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'he Renaissance Begins .1 lntroduction bward the end of the Middle Ages. a greatflowering of culture called the taissance beganin Italy and spreadthroughoutEurope.In this chapter,you learnwhat the Renaissance was and how it began. lenaissance is a Frenchword that means"rebirth."The Renaissance got its name r a rebirthin interestin classical art and learning that took placefrom the )s throughthe 1500sc.p..(Classicnlrefers to the culturesof ancientGreek and re.)Althoughtherewas no suddenbreakwith the Middle Ages,the Renaissance rgedmany aspectsof people'slives over time. 'ou may recall from Unit 1 that medievalEuropeansocietywas basedon feudalMost peoplelived on feudalmanorsin the countryside. The RomanCatholic rch encouragedpeopleto think more about life after deaththan about daily life iarth.Except for the clergy, few peoplewere educated. ly theLate Middle Ages,changeswere ruringthat helpedpave the way for the lissance.Tradeand commerceincreased. citiesgrew larger and wealthier.Newly Ithymerchantsand bankerssupportedthe 'rthof the arts and learning.A renewed 'estin classicalculture starleda flood :w ideas.Greek and Roman examples irednew stylesof architecture. new apchesto the arts.and new ways of thinking. ieginningin Italy, a philosophycalled nanism developed.Humanistsbelieved e worth and potentialof all individuals. r tried to balancereligious faith with belief e powerof the human mind. Humanists a freshinterestin human society and the ral world. This way of thinking contributed e burstof creativityduring the Renaissance. r this chapter,you'll explore how the Renncediffered from the Middle Ages and clastimes.Then you'll look at somechanges rroDeanlife that led to the Renaissance. The Renaissance Begins 3l-5 28.2 What Was the Renaissance? perspective theappearance of distance or depthon a flat surface, asin a painting Mediet from about The Renaissance beganin Italy in the mid 1300sand spreadto other partsof Europein the 1400sand 1500s.Let's look more closelyatthis "great rebirth" of interestin classicalart and learning.Then we'll use stained glas uscripts, pa art to explorethe link betweenthe Renaissance and the classicalworld. much medi who could r Renewed Interest in the GlassicalWorld The Renaissance beganwith the rediscoveryof the classicalworld of characterist . Most art ancientGreeceand Rorne.Afier the fali of Rome in the fifth century c.8.. classicalculture was never entirely fbrgotten.The RomanCatholic Church helpedkeep knowledgeof ancienttimes alive by copyingdoc- people fi . larger th: unents that survivedfrom the classicalperiod. Still, this knowledge reachedrelatively few peopleduring most of the Middle Ages. In the l-ate Middle Ages, merchantsand crusadersbroughtback goodsand ideasfrom the East,inciuding classicallearningthat had Thisexample of classical artwas created in 450a,c.E. A Roman statue beenpreservedin the ByzantineEmpire. Europeansalso readclassical works that came to them by way of Muslim scholars. of a discus thrower, it celebrates the This flow of ideasled to a rediscoveryof Greek and Romanculture. c l a s s i c iadl e a l os f b a l a n caen do o w e r . Scholarsstartedcollecting and readingancientmanuscriptsfrom mon- . Figures l . Figures v . Faces we . Painted fi . Paint colr . Backgrou asteries.Artists and architectsstudiedclassicalstatuesand buildings. The renewedinterestin classicalculture led to the grcat flowering0f Renaiss early 1600s. and paintingr art and learningthat we call the Renaissance. importance o Exploring the Rebirth of Classical ldeasThrough Art We can tracethe link betweenthe classicalworld andthe Renaissance by looking at art. Let's exploresomeof the characteristicsof art from classical,medieval,and Renaissance timcs. Classical Art characteristic . Artists sh . Art reflect . peopleand leaders,as well as gods and goddesses. Hereare additionalcharacteristics of classicalart: . Artists valuedbalanceand harmony. . Bodies lor . Figures w . . Scenessh, Faces exp . Colors we . Paintings the right a elements). . Figureswere lifelike but often idealized(more perfectthan in real life). . Figureswere nudeor drapedin togas(robes). . Bodies looked active,and motion was believable. . Faceswere calm and without emotion. . Scenesshowedeither heroic figures or real peopledoing