008
<http://www.bankrate.com/brm/itax/edit/state/profiles/state_tax_Mich.asp>.
National Standards for History – Basic Education. Los Angeles, CA: National Center for History in
the School, 1996. 89-94.
Netherton, Theresa. “Tecumseh.” Cobblestone: The History Magazine for Young People. Vol. 9.
No. 1. Peterborough, NH: Cobblestone Publishing, 1988. 12 -13.
Salmon, Priscilla. “Kids at Work.” Cobblestone: The History Magazine for Young People. Vol. 2.
No. 9. Peterborough, NH: Cobblestone Publishing, 1981. 40-41.
Selinsky, Deloris. “The War Within A War.” Cobblestone: The History Magazine for Young People.
Vol. 9 No. 1. Peterborough, NH: Cobblestone Publishing, 1988. 6-10.
“Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton: It Was No Party.” Freedom: A History of US. Teachers
Guide. Webisode 2, Segment 7. PBS. 23 July 2008
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/teachers/pdfs/segment2-7.pdf>.
Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum
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Challenges to an Emerging Nation
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The View from the Crow’s Nest. “America at Work: The Industrial Revolution.” Cobblestone: The
History Magazine for Young People. Vol. 2. No. 9. Peterborough, NH: Cobblestone
Publishing, 1981. 4-9.
The Whiskey Rebellion. Friendship Hill National Historic Site. National Park Service. 4 Jan. 2005.
23 July 2008 <http://www.nps.gov/frhi/whiskreb.htm>.
Resources for Further Professional Knowledge
Johnson, Paul E. The Early American Republic, 1789-1829. New York: Oxford University Press,
2006.
Newmyer, R. Kent. The Supreme Court under Marshall and Taney. Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc.,
2006.
Sharp, James Roger. American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis. London,
England: Yale University Press, 1995.
Slaughter, Thomas P. The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution.. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum
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Integrated United States History
Challenges to an Emerging Nation
SS0802
Instructional Organization
Lesson 1: Economic Issues Facing the New Nation
Content Expectations:
8 – U4.1.3: Challenge of Political Conflict – Explain how political parties emerged out of the
competing ideas, experiences, and fears of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander
Hamilton (and their followers), despite the worries the Founders had concerning the
dangers of political division, by analyzing disagreements over
• relative power of the national government (e.g., Whiskey Rebellion, Alien and
Sedition Acts)
• foreign relations (e.g., French Revolution, relations with Great Britain)
• economic policy (e.g., the creation of a national bank, assumption of revolutionary
debt).
Key Concepts: federalism, national economic policy, political conflict
Lesson 2: Were Political Parties Inevitable?
Content Expectations:
8 – U4.1.3: Challenge of Political Conflict – Explain how political parties emerged out of the
competing ideas, experiences, and fears of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander
Hamilton (and their followers), despite the worries the Founders had concerning the
dangers of political division, by analyzing disagreements over
• relative power of the national government (e.g., Whiskey Rebellion, Alien and
Sedition Acts)
• foreign relations (e.g., French Revolution, relations with Great Britain)
• economic policy (e.g., the creation of a national bank, assumption of revolutionary
debt).
Key Concepts: national economic policy, political conflict, political parties
Lesson 3: Washington’s Farewell Address
Content Expectations:
8 – U4.1.1: Washington’s Farewell – Use Washington’s Farewell Address to analyze the most
significant challenges the new nation faced and the extent to which subsequent
Presidents heeded Washington’s advice.
Key Concepts: domestic policy, foreign policy, neutrality, political conflict
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Integrated United States History
Challenges to an Emerging Nation
SS0802
Lesson 4: Trouble with France
Content Expectations:
8 – U4.1.1: Washington’s Farewell – Use Washington’s Farewell Address to analyze the most
significant challenges the new nation faced and the extent to which subsequent
Presidents heeded Washington’s advice.
8 – U4.1.2:
Establishing America’s Place in the World – Explain the changes in America’s
relationships with other nations by analyzing treaties with American Indian nations,
the French Revolution, Jay’s Treaty (1795), Pinckney’s Treaty (1795), Louisiana
Purchase (1803), War of 1812, Transcontinental Treaty (1819), and the Monroe
Doctrine (1823).
8 – U4.1.3:
Challenge of Political Conflict – Explain how political parties emerged out of the
competing ideas, experiences, and fears of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander
Hamilton (and their followers), despite the worries the Founders had concerning the
dangers of political division, by analyzing disagreements over
• relative power of the national government (e.g., Whiskey Rebellion, Alien and
Sedition Acts)
• foreign relations (e.g., French Revolution, relations with Great Britain)
• economic policy (e.g., the creation of a national bank, assumption of revolutionary
debt).
