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AP World History Review and Course Guide Key Concepts in World History: Period I: Technological and Environmental Transformations to 600 B.C.E 1. Migration of early human beings to other regions, their hunting practices and adaptation to new regions and climates. a. Humans used fire in new ways; to aid hunting and foraging, to protect against predators b. Humans developed a wider range of tools specially adapted to different environments c. Economic structures focused on small kinship groups of hunting bands that could make what they needed to survive 2. The Neolithic revolution led to the development of new and more complex economic and social systems. a. Pastoralism developed at various sites in the grasslands of Afro-­‐
Eurasia b. Different crops of animals were domesticated in the various core regions depending on available local floral and fauna. c. Agricultural practices drastically impacted environmental diversity. Pastoralists also affected the environment by grazing large numbers of animals on fragile grasslands, leading to erosion when overgrazed. 3. Agriculture transformed human societies a. Pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies which increased the population b. Surpluses of food and other goods led to specialization of labor, including new classes of artisans and warriors and the development of elites. c. Technological innovations led to improvements in agriculture, production, trade, and transportation. d. Required examples of improvements: i. Pottery, plows, woven textiles, metallurgy, wheels and vehicles e. In both pastoralist and agrarian societies, elite groups accumulated wealth, creating more hierarchical social structures and promoting patriarchal forms of social organization. 4. Location and understanding of the core and foundational civilizations a. Students should be able to identify the location of all of the following required examples of core and foundational civilizations: i. Mesopotamia—Tigris and Euphrates Valley ii. Egypt—Nile River Valley iii. Mohenjo Daro—Indus River Valley iv. Shang—Yellow River Valley v. Olmecs—Mesoamerica vi. Chavin—Andean South America 5. The first states emerged within core civilizations a. States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support and/or who was supported by the military. b. As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated—including the Hittites who had access to iron—
had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food, and experienced growing populations. These states were able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states. c. Early religions of state expansion or empire building were Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile River Valley d. Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations. 6. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, religion, myths, and monumental art. a. Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning. i. Ziggaruts ii. Pyramids iii. Temples iv. Defensive walls v. Streets and roads vi. Sewage and water systems b. Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations and were ultimately diffused c. States developed legal codes, including the Code of Hammurabi, that reflected existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of governments over people. d. New religious belief developed and had strong influence in later periods i. Required examples: 1. Vedic Religion 2. Hebrew Monotheism 3. Zoroastrianism 4. Hinduism 7. Trade expanded in this period from local to regional to transregional, with civilizations exchanging goods, cultural ideas, and technology. 8. Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied 9. Literature became a reflection of culture a. Epic of Gilgamesh b. Rig Veda c. Book of the Dead Period II: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies c. 600 B.C.E-­‐
600 C.E. 10. Codifications and further developments of existing religions traditions provided a bond among the people and an ethical code to live by. a. Association of monotheism with Judaism was further developed with the codification of the Hebrew Scriptures, which also reflected the influence of Mesopotamian cultural and legal traditions. The Assyrian, Babylonian, and Roman empires conquered various Jewish states at different points in time. These conquests contributed to the growth of Jewish diasporic communities around the Mediterannean and Middle East. b. The core beliefs outlines in the Sanskrit scriptures formed the basis of the Vedic religions—later known as Hinduism—which contributed to the development of the social and political roles of a caste system and in the importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation. 11. New belief systems and cultural traditions emerged and spread often asserting universal truths. a. The core beliefs about desire, suffering, and the search for enlightenment
preached by the historic Buddha and recorded by his followers into sutras
and other scriptures were, in part, a reaction to the Vedic beliefs and
rituals dominant in South Asia. Buddhism changed over time as it spread
throughout Asia — first through the support of the Mauryan Emperor
Ashoka, and then through the efforts of missionaries and merchants, and
the establishment of educational institutions to promote its core
teachings.Belief systems affected gender roles. Buddhism and Christianity encouraged monastic life and Confucianism emphasized filial piety. b. Confucianism’s core beliefs and writings originated in the writings and
lessons of Confucius and were elaborated by key disciples who sought to
promote social harmony by outlining proper rituals and social
relationships for all people in China, including the rulers. c. In the major Daoist writings, the core belief of balance between humans
and nature assumed that the Chinese political system would be altered
indirectly. Daoism also influenced the development of Chinese culture. d. Christianity, based on core beliefs about the teachings and divinity of