tasksfrom daily lil'e. . In paintings,therewas little backgroundor senseof perspective (for exarnple,showingpeopleand objectsbigger or smallerto make them look closeror farther awav). Figures w reflecting The classicalperiod lastedfrom about500 B.c.E.to 500 c.e.The classicalartistsof Greece and Rome createdsculptures,pottery,murals,and mosaics.The purposeof much of their art was to show the impofiance0f 316 Chapter 28 Importan . Full backg If you con RenaissanceI aft. Like clasr subjectsthat' lifelike and er the way thing Renaissanc changesbrou; Medieval Art The medievaloeriod lasted about500 to 1300c.e. Medievalartistscreated inedglasswindows, sculptures,illuminated man, paintings,and tapestries.The purposeof medievalart was to teachreligion to people couldnot reador write. Hereare additional i'il; l1 teristicsof medieval art: 'n :/r ri J] nt'"ii, , IU I 1'' Mostart was religious,showingJesus,saints, n .', N people from the Bible, and so on. Important figures in paintingswere shown as largerthanothersaroundthem. Figures lookedstiff. with little senseof movement. Figures were fully dressedin stiff-looking clothing. Faces wereseriousand showedlittle feeling. Painted figureswere two-dimensional,or flat. Paintcolorswere bright. Thisexamnle of medieval artwas c r e a t efdo ra c h u r c h i n F r a n cien Thesculoture 110c.E. showsJesus sending hisapostles outto preach. Backgrounds were mostly one color, oflen gold. Benaissance Art The Renaissance lastedfrom the 1300sto the 1600s. Renaissance artistscreatedsculptures,murals,drawings, paintings. The aim of much Renaissance art was to show the e of peopleand nature,not just religion. Here are additional isticsof Renaissance art: Artists showedreligious and nonreligiousscenes. Artreflected a greatintercstin nature. Figures werelifelike and three-dimensional, reflecting an increasingknowledgeof anatomy. Bodies lookedactive and were shown moving. Figures wereeither nude or clothed. Scenes showedreal peopledoing everydaytasks. Faces expressed what peoplewere thinking. Colors wereshownrespondingto light. Paintings were often symmetrical(balanced,with therightandleft sideshaving sirnilar or identical elements). Fullbackgrounds showedperspective. If youcomparetheselists, you can seethat artistswere inspiredmore by classicalart than medieval Likeclassicalartists,Renaissance paintersand sculptorsdepicted thatwerenot always religious.They tried to show peopleas andengaeedin everydayactivities.They also tried to capture wavthinsslook in the real world. Renaissance art reflectsa rebirth of interestin the classicalworld.What broughtaboutthis revival of classicalculture?Let's find out. Thisexample artis of Renaissance a muraltitledIhe Schoalof Athens. I t w a sp a i n t ebdyR a p h a a e rl o u n d '1510. philosophers. Ancient Greek suchas PlatoandAristotle, are shownsurrounded bysomeof the Renaissance artists theyinspired centuries later. The Renaissance Begins 317 z8'3The Growth of Trade and Gommerce 2a.4Tl was One reasonfor the flowering of culture during the Renaissance the growth of trade and commerce.Tradebrought new ideasas well as Italian goodsinto Europe.A bustling economycreatedprosperouscities and new classesof peoplewho had the wealth to supportart and learning. The Rer central ltal, was the pro Startingin the l lth century,the Crusadesstrengthenedcontacts betweenwesternEuropeand Byzantineand Muslim cultures.Traders brought goodsand ideasfrom the East that helpedto reawakenintere$ In the Lr western Eur in classicalculture.In the 13th century,the Mongol conquestsin Asia made it saferfor tradersto travel alone the Silk Road to China. The talesof the ltalian travelerMarco Polo sparked even greaterinterestin the East.Food, art,and such luxury goodsas silk and spicesmoved along the traderouteslinking Europeto i li members inc Italian cities like VeniceandGenoa were centrally located on the trade routesthat linked the rest of western In theory lay in the har craftspeople a groups of gui So did cities in the north like Bruges and Brussels.Trading shipscanied goodsto England,Scandinavia, and present-dayRussiaby way of the EnglishChanneland the Balticand North Seas.Towns alongtheroutes connectingsouthernand northern This15th-century French illustration Europe,such as Cologneand Mainz in Germany,providedinnsand other servicesfor traveling merchants. showstheexchange of goodsand monev in a Renaissance town. The increasein tradeled to a new kind of economy.Duringthe Middle Ages, peoplebartered,or tradedgoodsfor other goods.Dunng a peoplebeganusing coins to buy goods,creating the Renaissance, money economy.Coins camefrom many places,so moneychangers were neededto convert one type of currencyinto another. As a result of all this activity, craftspeople,merchants,andbanken becamemore importantin society.Craftspeopleproducedgoodsthat loand merchantstradedall over Europe.Bankersexchangedcurrency, money to merchantsand rulers,and financedtheir own businesses. 