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Chapter 15 Page 446-467 Chapter 15 Section 1 Pg. 446-452 Energy and Work • Work- done when a _____ moves an object through a distance, a transfer of energy – Measured in joules (J) • Energy- the _______ to do work – It is known by the changes it causes – Examples are sound and motion – Measured in ______ (J) • 1 joule = 1 newton-meter • When work is done on an object, energy is transferred to that object Kinetic Energy • Kinetic Energy- the energy of _______ – Comes from the Greek work kinetos, meaning “______” – The kinetic energy of any moving object depends upon its ____ and speed. Math Practice • Page 448 Potential Energy • Potential Energy- energy that is ______ as a result of position or shape – Stored ______ gets converted into kinetic energy – You can store energy just by picking up a book and holding it. Let go, and that stored energy will turn into the ______energy of motion Gravitational Potential Energy • Gravitational Potential Energy- ________ energy that depends upon an object’s height – The PE __________ when an object is raised to a higher level – Depends on an object’s mass, ______, and acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2) Elastic Potential Energy • Elastic Potential Energy- PE of an object that is __________ or compressed – Said to be elastic if it springs back to its original shape after it is stretched or __________ – Can also be stored in objects that are compressed, such as _______ – Broken rubber band: it’s elastic PE is converted into _______ energy Forms of Energy • All ______ can be considered to be kinetic energy, potential energy, or the energy in fields such as those produced by ____________ waves – Ex: fireworks, nuclear energy, lightning bolts, etc. • The major forms of energy are mechanical energy, ________ energy, chemical energy, electrical energy, electromagnetic energy, and nuclear energy Mechanical Energy • Mechanical Energy- the energy associated with the _______ and position of everyday objects – Not limited to machines – The sum of an object’s _______ energy and kinetic energy Mechanical Energy = KE + PE – Ex: speeding trains, bouncing balls, sprinting athletes • Does NOT include thermal, chemical or other energy associated with the motion or arrangement of atoms or molecules Thermal Energy • Thermal Energy- the total potential and kinetic energy of all the __________ particles in an object • When an object’s _______ move faster, its thermal energy increases and the object becomes ________ Chemical Energy • Chemical Energy- the energy ______ in chemical bonds – When bonds are broken, the ______ energy can do work – Example: wood burning, when gasoline is burned Electrical Energy • Electrical Energy- the energy associated with electric _______ – Electric charges can exert _____ that do work – Example: batteries Electromagnetic Energy • Electromagnetic Energy- a form of ______ that travels through _____ in the form of waves – Radiated by the sun – Examples: visible light, X-rays Nuclear Energy • Nuclear Energy- the energy stored in ______ nuclei – Examples: nuclear ______ (is a process that releases energy by splitting nuclei apart) and nuclear ______ (releases energy when less massive nuclei combine to form a more massive nucleus) Chapter 15 Section 2 Page 453-459 Energy Conversion • Energy can be ________ from one form to another, known as energy conversion • Examples: – Wind-up toys: store elastic PE in spring, when released the ___ is converted to KE and the toy moves – Light bulbs: convert _______ energy to thermal and electromagnetic energy – See more on page 454 of book Conservation of Energy • The law of conservation of energy states that energy ______ be created or destroyed – Energy can be converted from one form to _______ – In a closed system, the amount of ______ present at the beginning of a process is the same as the amount of energy at the end – See example on page 455 Energy Conversions • ___________ potential energy of an object is converted to the kinetic energy of ______ as the object falls • Conversions between KE and PE can happen in _____ directions Energy Conversion in Pendulums • Rope swing is an example of a _________. – Pendulum consists of a weight swinging back and forth from a ______ or string – KE and PE undergo constant conversion as a pendulum swings. – At HIGHEST point in swing, pendulum is momentarily ___________: the weight at the end has zero KE and maximum PE – As is swings ________, PE is converted to KE – At the _______ of the swing, the pendulum has maximum KE and zero PE Energy Conversion in the Pole Vault • Pole-vaulter’s KE is _______ converted into elastic PE as the pole bends. It ______ back into shape, propelling the pole-vaulter upward – As he soars KE _________ while he gains gravitational PE – At the ________ point, gravitational PE begins to convert back to KE Energy Conversion Calculations • Conservation of Mechanical Energy – When _______ is small enough to be _______ • Math Practice pg. 458 Energy and Mass • Einstein (1879-1955) – Developed theory of ________ • E = mc2 (Energy = mass X c-the speed of light squared) • Einstein’s equation, E =mc2 says that energy and mass are _________ and can be converted into each other – In other words: _______ is released as matter is destroyed, and matter can be _______ from energy Energy and Mass • In nuclear _______ and fusion reactions, large amounts of energy are released by the destruction of very _____ amounts of matter. • The law of conservation of energy has been modified to say that ____ and energy together are always conserved Chapter 15 Section 3 Page 462-466 Nonrenewable Energy Resources • Nonrenewable energy resources- exist in ______ quantities, once used, cannot be replaced except over the course of millions of years • Examples: oil, natural gas, ____, and uranium • _______ fuels: oil, natural gas, and coal – Creates pollution • Many of these resources are being used _____ than they can be replaced Nonrenewable Energy Resources Renewable Energy Resources • Renewable energy resources- resources that can be _______ in a relatively short period of time – Most _________ directly/indirectly from the sun – Example: hydroelectric, solar, geothermal, wind, biomass – Challenge is to find ________ ways to make these energy resources inexpensive and convenient Renewable Energy Resources Hydroelectric Energy • Hydroelectric energy- energy obtained from _______ water • As water flows ________, its gravitational PE is converted into KE which can be used to turn turbines that are _______ to electric generators • Many hydroelectric power ______ rely on dams – Cause a few environmental problems (fish spawning) Hydroelectric Energy Solar Energy • Solar energy- sunlight that is ________ into usable energy – nonpolluting Geothermal Energy • Geothermal energythermal energy ______ Earth’s surface • Steam is used to drive electric generators • __________ • Not widely available Other Renewable Resources • Biomass energy- the ________ energy stored in living things – Can be _________ directly into thermal energy (ex: wood burning) • Hydrogen fuel cell- generates electricity by reacting _________ with oxygen – End product is water, nonpolluting Renewable vs. Nonrenewable Conserving Energy Resources • Energy resources can be ________ by reducing energy needs and by increasing the efficiency of energy use • Energy conservation- finding ways to use ___ energy or to use ________ more efficiently – Turn of lights when not in use – Energy efficient products (appliances, cars, light bulbs) Works Cited Frank, Wysession, & Yancopoulos. “Chapter 15 Energy.” Physical Concepts in Action. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2010. 446-467. Print.