Key Concepts: neutrality, political parties, political conflict
Lesson 5: Liberty vs. Order: Political Conflict Then and Now
Content Expectations:
8 – U4.1.1: Washington’s Farewell – Use Washington’s Farewell Address to analyze the most
significant challenges the new nation faced and the extent to which subsequent
Presidents heeded Washington’s advice.
8 – U4.1.2:
Establishing America’s Place in the World – Explain the changes in America’s
relationships with other nations by analyzing treaties with American Indian nations,
the French Revolution, Jay’s Treaty (1795), Pinckney’s Treaty (1795), Louisiana
Purchase (1803), War of 1812, Transcontinental Treaty (1819), and the Monroe
Doctrine (1823).
8 – U4.1.3:
Challenge of Political Conflict – Explain how political parties emerged out of the
competing ideas, experiences, and fears of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander
Hamilton (and their followers), despite the worries the Founders had concerning the
dangers of political division, by analyzing disagreements over
• relative power of the national government (e.g., Whiskey Rebellion, Alien and
Sedition Acts)
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Integrated United States History
Challenges to an Emerging Nation
•
•
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foreign relations (e.g., French Revolution, relations with Great Britain)
economic policy (e.g., the creation of a national bank, assumption of revolutionary
debt).
Key Concepts: domestic policy, foreign policy, political conflict, political parties, transition of
political power
Lesson 6: The Louisiana Purchase: Foreign Relations and the Power of Government
Content Expectations:
8 – U4.1.2: Establishing America’s Place in the World – Explain the changes in America’s
relationships with other nations by analyzing treaties with American Indian nations,
the French Revolution, Jay’s Treaty (1795), Pinckney’s Treaty (1795), Louisiana
Purchase (1803), War of 1812, Transcontinental Treaty (1819), and the Monroe
Doctrine (1823).
Key Concepts: federalism, domestic policy, foreign policy, growing independence of US foreign
policy, treaty
Lesson 7: The Marshall Court and Judicial Review
Content Expectations:
8 – U4.1.4: Establishing a National Judiciary and Its Power – Explain the development of the
power of the Supreme Court through the doctrine of judicial review as manifested in
Marbury v. Madison (1803) and the role of Chief Justice John Marshall and the
Supreme Court in interpreting the power of the national government (e.g.,
McCullouch v. Maryland, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Gibbons v. Ogden).
Key Concepts: federalism, judicial review
Lesson 8: The War of 1812
Content Expectations:
8 – U4.1.1: Washington’s Farewell – Use Washington’s Farewell Address to analyze the most
significant challenges the new nation faced and the extent to which subsequent
Presidents heeded Washington’s advice.
8 – U4.1.2:
Establishing America’s Place in the World – Explain the changes in America’s
relationships with other nations by analyzing treaties with American Indian nations,
the French Revolution, Jay’s Treaty (1795), Pinckney’s Treaty (1795), Louisiana
Purchase (1803), War of 1812, Transcontinental Treaty (1819), and the Monroe
Doctrine (1823).
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Integrated United States History
Challenges to an Emerging Nation
SS0802
Key Concepts: domestic policy, foreign policy, political conflict, neutrality
Lesson 9: Using Evidence to Support Historical Arguments about America’s Place in the
World
Content Expectations:
8 – U4.1.2: Establishing America’s Place in the World – Explain the changes in America’s
relationships with other nations by analyzing treaties with American Indian nations,
the French Revolution, Jay’s Treaty (1795), Pinckney’s Treaty (1795), Louisiana
Purchase (1803), War of 1812, Transcontinental Treaty (1819), and the Monroe
Doctrine (1823).
Key Concepts: domestic policy, foreign policy, growing independence of US foreign policy
Lesson 10: The Growing Power of the Judiciary
Content Expectations:
8 – U4.1.4: Establishing a National Judiciary and Its Power – Explain the development of the
power of the Supreme Court through the doctrine of judicial review as manifested in
Marbury v. Madison (1803) and the role of Chief Justice John Marshall and the
Supreme Court in interpreting the power of the national government (e.g.,
McCullouch v. Maryland, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Gibbons v. Ogden).
Key Concepts: federalism, judicial review
Lesson 11: Revisiting Washington’s Warnings – From Adams to Monroe
Content Expectations:
8 – U4.1.1: Washington’s Farewell – Use Washington’s Farewell Address to analyze the most
significant challenges the new nation faced and the extent to which subsequent
Presidents heeded Washington’s advice.
Key Concepts: political conflict, growing independence of US foreign policy, neutrality
Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum
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