318 Chapter28 The Itati: taxes, and m were repub Africa and Asia. Europewith the East.They became bustling trading centersthat attracted traders,merchants.and customers. patron a personwno supports the artsor otheractivities by money forthem supplying ruled by no monarchs. I developed ir powerful cit Boards were r ilies often gai ruled by a sin Tiade mad, location place distant places Europe came and do their b Some Italii cializations. F cloth making r metal goods a Genoa was a t gold from norr powerful city_ that controlled iterranean Sea from Asia flov The city-sta in art and learr creation of stat ings, and elegar Some merchantsand bankersgrew very rich. With theirabundant wealth,they could afford to make their cities more beautiful.Wealthy patrons commissioned(orderedand paid for) new buildingsandan. tersof learning (start) Renaissance They also helpedto found universities.Prosperous pitals. From th cities grew into flourishing educationaland cultural centers. sanceideas spr l8.4Thelnfluence of talianGity-States TheRenaissance beganin northernand )n[alItaly.One reasonit began there astheprosperityof Italian city-states. In theLateMiddle Ages. most of estern Europewas made up of fiefs tledby nobles.Above the nobleswere onarchs. In Italy, however,growing towns demandedself-ruleand weloped into independentcity-states.Each city-stateconsistedof a Thisis a late-lsth-century mapof Florence, oneof ltalysmostpowerful merfulcity and the surroundingtowns and countryside. city-states. Noticethe manon a hillin the lowerrightcorner;the artistdrew TheItaliancity-statesconductedtheir own trade,collectedtheir own res,andmadetheir own laws. Somecity-states,such as Florence, prerepublics that were governedby electedcouncils.Council pmbers includedcommonersas well as nobles. himself looking overFlorence. Intheory,thepower in republicsbelongedto the people.In fact, it often yin thehandsof rich merchants.During the Middle Ages, guilds of ftpeopleandmerchantsbecamevery powerful. During the Renaissance. pups of guild members(called boards)often ruled Italian city-states. fadsweresupposedto changemembersoften. However, wealthy fampoftengainedlong-termcontrol.As a result, somecity-stateswere Uyu singlefamily. like the fabulouslyrich Medicis in Florence. F madethe Italian city-stateswealthy.Italy's centralMediterranean lTrade ptionplacedits cities in the middle of the traderoutesthat connected placeswith the rest of westernEurope.Peoplefrom all over lant [opecameto norrhernltaly to buy. sell. city-state an independent state consisting of a cityandits surrounding territory republic a formof government in whichpeople electrepresentativesto ruleintheirname foomerroanKrng. @ ['**:**'*.ili*:. l;ffi pawasa tradingcenterfor ivory and jfromnorthernAfrica. Venice,the most trfulcity-state,had hundredsof ships lontrolled the traderoutesin the Med- i'\* *+. neanSea.Silk, spices,and perfume Asiaflowedinto Venice. iecity-states' wealth encourageda boom andleaming.Rich families paid for the rnof statues, paintings,beautifulbuildndelegantavenues.They built new cenlearning,suchas universitiesand hosFromthe city-statesof Italy, Renaisdeasspreadto the rest of Europe. ,ll c t I i t <'t r'<t r t cr t rt,\t' tt The Renaissance Besins 319 Human example, s ings with p The hur improve on scholars be Renaissanc AfiiStS ANd Poets wrote Humanist scholars in thel5thcentury s p e ntti m er e a d i n g s t, u d y r nagn, d writing a b o uct l a s s i c ca ul l t u r e . 