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4.9 C: Organ Interactions Quiz 1. Scientists are trying to develop a pain medication that will bind to the sodium-potassium pumps of sensory neurons. When the medication binds to the sodium-potassium pump, the number of ions that the protein can carry will be reduced by 40–60%. Which statement best explains why this medication may reduce pain in the area where the medication is administered? (A) The medication will decrease the rate at which sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions move through channel proteins, which will prevent action potentials in sensory neurons and prevent the nerves from sending pain signals. (B) The medication will prevent the depolarization of sensory neurons by stopping neurotransmitters from binding to neurons, which will reduce the perception of pain in the brain. (C) The medication will decrease the ability of neurons to repolarize, which will decrease the rate at which action potentials are sent to the brain and reduce the perception of pain. (D) The medication will prevent the sodium-potassium (Na+/ K+) pump from maintaining homeostasis and cause an ionic imbalance in the sensory neurons, which will stop the brain nerves from sending pain signals to the brain. Page 1 of 4 4.9 C: Organ Interactions Quiz 2. Type 2 diabetes is a disease believed to be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Normally, when blood glucose levels become too high, pancreatic cells are stimulated to secrete the hormone insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels, by stimulating most body cells to uptake glucose. In type 2 diabetes, the body is unable to regulate blood glucose levels despite pancreatic cells producing and secreting insulin in response to elevated blood glucose levels. In which type of genes should a researcher look for mutations that may predispose a person to developing type 2 diabetes? (A) In genes involved in the production and secretion of insulin from pancreatic cells and preventing insulin from leaving the pancreas (B) In genes involved in the reception of the insulin signal in target cells because insulin is not producing the appropriate response in these cells (C) In genes involved in feedback regulation with pancreatic cells because pancreatic cells are improperly responding to changes in blood glucose levels (D) In genes involved in the production of glucose from glycogen in liver cells and preventing the liver from releasing glucose Page 2 of 4 4.9 C: Organ Interactions Quiz 3. Sensory signals from the body are interpreted in one particular area of the brain. Different neurons receive signals from different parts of the body, and the neurons for each body part are very close in proximity. Amputees are individuals who have had a limb amputated, and some amputees experience sensations as if the limb were still attached, in a phenomenon called “phantom limb pain.” When parts of the body, such as the face or torso, are touched, neurons in the brain that were once associated with the limb before it was amputated are stimulated and interpret the sensations as occurring in the amputated limb. Which statement best explains why some amputees experience phantom limb pain? (A) Phantom limb pain is due to the severed sensory nerves at the site of amputation sending nerve signals directly to the brain, which are interpreted as having originated in the missing limb. (B) Phantom limb pain is due to the nerves in the central nervous system being unable to differentiate sensory signals from motor signals. (C) Phantom limb pain is due to the rewiring of the brain, in which sensory signals from other parts of the body are misinterpreted by the brain as having occurred in the missing limb. (D) Phantom limb pain is due to the inability of the neurons in the brain to receive signals after a significant change in the peripheral nervous system. Page 3 of 4 4.9 C: Organ Interactions Quiz 4. The diagram below shows the interactions among the thyroid gland, the skeletal system, and the kidneys in the regulation of calcium levels in the body. When calcium levels in the blood are high, the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin. Which statement best explains how calcitonin interacts with the skeletal system and the kidneys to regulate calcium levels in the body? (A) Calcitonin causes bone cells to release calcium into the blood and causes the removal of calcium by the kidney from the urine in order to maintain calcium levels within a specific range. (B) Calcitonin causes bone cells to initiate the release of calcium into the blood and causes the kidneys to increase the elimination of calcium in order to prevent too much calcium from being stored in the bones. (C) Calcitonin causes bone cells to deposit excess calcium in bone and causes the kidneys to increase the removal of calcium from the urine in order to ensure that enough calcium is stored in the bones until it is needed. (D) Calcitonin causes bone cells to deposit excess calcium in bone and causes the kidneys to decrease the removal of calcium from the blood in order to keep calcium levels within a specific range. Page 4 of 4