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KINGDOM PLANTAE CHAPTERS 27-31 CHARACTERISTICS • Autotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular, primarily diploid but some triploid (corn) • Plant-like protists (algae) is the link to plants STRUCTURE OF A PLANT Roots: • • • • anchor plant absorb water and nutrients from soil storage in some Root cap to protect root during growth Leaves: • • capturing sunlight for photosynthesis gas exchange: CO2 in and O2 out through stomata Stems: transport of water and nutrients between leaves and root Plant vascular tissue: • xylem: transports water and nutrients from the soil to the rest of the plant • phloem: carries organic materials (such as glucose) to the rest of the plant PLANT DIVERSITY: increasing in complexity • Non Vascular (bryophytes): lacks vascular tissue so it must remain small to transport materials moss liverwort hornwort Vascular Seedless: uses spores to reproduce whisk fern horsetail club moss tree fern Vascular Gymnosperms (naked seed plants) Conifers Cycads Gingkoes Vascular Angiosperms (flowering/fruit bearing seed plants) Non-vascular non-seed vascular naked seed vascular flowering vascular Cladograms • A cladogram is a family tree based on shared physical characteristics. – A cladogram is does not show phylogeny but phylogeny can often be inferred. – A branching point would give a best guess as to what to look for in a common ancestor. Making a cladogram 1. Make a chart with all the characteristic you will be looking at. 2. Group species in nested Ven-diagram. 3. Transfer Ven-Diagram to tree.