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Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society
Culture and Society
• Culture and Biology
• Culture and Society
• Cultural Universals
• Culture Shock
• Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
• Material Culture
• Nonmaterial Culture
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Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society
Culture and Biology
• Culture is the shared values, norms, symbols, language, objects, and way of life that is passed on from one
generation to the next.
• Values are defined standards of what is good, bad, desirable, or undesirable for ourselves and others.
• In addition to culture, humans have biological needs, which include innate urges like hunger that, if left unattended,
can result in death.
• Because of our biology and genetics, we have a particular form and we have certain abilities. These set essential
limits on the variety of activities that humans can express culture, but there is still enormous diversity in this
expression.
• Culture refers to the way we understand ourselves as individuals and as members of society, including stories,
religion, media, rituals, and even language itself.
• Social Darwinism was the belief that the closer a cultural group was to the normative Western European standards
of behavior and appearance, the more evolved they were.
• Culture is the non-biological or social aspects of human life.
• Culture refers to the way we understand ourselves as individuals and as members of society, including stories, religion,
media, rituals, and even language itself.
• Social Darwinism hinged on the belief that the closer cultural groups were to the normative Western European standards of
behavior and appearance, the more evolved they were.
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Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society
Culture and Society
• Different societies have different cultures; a culture represents the beliefs and
practices of a group, while society represents the people who share those beliefs
and practices.
• Material culture refers to the objects or belongings of a group of people (such as
automobiles, stores, and the physical structures where people worship).
Nonmaterial culture, in contrast, consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a
society.
• In 18th and 19th century Europe, the term "culture" was equated with civilization
and considered a unique aspect of Western society. Remnants of that colonial
definition of culture can be seen today in the idea of "high culture".
Aboriginal culture
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• During the Romantic Era, culture became equated with nationalism and gave rise
to the idea of multiple national cultures.
• Today, social scientists understand culture as a society's norms, values, and
beliefs, as well as its objects and symbols -- and the meaning given to those
objects and symbols.
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Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society
Cultural Universals
• Cultural universals are elements common to all human cultures, regardless of
historical moment, geography, or cultural origin.
• There is a tension in cultural anthropology and cultural sociology between the
claim that culture is a universal and that it is also particular.The idea of cultural
universals runs contrary in some ways to cultural relativism which was, in part, a
response to Western ethnocentrism.
• Ethnocentrism may take obvious forms.For example, the belief that one people's
culture is the most beautiful and true.Franz Boas understood "culture" to include
not only certain tastes in food, art, and music, or beliefs about religion but instead
assumed a much broader notion of culture.
First-Cousin Marriage Laws in the U.S.
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• Among the cultural universals listed by Donald Brown (1991) are figurative
speech, binary cognitive distinctions, color terms, tabooed utterances, kin groups,
gender roles, rites of passage, incest prevention or avoidance, and tool making,
among others.
• Among the cultural universals listed by Brown, some were investigated by Franz
Boas. For example, Boas saw language as a means of categorizing experiences.
Thus, although people may perceive visible radiation similarly, people who speak
different languages slice up the continuum in different ways.
• Since Franz Boas, two debates have dominated cultural anthropology.
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Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society
Culture Shock
• Culture shock is the disoriented feeling that occurs in the context of being in a new culture.
• Culture shock can be described as consisting of at least one of four distinct phases: honeymoon,
negotiation, adjustment, and mastery.
• During the honeymoon phase, the differences between the old and new culture are seen in a romantic
light.
• After some time (usually around three months, depending on the individual), differences between the old
and new culture become apparent and may create anxiety. This is the mark of the negotiation phase.
• In the adjustment phase, one grows accustomed to the new culture and develops routines.
• Lastly, in the mastery stage, assignees are able to participate fully and comfortably in the host culture.
Culture Shock
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• In the Adjustment phase, one grows accustomed to the new culture and develops routines.
• One knows what to expect in most situations and the host country no longer feels all that new.
• Lastly, in the Mastery stage, assignees are able to participate fully and comfortably in the host culture.