Jesus of Nazareth as recorded by his disciples, drew on Judaism, and
initially rejected Roman and Hellenistic influences. Despite initial Roman
imperial hostility, Christianity spread through the efforts of missionaries
and merchants through many parts of Afro-Eurasia, and eventually gained
Roman imperial support by the time of Emperor Constantine. e. The core ideas in Greco-Roman philosophy and science emphasized logic,
empirical observation, and the nature of political power and hierarchy. 12. Other religious and cultural traditions continued to parallel the codified, written belief systems in core civilizations a. Ancestor veneration persisted in: Africa, East Asia, Andean World, and Mediterranean 13. Artistic expressions, including literature and drama, architecture, and sculpture show distinct cultural developments. a. Indian Epics b. Greek Drama 14. The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where previously there had been competing states a. Required examples of states and empires i. Southwest Asia: Persian Empires ii. East Asia: Qin and Han iii. Mauryan and Gupta India iv. Mediterranean region: 1. Phoenecia and its colonies 2. Greek World 3. Rome 4. Hellenistic Empires v. Teotihuacan and Mayan states vi. Andean-­‐Moche 15. Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based, in part, on the success of earlier political forms. a. In order to organize their subjects, the rulers created administrative institutions in many regions i. China ii. Persia iii. Rome iv. South Asia b. Imperial governments projected military power over large areas using a variety of techniques c. Much of the success of empire building rested on the promotion of economic trade and economic integration by building and maintaining roads and issuing currencies. 16. Unique social and economic dimensions developed in imperial societies in Afro-­‐Eurasia and the Americas a. Cities served as centers of trade, religion, and political administration i. Cities to know: 1. Persepolis 2. Chang’an 3. Pataliputra 4. Athens 5. Carthage 6. Rome 7. Alexandria 8. Constantinople 9. Alexandria 17. The Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta empires created political, culture and administrative difficulties that they could not manage, which eventually led to their decline, collapse and transformation into successor empires or states a. Between Han China and Xiongnu b. Between the Gupta and the White Huns c. Between the Romans and their northern and easter neighbors 18. Land and water routes became the basis for transregional trade, communication and exchange networks in the Eastern hemisphere. a. Many factors, including the climate and location of the routes, the typical
trade goods, and the ethnicity of people involved, shaped the distinctive
features of a variety of trade routes. b. Required examples of trade routes: i. Eurasian Silk Roads Trans-Saharan caravan routes Indian Ocean
sea lanes Mediterranean sea lanes 19. New technologies facilitated long distance communication and exchange a. New technologies permitted the use of domesticated pack animals to
transport goods across longer routes. b. Innovations in maritime technologies, as well as advanced knowledge of
the monsoon winds, stimulated exchanges along maritime routes from
East Africa to East Asia. 20. Alongside the trade in goods, the exchange of people, technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals and disease pathogens developed across far-­‐flung networks of communication and exchange. a. The spread of crops, including rice and cotton from South Asia to the
Middle East, encouraged changes in farming and irrigation techniques. b. The spread of disease pathogens diminished urban populations and
contributed to the decline of some empires. 21. Religious and culture were transformed as they spread. a. Eurasian Silk Roads b. Trans-­‐Saharan caravan routes c. Indian Ocean sea lanes d. Mediterranean sea lanes Period III: Regional and Transregional Interactions: 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. 22. Improved transportation and technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks. a. Active trade routes: Silk Roads, Sea Roads, Sand Roads b. New trade routes in Mesoamerica and the Andes 23. Expansion of empires facilitated trade a. Tang China/Song China/Yuan China b. Byzantine Empire c. Caliphates d. Mongols 24. Cross-­‐Cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication. a. Rise of Islam b. Interregional Travelers as a rouce of information i. Ibn Battuta ii. Marco Polo c. Spread of Cultural ideas on networks of trade and communication i. Neoconfucianism in China ii. Buddhism in East Asia iii. Islam to Africa d. Diffusion of scientific knowledge i. Greek philosophy via the House of Wisdom ii. Gunpowder and its diffusion 25. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes. 26. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted in some regions new state forms emerged a. Sui, Tang, Song b. Decentralized government (Feudalism) in Europe and Japan 27. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers. a. Required examples of exchange and transfer i. Tang China and the Abbasids (Paper) ii. Mongols and the Silk Road iii. Crusades and the Islamic World 28. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions a. Champa rice in East and Southeast Asia b. Chinampa farming in the Aztec world c. Terracing (Waru Waru) in the Andes d. Horse collar in Europe 29. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks. a. Factors leading to decline i. Invasion ii. Disease iii. Decline of agriculture iv. Little Ice Age 30. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life. a. Peasant revolts and unrest i. China ii. Byzantine Emprie Period IV: Global Interactions, c. 1450-­‐ c. 1750 31. In the context of the new global circulation of goods, there was an intensification of all existing regional trade networks that brought prosperity and economic disruption and economic disruption to the merchants and governments in the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, and overland Eurasia. 