28.5The Growth of Humanism The interestin leaming during the Renaissancewas spurredby human ism. This way of thinking soughtto balancereligious faith with anempha sis on individual dignity and an interestin natureand humansociety. Humanismfirst arosein Italy as a result of the renewedinterest in classicalculture.Many early humanistseagerlyhuntedfor ancient Greek and Roman books. coins. and other artifactsthat couldhelothem learnaboutthe classicalworld. One of the first humanistswas an Italian poet namedFrancesco Petrarch.Petrarchespeciallyloved old books. He searchedfor themall over Europeand encouragedhis friends to bring him any theyfound. Eventually,he createda large collection of ancientLatin andGreek writings,which he madeavailableto otherscholars. Scholarsfrom all over Europetraveledto Italy to learnaboutthe new ideasinspiredby classicalculture.They studiedsuchsubjects as art, architecture,government,and language.They readclassical hi and poetry.They be_ean to ask probing questions.What did classical artistsfind most beautiful aboutthe humanbodv? How did the constructtheir buildinss? humanities areasof studythat focuson humanlifeandculture, suchas history, literature, and ethics 320 Chapter28 In their studiesof classicalculture,humanistsdiscovered a new way of looking at life. They beganto createa philosophybased onthe importanceand dignity of eachindividual. Humanistsbelieved that peoplehad the ability to control their own lives and achieve In education.they stressed studvof the humanities-a groupof jects that fbcusedon human life and culture.Thesesubjects included grammar,rhetoric (the study of persuasivelanguage),history,poetry, and ethics(the studvof moral valuesand behavior). as love. Wri The influ Humanists s doing so, the politics and 1 Humanist standing. In 1 society. If so have less stat achievement on individual The humar with the Cathr by God and rh people to follc souls.For the r Earth. In contr, minds to quest and its emphas Some directly r Italian humanis at the stake. Chat this chapr by a rer througho facto cotrlm{ wealth t spreadR{ interest i: you will naniststried to put ancientideasinto practice.Architects,for le,studiedGreek and Roman ruins. Then they designedbuildth pillars.arches,and courtyardslike thoseofclassicalbuildings. humanistsdid not simply imitate the past.They also tried to e on the work of the Greeksand Romans.In universities, 's beganto teachmethodsof observationand experimentation. sancescientistsproposednew ideasabout starsand planets. and stuffits of medicineclosely studiedhuman anatomy. vroteabout religious subjectsand everydayexperiencessuch . Writers producedworks of history and studiesof politics. , influenceof classicalidealschangedideasabout government. ristsseparatedthe stateand its right to rule from the church.In io, they helpedlay the foundationfor modern thinking about ; and government. nanistidealsalso affectedpeople'sthinking about social rg.In feudal times, peoplewere born into a certainstatusin '. If someonewas born a peasant,he or she would always )ssstatusthan a noble. Renaissancethinkers prized individual ementmore than a person'sclassor family. This emphasis ividualismwas an enormousshift from medievalthinking. : humanists'new ideassometimesbrought them into conf'lict reCatholicChurch.The church taught that laws were made J and that thosewho broke them were sinful. It encouraged to follow its teachingswithout questionin order to savetheir Forthe church,life after deathwas more importantthan life on In contrast,humanistsbelievedthat peopleshould use their to questioneverything.Most tried to balancereligiousfaith emphasison the afterlife with an active interestin daily life. lirectly challengedteachingsthat were dearto the church.An humanist,Giordano Bruno, paid for his ideasby being burned take. is considered Francesco Petrarch t h ef o u n d eorf l t a l i a R n enaissance poet, humanism. A well-known hewearsa laurelwreathin this portrait hiscrowning to symbolize asDoetlaureate in Romein 1341. i Chapter Surnmary fs chapter,you exploredthe beginningsof the Renaissance. naissance wasa floweringof art andlearningthat was I by a rediscoveryof classicalculture.It beganin ltaly and throughoutEurope. ral factorscontributedto the Renaissance. The growthof rdcommercecreatedprosperous citiesandclassesof people : wealthto supporteducationandthe arts.Italian city'states rpreadRenaissance ideas.The new philosophyof humanism interestin learningandfreshwaysof thinking.In the next youwill exploresomeof the advancesthatcameout of aissance. The Renaissance Begins 3Zl