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Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
• Ethnocentrism often entails the belief that one's own race or ethnic group is the
most important or that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of
other groups.
• Within this ideology, individuals will judge other groups in relation to their own
particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior,
customs, and religion.
• Cultural relativism is the belief that the concepts and values of a culture cannot be
fully translated into, or fully understood in, other languages; that a specific cultural
artifact (e.g., a ritual) has to be understood in terms of the larger symbolic system
of which it is a part.
Cultural context
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• Cultural relativism is the idea that all norms, beliefs, and values are dependent on
their cultural context, and should be treated as such.
• Cultural relativism is the idea that all norms, beliefs, and values are dependent on
their cultural context, and should be treated as such.
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Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society
Material Culture
• Studying a culture's relationship to materiality is a lens through which social and
cultural attitudes can be discussed.People's relationship to and perception of
objects are socially and culturally dependent.
• A view of culture as a symbolic system with adaptive functions, varying from place
to place, led anthropologists to conceive of different cultures as having distinct
patterns of enduring conventional sets of meaning.
• Anthropologists distinguish between material culture and symbolic culture, not
only because each reflects different kinds of human activity, but also because
they constitute different kinds of data and require different methodologies to
study.
Clothes as Material Culture
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• This view of culture, which came to dominate anthropology between World War I
and World War II, implied that each culture was bounded and had to be
understood as a whole, on its own terms.
• The result is a belief in cultural relativism, which suggests that there are no 'better'
or 'worse' cultures, just different cultures.
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Culture and Socialization > Culture and Society
Nonmaterial Culture
• In contrast to material culture, non-material culture does not include physical
objects or artifacts.
• It includes things that have no existence in the physical world but exist entirely in
the symbolic realm.
• Examples are concepts such as good and evil, mythical inventions such as gods
and underworlds, and social constructs such as promises and football games.
• The concept of symbolic culture draws from semiotics and emphasizes the way in
which distinctively human culture is mediated through signs and concepts.
• The symbolic aspect of distinctively human culture has been emphasized in
anthropology by Emile Durkheim, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Clifford Geertz, and many
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others.
• Semiotics emphasises the way in which distinctively human culture is mediated
through signs and concepts.
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Appendix
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Culture and Socialization
Key terms
• biculturalism The state or quality of being bicultural.
• civilization An organized culture encompassing many communities, often on the scale of a nation or a people; a stage or
system of social, political or technical development.
• cultural relativism Cultural relativism is a principle that was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas
in the first few decades of the twentieth century, and later popularized by his students. Boas first articulated the idea in 1887:
"...civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our
civilization goes."
• culture The beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.
• culture The beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.
• ethnocentrism The tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture.
• high culture The artistic entertainment and material artifacts associated with a society's aristocracy or most learned members,
usually requiring significant education to be appreciated or highly skilled labor to be produced.
• material culture In the social sciences, material culture is a term, developed in the late 19th and early 20th century, that refers
to the relationship between artifacts and social relations.
• nationalism The idea of supporting one's country and culture; patriotism.
• particular A specific case; an individual thing as opposed to a whole class.
• popular culture The prevailing vernacular culture in any given society, including art, cooking, clothing, entertainment, films,
mass media, music, sports, and style
• social construct Social constructs are generally understood to be the by-products of countless human choices rather than laws
resulting from divine will or nature.
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Culture and Socialization
• Social Darwinism a theory that the laws of evolution by natural selection also apply to social structures.
• Symbolic culture Symbolic culture is a concept used by archaeologists, social anthropologists and sociologists to designate the
cultural realm constructed and inhabited uniquely by Homo sapiens.
• universal Common to all society; worldwide.
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Culture and Socialization
High culture
Ballet is traditionally considered a form of "high culture".
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Wikimedia. "Jeziorolabedzie." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jeziorolabedzie.JPG View on Boundless.com
Culture and Socialization
Aboriginal culture
Early colonial definitions of culture equated culture and civilization and characterized aboriginal people as uncivilized and uncultured.