32. European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds, and included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of global wind and current patterns all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. 33. Remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred in this period. a. Zheng He b. Portuguese under Prince Henry the Navigator c. Columbus and the Columbian Exchange 34. Global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets, but regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-­‐Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants. a. Rise of mercantilism b. Atlantic trade network c. Triangle of Trade 35. The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices. a. Changes in Islam, split in Islam b. Christianity changes under reformation ideas c. Sikhism 36. As profits in Europe soared funding for the arts increased and created new forms of expression. a. Renaissance 37. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. a. Peasant labor intensified due to demand i. Cotton and other cash crops in India ii. Silk in China b. Coerced labor systems i. Slavery in New World and Africa ii. Encomienda in New World 38. Rulers used a variety of methods to consolidate their power a. Art-­‐baroque and monumental architecture b. Religious ideas-­‐ i. divine right of kings ii. Safavids and twelve shiism iii. Human sacrifice in new world c. Treatment of different ethnic and religious groups in ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge the authority of the state i. Ottomans and devshirme ii. Manchu policies towards Chinese iii. Spanish treatment of new world peoples 39. Imperial expansion relied on the use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both empires a. Gunpowder empires i. Mughal ii. Ottoman iii. Safavid b. Land empires that grew in size i. Russian ii. Manchu (Qing) c. Maritime empires i. Portuguese ii. Spanish iii. Dutch iv. French v. British 40. Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion a. Thirty Years War b. Ottoman Safavid Wars Period V: Industrialization and Global Integration, c. 1740 to c. 1900 41. Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced a. Factors leading to the rise of industrialization b. Importance of the development of machines and power c. The development of the factory system concentrated labor in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor d. Spread of industrialization 42. New patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated the global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount and array of goods produced in their factories. a. The development of the production and export of single natural resources b. Rapid development of industrial production contributed to the decline of economically productive, agriculturally based economies. c. The rapid increases in productivity caused by industrial production encouraged industrialized states to seek out new consumer markets for their finished goods. British and French open up China d. The need for specialized and limited metals for industrial production, as well as the global demand for gold, silver, and diamonds as forms of wealth led to the development of extensive mining centers. 43. To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers developed and expanded various financial institutions. a. The ideological inspiration for economic changes lies in the development of capitalism. 44. There were major developments in transportation and communication a. Railroads b. Steamships c. Telegraphs d. Canals 45. The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses a. Alternative visions were organized to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages i. Utopian socialism ii. Marxism iii. Anarchism b. In Qing China and the Ottoman empire some members of the government resisted economic change and attempted to maintain preindustrial forms of economic production c. In a small number of states, governments promoted their own state-­‐
sponsored visions of industrialization i. Meiji Japan ii. Development of railroads and steel in Tsarist Russia iii. China’s self strengthening movement iv. Muhammad Ali’s development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt d. In some countries, governments mitigated the negative effects of capitalism by promoting various types of reforms. i. State pensions and public health in Germany ii. Expansion of suffrage in 1830’s Britain iii. Public education 46. The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant transformations in industrialized states due to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy a. New classes developed b. Family dynamics changed in response to industrialization c. Urban problems 47. Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires a. States with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies i. Dutch in Indonesia ii. British in India b. European states as well as the Americans and Japanese established empires throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined c. Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to establish empires in Africa i. Britain in West Africa ii. Scramble for Africa iii. Belgian Congo d. In some parts of the world Europeans established “settler colonies” i. The British in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand ii. French in Algeria e. Economic Imperialism i. British and the Opium Wars ii. America and Latin America after 1850 48. Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world a. The expansion of US and European influence over Tokugawa Japan led to the emergence of Meiji Japan b. The USA and Russia attempted to emulate European transoceanic imperialism by expanding their borders and conquering neighboring territories i. US-­‐Mexican American War ii. Russia: Russo-­‐Japanese War, Crimean War 49. Anti-­‐Imperialism led to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire a. Independence in the Balkans b. Eastern Question c. Egypt 50. New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and justified imperialism. 