Download Pan-Indian Movement against Westward Expansion

Build Up to the War of 1812
American History
Pan-Indian Movement against Westward Expansion
By 1805, two Shawnee leaders Tecumseh and
his half-brother Tenskwatawa (aka The
Prophet) built a pan-Indian alliance among
Northwest and Southern Native-American
groups.
The pan-Indian movement rejected white
culture, including the use of woven cloth,
individual ownership of land, and
intermarriage with whites.
The movement alarmed U.S. forces so much
that by 1811, William Henry Harrison,
governor of the Indiana territory, marched on
the Cherokees and Creeks seeking Tecumseh.
An Artist’s Illustration of Tecumseh
The pan-Indian alliance supported the British
during the War of 1812 but crumbled after the
death of Tecumseh in battle in October 1813.
“The way, the only way to stop this evil, is for
the red men to unite in claiming a common
and equal right in the land, as it was at first,
and should be now—for it was never divided,
but belongs to us all. No tribe has the right to
sell, even to each other, much less to
strangers. … Sell a country! Why not sell the
air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not
the Great Spirit make them all for the use of
his children?”
-Tecumseh
Mounting U.S. Land
Pressure on Native
Americans,
1784-1812
Economic Warfare
• 1806. Britain declares goods going to Europe
need British licenses.
• France declares anyone abiding by Britain’s
declaration will have their good confiscated.
• Great Britain begins taking American sailors
for work in their navy through Impressment.
Chesapeake Incident [1807]
• British vessel stops the Chesapeake (US) to
look for British deserters.
• Chesapeake refuses, British open fire.
– 4 Americans impressed.
• Jefferson passes the Embargo of 1807, halting
commercial relations with Europe to avoid
war.
The War of 1812
American History
The War of 1812 was largely a
naval war fought on the
Atlantic coast, in the Gulf of
Mexico, and on the Great
Lakes
The War of 1812: A Historical Overview
• Dates: 1812-1815
• Catalysts: British impressments of U.S. sailors, the
disruption of U.S. shipping and trade and the
failure of U.S. neutrality during the Napoleonic
Wars, British support of Native-American
resistance to U.S. western expansion
• Outcomes: Removal of British troops from
Western Territories; Securing of the Canadian
Boarders; Weakening of Democratic Republicans
Hartford Convention (1814-15)
• A series of secret meetings of the New England
states called by Mass. Federalists and held in
Hartford, Connecticut from Dec. 1814 to Jan. 8
• Opposed War on Economic Grounds and
Southern (and Slaveholder) Domination of the
Presidency
• Proposed 5 key amendments to the U.S.
Constitution
Hartford Convention’s Proposed Amendments
1) Prohibition of any trade embargo lasting over 60 days
2) Repeal of the 3/5th Compromise
3) Requirement of 2/3 Congressional majority for war
declaration and the admission of a new state
4) Limitation of U.S. Presidency to one term
5) Requirement that each President be from a different state
than his predecessor
The Treaty of Ghent
• Signed on December 24, 1814 in Belgium
• Went into effect on February 18, 1815
• Both sides agreed to release all prisoners of war and
returned all captured lands to their opponent.
• Great Britain also agreed to return the several thousand
freed slaves who had escaped to British lines during the
war. However, GB ultimately refused and instead paid the
U.S. the sum of their loss human property.
The Battle of New Orleans
• Last major battle of the War of 1812
• Took place on after the signing of the
Treaty of Ghent
• Southern forces under the command
of Andrew Jackson successfully
repelled an attack British forces with
minimal losses to the U.S. and great
losses to G.B.
• The victory brought Jackson into
national prominence and soon into
political scene.
Andrew Jackson
• Federalist actions in Hartford deemed
treasonous.