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Wikimedia. "Kaawirn kuunawarn." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kaawirn_kuunawarn.jpeg View on Boundless.com
Culture and Socialization
Periodicals as Material Culture
Media, such as magazines, are part of material culture.
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Culture and Socialization
Computers as Material Culture
Computers are an increasingly common part of everyday life for most people.They constitute an increasingly significant part of our material culture.
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Culture and Socialization
Clothes as Material Culture
Fashion is part of material culture.
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Culture and Socialization
Culture Shock
Enthusiastic welcome offered to the first Indian student to arrive in Dresden, East Germany (1951).
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Culture and Socialization
Cultural context
Depending on your cultural background, this may or may not look delicious.
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Wikimedia. "Chicago hot dog." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago_hot_dog.jpg View on Boundless.com
Culture and Socialization
First-Cousin Marriage Laws in the U.S.
In states marked dark blue, first-cousin marriage is legal.Light blue signifies that it is legal but has restrictions or exceptions.Pink signifies that it is
banned with exceptions; red signifies that it is banned via statute, and dark red signifies that it is a criminal offense.
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Culture and Socialization
Guildford Cathedral relief (UK)
People began domesticating cattle many years before they developed the genes for lactose tolerance.
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Wikimedia. "Guildford-Milking." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guildford-Milking.JPG View on Boundless.com
Culture and Socialization
The idea the closer a culture was to Western or European culture,
the more evolved it was is known as what?
A) Anthropomorphism
B) Social Darwinism
C) Atavism
D) Hedonism
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Culture and Socialization
The idea the the closer a culture was to Western or European
culture, the more evolved it was is known as what?
A) Anthropomorphism
B) Social Darwinism
C) Atavism
D) Hedonism
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Culture and Socialization
All of the following are examples of high culture EXCEPT which
one?
A) Mechanical hobbies
B) Museum-caliber art
C) Classical music
D) Haute cuisine
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Culture and Socialization
All of the following are examples of high culture EXCEPT which
one?
A) Mechanical hobbies
B) Museum-caliber art
C) Classical music
D) Haute cuisine
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Culture and Socialization
The terms _____ and _____ are often used interchangeably, but
have nuances that differentiate them.
A) imperialism and relativism
B) society and ethnocentrism
C) culture and society
D) ethnocentrism and xenocentrism
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Culture and Socialization
The terms _____ and _____ are often used interchangeably, but
have nuances that differentiate them.
A) imperialism and relativism
B) society and ethnocentrism
C) culture and society
D) ethnocentrism and xenocentrism
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Culture and Socialization
An example of high culture is _____, whereas an example of
popular culture would be _____.
A) Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners
B) medical marijuana; film noir
C) country music; pop music
D) political theory; sociological theory
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Culture and Socialization
An example of high culture is _____, whereas an example of
popular culture would be _____.
A) Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners
B) medical marijuana; film noir
C) country music; pop music
D) political theory; sociological theory
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Culture and Socialization
Cultural universals are contrary to which popular sociological
belief?
A) Ethnocentrism
B) Cultural relativism
C) Symbolic codes
D) Values
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Culture and Socialization
Cultural universals are contrary to which popular sociological
belief?
A) Ethnocentrism
B) Cultural relativism
C) Symbolic codes
D) Values
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Culture and Socialization
Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of
humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music
in some form. Music and laughter are examples of:
A) universalism
B) relativism
C) ethnocentrism
D) xenocentrism
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Culture and Socialization
Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of
humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music
in some form. Music and laughter are examples of:
A) universalism
B) relativism
C) ethnocentrism
D) xenocentrism
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Culture and Socialization
A cultural universal is something that:
A) addresses all aspects of a group's behavior.
B) is based on social norms.
C) may or may not be of value in meeting social needs.
D) is found in all cultures.
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Culture and Socialization
A cultural universal is something that:
A) addresses all aspects of a group's behavior.
B) is based on social norms.
C) may or may not be of value in meeting social needs.
D) is found in all cultures.
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Culture and Socialization
The phase of culture shock when people experience less anxiety
but are still learning ways to interact in the new culture is known
as what?
