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The War of 1812 Tecumseh and Native American Unity The British were angering Americans in a number of ways Interference with American shipping Impressment of U.S. citizens Actions that stirred up Native American resistance on the frontier Tecumseh and Native American Unity As Americans moved west, Jefferson set up a policy of how to deal with Native Americans – “civilization” Getting Natives to farm the land Convert to Christianity Live as white settlers lived Sell them goods at trading post, and hope they would fall into debt to America and sell them their native lands Tecumseh and Native American Unity Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, vowed to stop the loss of Native American lands Believed Natives had to UNITE together Some Native Americans began to answer Tecumseh’s call for unity Unfortunately, while Tecumseh was recruiting, his tribe was defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe by William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana War Hawks After the Battle of Tippecanoe, Tecumseh and his warriors found a warm welcome with the British in Canada They became allies Anti-British feelings grew even more in the western territories Leaders such as Henry Clay of Kentucky demanded war against the British He and his group became known as the War Hawks War Hawks War Hawks wanted… British aid to Native Americans stopped The British to get out of Canada Conquering Canada would expand America’s growing empire Some other Americans wanted war… Because of the British violations of American rights at sea Congress declared war on June 18, 1812 The War of 1812 Britain was already at war with France, and was facing another war with the U.S. Britain sent a letter stating they would end inference with American shipping But….because of mail delays…. Congress officially declared war before they received the letter The War of 1812 The War of 1812 had two main phases 1812-1814 – Britain concentrated on the war with France Spent little energy in North America They did decide to blockade the American coast, though Starting in 1814 – Britain defeated France Britain focused their attention on America The War of 1812 When the war began, America’s military was weak The Democratic Republicans, to reduce the size of the U.S. government and budget, had cut the size of the military Our navy had only about 16 ships Despite this, our ships were the fastest in the world The army had fewer than 7,000 men The War of 1812 America’s navy rose to the challenges they faced Early victories boosted America’s confidence Most important victory - Lake Erie In Sept. of 1813, a small British force attacked American ships Over several hours, America rose above and defeated the British forces “We have met the enemy and they are ours” The War of 1812 America pursued them farther near Detroit, but… The British retreated to Canada America pushed further and defeated them at the Battle of the Thames Tecumseh, the Native American chief, died in the Battle of the Thames fighting for the British This American victory put an end to the British threat in the Northwest The War of 1812 In 1814, the British turned their attention to the United States In August, they attacked the capital city and burned the Capitol Building and the President’s mansion They then headed northward to Fort McHenry in Baltimore While detained in a British ship, a lawyer named Francis Scott Key watched all night while the battle took place The War of 1812 At dawn, Key saw that the flag was still flying high over the American fort He expressed his pride in a poem that was later adopted as our national anthem “Oh say can you see by the dawn’s early light. What so proudly we hail’d at the twilight’s last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight. O’er the ramparts we watch’d were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air, gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave. O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?” The War of 1812 In the south, the British moved into the strategic city of New Orleans To fight a strong British force, the Americans patched together troops under the leadership of General Andrew Jackson America prevailed 71 American casualties 2,000 British casualties Andrew Jackson became a national hero The War of 1812 The Treaty of Ghent had been signed two weeks earlier, but slow mail delayed news Treaty showed that there was no clear winner (it was technically a tie) No territory changed hands Trade disputes remained But…. Jackson was a national hero American patriotism grew Native Americans had been weakened Americans had been forced to manufacture many of their own goods