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Ch. 12.1 The Politics of Reconstruction Notes Main Idea: Congress rejected the Lincoln and Johnson’s plan for reconstruction, and instead implemented their own. What was reconstruction? A period following the war in which the U.S. began to rebuild the Union -1865-1877 What were the parts of reconstruction? -readmit the Confederate States -rebuild the destroyed South’s infrastructure -rebuild the decimated economy of the South What was Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction? -he favored a lenient reconstruction policy -pardon individuals -quick and easy return to the Union -Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (Ten-Percent Plan) -pardon all Confederates except high ranking officers and those who committed crimes against prisoners of war -Must swear allegiance to the union -after ten percent of those in a state did so they could form a state government and be represented in Congress How did Republicans in Congress react to Lincoln’s Plan? -Radical Republicans were in a minority, but very vocal -wanted to destroy the power of former slave holders (rich plantation owners) -wanted African Americans to be granted full citizenship and voting rights -Pass the Wade-Davis Bill in reaction to the Ten Percent Plan -Congress should be in charge of Reconstruction -a majority, NOT ten percent for representation in Congress What was Lincoln’s reaction to the Radical Republicans? -He asserts his authority over reconstruction and the Radical Republicans -Lincoln “pocketed” the bill (ignored it at the end of a Congressional session) -this stops the bill from becoming law without vetoing it -Radicals are outraged -assert that they have the power over reconstruction -Presidential-Congressional showdown results -Lincoln is assassinated before plan and showdown Who is Andrew Johnson? -Lincoln’s compromise Vice-President -added as Lincoln’s running-mate to secure Southern votes in 1864 -strong believer in state’s rights NOT strong central government -not in favor of former slaves right to vote -“White men alone must manage the South.” -Johnson was a staunch unionist- believed in the preservation of the Union -he had spoken of harshly punishing the Confederates -this made the Tennessee native appear as a traitor to the South -this made Radical republicans think he was a radical -Both groups were very wrong What was Johnson’s Plan? -differs very little from Lincoln’s Plan -states could be readmitted in four steps: 1. withdraw secession 2. swear allegiance to the Union 3. annul Confederate war debts 4. ratify the 13th Amendment Who made up the Southern representatives to Congress? -58 former Confederate Congressmen -6 Confederate cabinet members -4 Confederate Generals -all were pardoned under Johnson’s Plan How did the newly freed African-Americans feel about Johnson’s Plan? -felt betrayed -“Already we see the fruits of this failure on the part of Government to mete out full justice to the loyal blacks, and retribution to the disloyal whites.” -referring to the failure to address three areas: 1. land 2. voting rights 3. protection under the law How did Congress react to Johnson’s claim that reconstruction was complete? -Radical republicans contend that nothing has changed in the South -refuse to admit newly elected Southern legislators to the new Congress -moderate Republicans look to remedy many of the failures of Johnson’s Plan -Freedman’s Bureau-assisted former slaves and poor whites -clothing, food, medical care (hospitals), education (tech schools, teacher-training, and general education) -Civil Rights Act of 1866- grants citizenship, forbids states from passing discriminatory laws -black Codes-prohibits the rights of blacks throughout the South -both Acts were vetoed by Johnson -congress overrides veto th -14 Amendment- grants citizenship to all born or naturalized in U.S. -its intent was to grant blacks rights constitutionally -allowed black males certain rights or risk losing seats in Congress (voting) -Reconstruction Act of 1867-division of all Confederate states into 5 military districts (Tennessee exempt) -each district was headed by a Union general -each district would vote for delegates to a state convention -state conventions would draft a new state constitution -African American men had to be able to vote -ratify the 14th Amendment -Johnson vetoed Reconstruction Act -Congress again overrides veto What happened to Johnson as a result of his conflict with Congress? -Congress impeaches Johnson- formally charge him with misconduct in office -not carrying out his constitutional obligation to enforce Reconstruction Act -Johnson fires Sec. of War Stanton to test Tenure of office Act -not enforcing Tenure of Office Act -stated cabinet members could not be fired without consent of Senate -Johnson contends that Lincoln appointed Stanton -Johnson found not guilty by a single vote (35-19) What happens in the 1868 election? -U.S. Grant elected -Johnson was not nominated What is the Grant administration widely known for? -15th Amendment-voting rights can not be denied a person based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery). -some southern governments and white southerners refused to enforce the 14th and 15th Amendments -some resort to violence to prevent voting -wide social and economic changes