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Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. Get started now at: http://boundless.com/teaching-platform Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: [email protected] Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com About Boundless Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Mesopotamia Assyria Neo-Babylonia and Persia Second Millenium B.C.E. Www/boundless.com/arthistory?campaign_content=book_5845_chapter_2&campa ign_term=Art+History&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_m edium=direct&utm_source=boundless Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East > Mesopotamia Mesopotamia • The Mesopotamian Cultures • Akkad • Lagash and the Third Dynasty of Ur • Babylon • The Hittites Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/arthistory?campaign_content=book_5845_chapter_2&campaign_term=Art+History&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b Art of the Ancient Near East > Assyria Assyria • The Assyrian Culture • Dur Sharrukin • Nineveh Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/arthistory?campaign_content=book_5845_chapter_2&campaign_term=Art+History&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b Art of the Ancient Near East > Neo-Babylonia and Persia Neo-Babylonia and Persia • Neo-Babylonia • Persepolis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/arthistory?campaign_content=book_5845_chapter_2&campaign_term=Art+History&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b Art of the Ancient Near East > Second Millenium B.C.E. Second Millenium B.C.E. • Art in the Second Millennium B.C.E. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/arthistory?campaign_content=book_5845_chapter_2&campaign_term=Art+History&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Key terms • Anatolia A peninsula of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. Bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Armenian Highland to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. • aurochs An extinct European mammal, Bos primigenius, the ancestor of domestic cattle. • Chalcolithic The Chalcolithic period or Copper Age, is a phase of the Bronze Age in which the addition of tin to copper to form bronze during smelting remained yet unknown by the metallurgists of the times. The Copper Age was originally defined as a transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. • Codes an early manuscript booka book bound in the modern manner, by joining pages, as opposed to a rolled scrollan official list of medicines and medicinal ingredients • Cuneiform Cuneiform is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. Emerging in Sumer around the 30th century BC, with predecessors reaching into the late 4th millennium (the Uruk IV period), cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. • Cuneiform Cuneiform is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. Emerging in Sumer around the 30th century BC, with predecessors reaching into the late 4th millennium (the Uruk IV period), cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. • fluted having semicylindrical vertical grooves, either for decoration or to trim weight • frieze Any sculptured or richly ornamented band in a building or, by extension, in rich pieces of furniture. • glazed having a vitreous coating whose primary purposes are decoration or protection • hypostyle Having a roof supported on a row of columns. • immortal A member of an elite regiment of the Persian army. • Ishtar A goddess of fertility, love, sex, and war; in the Babylonian pantheon, the divine personification of the planet Venus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East • Ishtar A goddess of fertility, love, sex, and war; in the Babylonian pantheon, the divine personification of the planet Venus. • Mesopotamia A region in Southwest Asia, spanning from the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, that is the site of one of the most ancient civilizations in the history of man. • Mesopotamia A region in Southwest Asia, spanning from the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, that is the site of one of the most ancient civilizations in the history of man. • Neo-Assyrian Empire An empire in Mesopotamian history from 934 BC - 609 BC, during which time Assyria assumed a position of great power. • Obelisk A tall, square, tapered, stone monolith topped with a pyramidal point, frequently used as a monument. • pilaster A rectangular column that projects partially from the wall to which it is attached; it gives the appearance of a support, but is only for decoration. • relief A type of artwork in which shapes or figures protrude from a flat background. • Sennacherib The son of Sargon II, whom he succeeded on the throne of Assyria (705 – 681 BC). • Sumerian Of, from, or pertaining to Sumer. • theocratic Theocratic refers to theocracy, or a form of government in which a deity is officially recognized as the civil Ruler. Official policy is governed by officials regarded as divinely guided, or is pursuant to the doctrine of a particular religion or religious group. • ziggurat A temple tower of the ancient Mesopotamian valley, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories. • ziggurat A temple tower of the ancient Mesopotamian valley, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East • ziggurat A temple tower of the ancient Mesopotamian valley, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Hittite Bronze Religious Standard Bronze religious standard symbolizing the universe, used by Hittite priests, from the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Museum of Anatolian Civilizations025 kopie." GNU FDL 1.2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations025_kopie.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Ishtar Gate at Pergamon Museum This was reconstructed in Berlin in 1930, using materials excavated from the original build-site. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Fotothek df ps 0002470 Innenräume ^ Ausstellungsgebäude." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_ps_0002470_Innenr%C3%A4ume_%5E_Ausstellungsgeb%C3%A4ude.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Ishtar Gate Detail An aurochs above a flower ribbon with missing tiles filled in; Ishtar Gate bas-relief, housed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. A prominent characteristic of Neo-Babylonian art and architecture was the use of brilliantly colorful glazed bricks. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Ish-tar Gate detail." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ish-tar_Gate_detail.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Royal Nineveh Carving The king hunting lion from the North Palace, Nineveh, seen at the British Museum Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Nineveh north palace king hunting lion." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Winged Bull Human-headed winged bull (shedu), found during Botta's excavation. Now in the Louvre Museum. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Human headed winged bull profile." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_headed_winged_bull_profile.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Map of Babylon Map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi's ascension in 1792 BCE and upon his death in 1750 BCE. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Hammurabi's Babylonia 1." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammurabi's_Babylonia_1.svg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Hammurabi's Code The upper part of the stela of Hammurabi's code of laws Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "P1050771 Louvre code Hammurabi bas relief rwk." GNU FDL 1.2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1050771_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_bas_relief_rwk.JPG View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Babylon Babylon in a 1932 excavation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Babylon, 1932." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Babylon,_1932.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Persepolis A panoramic view of its ruins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "2009-11-24 Persepolis 02." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2009-11-24_Persepolis_02.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Palace of Khorsabad Sketch of the Khorsabad Palace. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Palace of Khorsabad." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_of_Khorsabad.png View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East The Burney Relief The Burney Relief is a Mesopotamian terracotta plaque in high relief of the Old-Babylonian period, depicting a winged, nude, goddess-like figure with bird's talons, flanked by owls, and perched upon supine lions. The relief is dated between 1800 and 1750 BCE. It originates from southern Iraq, but the exact find-site is unknown. Apart from its distinctive iconography, the piece is noted for its high relief and relatively large size, which suggests that is was used as a cult relief, which makes it a very rare survival from the period. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Burney Relief." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burney_Relief View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat The Chogha Zanbil ziggurat was built in 1250 BC by Untash-Napirisha, the king of Elam to honor the Elamite god Inshushinak. The kingdom of Elam was located east of Mesopotamia and Chogha Zanbil is located in present-day Iran--one of the few ziggurats outside Mesopotamia. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Chogha Zanbil." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Ur III Map Map showing the Ur III state and its sphere of influence. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Ur III." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ur_III.svg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Gudea Gudea of Lagash, diorite statue found at Girsu (Louvre). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Gudea of Lagash Girsu." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Umma City Plan Plan indicating the real estate of the city of Umma, with indications of the surfaces of the parts. Third Dynasty of Ur. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Plan of terrain AO5677 mp3h9127." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_of_terrain_AO5677_mp3h9127.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Stele of Vultures Battle formations on a fragment of the Stele of the Vultures. Example of Sumerian pictorial cuneiform writing. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Stele of Vultures detail 01." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Akkadian Empire Map of the Near East showing the geographical extent of the Akkadian Empire. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "File:Empire akkad.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Empire_akkad.svg&page=1 View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Map of the Hittite Empire The Hittite Empire is shown in Blue, ca. eighteenth century BCE–ca. 1178 BCE. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "AlterOrient2." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlterOrient2.png View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Sumer Map of the Cities of Sumer. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Cities of Sumer (en)." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cities_of_Sumer_(en).svg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Relief from Apadana Hall, Persepolis Features 5th century BC carving of Persian and Median soldiers in traditional costume. Note the subtle differences in the clothing and style of the soldiers on each side. The Medians are wearing rounded hats and boots. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Persepolis The Persian Soldiers." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persepolis_The_Persian_Soldiers.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Decorative frieze from the palace of Darius the Great at Susa, ca. 510 BCE Decorative panels from the terra-cotta griffins' frieze. The vivid colors were preserved thanks to the ruins being buried underground and protected from the elements. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Decorative motives2 griffins frieze Louvre Sb3323." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decorative_motives2_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3323.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons. "Palace of Khorsabad." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_of_Khorsabad.png View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Winged bull. The winged bull figure, known as a shedu or a lamassu, was a common guardian figure in palace architecture. By Trjames (Own work), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2600072. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons. "Lamassu." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lammasu.jpg#/media/File:Lammasu.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Obelisk Detail Depiction of either Jehu son of Jehoshaphat son of Nimshi, or Jehu's ambassador, bowing before Shalmaneser III. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Jehu-Obelisk-cropped." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Black Obelisk The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III commemorates the king's victorious campaigns from 859–824 BCE. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Black-obelisk." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black-obelisk.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Gate Guardians: The Man-Headed Lions This Portal Guardian (Lamassu) from Nimrud guarded the entrance to the palace at Nimrud. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Portal Guardian from Nimroud.British Museum." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portal_Guardian_from_Nimroud._British_Museum.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Palace of Khorsabad (artist's reconstruction) By Encyclopædia Britannica - en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Vol. 2, Page 375, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10238254. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons. "568px-Palace_of_Khorsabad.png." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_of_Khorsabad.png View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Royal Nineveh Carving The king hunting lion from the North Palace, Nineveh, seen at the British Museum. By Mark.murphy at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13055673. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh#/media/File:Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg View on Boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East Attribution • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//art-history/definition/fluted • Wiktionary. "immortal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immortal • Wiktionary. "hypostyle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypostyle • Wiktionary. "frieze." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frieze • Wikipedia. "Achaemenid architecture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture • Wikipedia. "Achaemenid Empire." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//art-history/definition/glazed • Wiktionary. "ziggurat." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ziggurat • Wiktionary. "aurochs." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aurochs • Wikipedia. "Ishtar Gate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar_Gate • Wiktionary. "ziggurat." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ziggurat • Wikipedia. "Dur Sharrukin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dur_Sharrukin • Wikipedia. "Human headed winged bull profile." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_headed_winged_bull_profile.jpg • Wikipedia. "Palace of Khorsabad." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_II#/media/File:Palace_of_Khorsabad.png • Wikipedia. "Ziggurat." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggurat • Wikipedia. "Dur-Sharrukin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dur_Sharrukin • Wikipedia. "Nineveh." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East • Wikipedia. "Sennacherib." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib • Wikipedia. "Neo-Assyrian Empire." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire • Wikipedia. "Ishtar." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar • Wikipedia. "Obelisk." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk • Wiktionary. "ziggurat." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ziggurat • Wikipedia. "Kalhu." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalhu • Wiktionary. "Mesopotamia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mesopotamia • Wikipedia. "Babylon." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon • Wiktionary. "pilaster." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pilaster • Wiktionary. "relief." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/relief • Wiktionary. "Mesopotamia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mesopotamia • Wikipedia. "Art of Mesopotamia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia • Wikipedia. "Babylonia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia • Wikipedia. "Architecture of Mesopotamia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia • Wikibooks. "Saylor.org's Ancient Civilizations of the World/The Fall of Sumer and the Rise of the Babylonian Empire." CC BYSA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Saylor.org's_Ancient_Civilizations_of_the_World/The_Fall_of_Sumer_and_the_Rise_of_the_Babylo nian_Empire%23The_Rise_of_the_Babylonian_Empire • Wikipedia. "Cuneiform." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform • Wiktionary. "Ishtar." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ishtar • Wikipedia. "Akkad (city)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkad_(city) • Wiktionary. "Anatolia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Anatolia Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Art of the Ancient Near East • Wikipedia. "Hittites." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites • Wikipedia. "Sennacherib." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib • Wikipedia. "Neo-Assyrian Empire." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian%20Empire • Wiktionary. "Ishtar." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ishtar • Wikipedia. "Nineveh." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh • Wiktionary. "Codes." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Codes • Wiktionary. "Sumerian." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sumerian • Wikipedia. "Third Dynasty of Ur." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur • Wikipedia. "Lagash." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash • Wikipedia. "theocratic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/theocratic • Wikipedia. "Cuneiform." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform • Wikipedia. "Chalcolithic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic • Wikipedia. "Sumer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