A) Negotiation
B) Honeymoon
C) Mastery
D) Adjustment
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Culture and Socialization
The phase of culture shock when people experience less anxiety
but are still learning ways to interact in the new culture is known
as what?
A) Negotiation
B) Honeymoon
C) Mastery
D) Adjustment
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Culture and Socialization
Rodney and Elise are American students studying abroad in Italy.
When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss
them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces
himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in
surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved,
men do not kiss one another. This is an example of:
A) culture shock
B) imperialism
C) ethnocentrism
D) xenocentrism
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Culture and Socialization
Rodney and Elise are American students studying abroad in Italy.
When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss
them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces
himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in
surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved,
men do not kiss one another. This is an example of:
A) culture shock
B) imperialism
C) ethnocentrism
D) xenocentrism
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Culture and Socialization
Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?
A) Eating the ethnic food of another culture
B) Believing a person's form of worship is strange
C) Reading books on the culture of a foreign exchange student
D) Asking questions during a multicultural diversity class
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Culture and Socialization
Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?
A) Eating the ethnic food of another culture
B) Believing a person's form of worship is strange
C) Reading books on the culture of a foreign exchange student
D) Asking questions during a multicultural diversity class
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Culture and Socialization
The concept that there are no better or worse, just different
cultures, is known as ____________.
A) Anthropology
B) Symbolic culture
C) Material history
D) Cultural relativism
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Culture and Socialization
The concept that there are no better or worse, just different
cultures, is known as ____________.
A) Anthropology
B) Symbolic culture
C) Material history
D) Cultural relativism
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Culture and Socialization
Non-material culture includes all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Norms
B) Values
C) Beliefs
D) Objects
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Culture and Socialization
Non-material culture includes all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Norms
B) Values
C) Beliefs
D) Objects
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Culture and Socialization
The American flag is a material object that denotes the United
States of America; however, there are certain connotations that
many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this
example, what are bravery and freedom?
A) Nonmaterial culture
B) Symbols
C) Language
D) Material culture
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Culture and Socialization
The American flag is a material object that denotes the United
States of America; however, there are certain connotations that
many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this
example, what are bravery and freedom?
A) Nonmaterial culture
B) Symbols
C) Language
D) Material culture
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Culture and Socialization
Attribution
• Wiktionary. "nationalism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nationalism
• Wiktionary. "high culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/high+culture
• Wiktionary. "popular culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/popular+culture
• Wiktionary. "civilization." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/civilization
• Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Culture
• OpenStax College. "Introduction to Sociology." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/site/textbooks/OpenStax%20Sociology.pdf
• Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Culture#The_Origins_of_Culture
• Wikipedia. "Symbolic culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic%20culture
• Wikipedia. "material culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/material%20culture
• Wikipedia. "Material culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_culture
• Utah Valley University. "Chapter 05 - Culture." CC BY http://freebooks.uvu.edu/SOC1010/index.php/05.html
• Wikipedia. "Culture shock." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_shock
• Wiktionary. "biculturalism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biculturalism
• Wikipedia. "cultural relativism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cultural%20relativism
• Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Culture#Ethnocentrism_.26_Cultural_Relativism
• Utah Valley University. "Chapter 05 - Culture." CC BY http://freebooks.uvu.edu/SOC1010/index.php/05.html
• Wiktionary. "ethnocentrism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethnocentrism
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Culture and Socialization
• Wikipedia. "Sociology of culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_culture
• Wikipedia. "Cultural relativism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativism
• Wikipedia. "Cultural universal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_universal
• Wiktionary. "particular." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/particular
• Wiktionary. "culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/culture
• Wiktionary. "universal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/universal
• Wikipedia. "Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture#1899.E2.80.931946:_Universal_versus_particular
• Utah Valley University. "Chapter 05 - Culture." CC BY http://freebooks.uvu.edu/SOC1010/index.php/05.html
• Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Culture#The_Origins_of_Culture
• Wiktionary. "culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/culture
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• Wikipedia. "Symbolic culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_culture
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