51. The rise of the diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded the revolutions and rebellions against existing rebellions a. Thinkers: i. Locke ii. Montesquieu iii. Voltaire iv. Rousseau b. Revolutionary documents produced by Enlightenment thinkers i. American Declaration of Independence ii. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen c. These ideas encouraged many people to challenge the existing notions of social relations which led to the expansion of rights as seen in expanded suffrage and the end of serfdom as their ideas were implemented i. Touissant L’Overture and Haiti ii. Simon Bolivar 52. Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reform movements a. Marathas challenge to the Mughal Sultans b. Anti-­‐Colonial movements i. Sepoy Rebellin ii. Boxer Rebellion c. Some of the rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and “millenarianism” i. Taiping Rebellion d. Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies i. Tanzimat reforms ii. Self-­‐strengthening movement 53. The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities a. Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule lead to the developments of liberalism, communism, and socialism b. Demands for women’s suffrage created a new feminist movement and challenged traditional gender roles i. Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ii. Olympe de Gouges’s Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen 54. Global Migration was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living a. Relocation to cities amidst industrialization b. Migrants located for a variety of reasons, often in search of work c. The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced or semi-­‐coerced labor migration i. Slavery ii. Chinese and Indian indentured servitude Period 6: Accelerating Global change and Realignments, c. 1900 to the Present 55. Researches made rapid advances that spread throughout the world, assisted by the development of new technology a. New scientific paradigms i. Theory of relativity ii. Medical science (vaccination) iii. Psychology 56. As global population expanded at an unprecedented rate, humans fundamentally changed their relationship with the environment 57. Disease, scientific innovations and conflict led to demographic shifts a. Malaria b. Cholera c. 1918 Flu pandemic d. HIV/AIDS 58. Increased science and technology led to new levels of wartime casualties a. Tanks b. Airplanes c. Atomic weapons d. Trench warfare e. Firebombing i. Nanjing ii. Dresden iii. Hiroshima 59. Europe dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-­‐based and transoceanic empires gave way to new forms of trans-­‐regional political organization by the century’s end. a. Older land empires collapsed due to external and internal factors i. Ottoman ii. Qing iii. Russians 1. Economic Hardship 2. Political and social discontent 3. Technological stagnation 4. Military defeat 60. As a result of shifts at the end of the war period, some states gained their independence a. India from British b. Gold Coast of Africa from British c. South Africa 61. Emerging ideologies of anti-­‐imperialism contribute to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states a. Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa challenged imperial rule i. Mohandas Gandhi ii. Ho Chi Minh iii. Kwame Nkrumah iv. Jomo Kenyatta b. Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged both colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries i. Regional and religious movements 1. Muhammad Ali-­‐Jinnah c. Transnational movements sought to unite people to across national boundaries i. Communism ii. Pan-­‐Arabism iii. Pan-­‐Africanism 62. Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences a. Redrawing of colonial boundaries i. India/Pakistan ii. Israel/Zionism iii. Breakup of Ottoman Empire b. The proliferation of conflicts that led to ethnic violence i. Armenian Genocide ii. Holocaust iii. Rwanda iv. Cambodia c. Displacement of peoples i. Palestinians ii. Darfurians 63. Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global scale a. Total Wars i. WWI ii. WWII 64. Sources of global conflict a. Imperialist expansion by European and Japanese powers b. Competition for resources c. Ethnic conflict d. Rivalries and alliances e. Nationalist ideologies f. Economic crisis of the Great Depression 65. The global balance of economic and political power shifted after the end of WWII and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The US and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to an ideological struggle between capitalism and communism. a. Cold War alliances i. Warsaw Pact ii. NATO b. Proxy wars i. Korea ii. Vietnam iii. Afghanistan 66. Although global conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups –including states –opposed this trend. Some groups intensified the conflicts a. Individuals who challenged conflict i. Picassio and Guernica ii. Thich Quang Duc iii. Gandhi iv. Martin Luther King v. Nelson Mandela vi. Desmond Tutu b. Groups who proposed alternatives to the existing economic, social, and political orders i. Vladimir Lenin ii. Mao Zedong iii. Anti Apartheid movment iv. Tianenmen Square uprising c. Military’s and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict d. Movements against civilians to produce political aims i. Al-­‐Qaeda 67. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the century a. Five Year Plans b. Great Leap Forward 68. Government intervention in the economy a. New Deal b. Fascism 69. At the end of the 20th century, many governments encouraged free market economic policies a. China under Deng Xiaoping 70. States, communities, and individuals became increasingly interdependent, a process facilitated by the growth of institutions of global governance a. League of Nations b. United Nations c. European Union