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The Rise of Greek Civilization Illustrations, Maps, & Tables Restored portion of the Palace of Minos (p. 35) Periods of the Aegean Bronze Age (p. 36) 2900 – 2100 BCE 2100 – 1575 BCE 1575 – 1150 BCE 1575 – 1500 BCE 1500 – 1400 BCE 1400 – 1150 BCE Early Minoan Middle Minoan Late Minoan Late Minoan I Late Minoan II Late Minoan III 2900 – 1900 BCE 1900 – 1580 BCE 1580 – 1150 BCE 1580 – 1500 BCE 1500 – 1425 BCE 1425 – 1150 BCE Early Helladic Middle Helladic Late Helladic Late Helladic I Late Helladic II Late Helladic III Linear B tablet from Pylos (p37) The Aegean Area in the Bronze Age (p. 38) Menelaus Painter showing Homer blinding the Cyclops (p. 39) *Kingship in Ithaca (p. 40) Odysseus has been away from home for twenty years during which time his infant son Telemachus has grown to manhood… Now the wooers clamoured throughout the shadowy halls, and each one uttered a prayer to be her bedfellow. And wise Telemachus first spake among them: 'Wooers of my mother, men despiteful out of measure, let us feast now and make merry and let there be no brawling; for, lo, it is a good thing to list to a minstrel such as him, like to the gods in voice. But in the morning let us all go to the assembly and sit us down, that I may declare my saying outright, to wit that ye leave these halls: and busy yourselves with other feasts, eating your own substance, going in turn from house to house. But if ye deem this a likelier and a better thing, that one man's goods should perish without atonement, then waste ye as ye will; and I will call upon the everlasting gods, if haply Zeus may grant that acts of recompense be made: so should ye hereafter perish within the halls without atonement.' So spake he, and all that heard him bit their lips and marvelled at Telemachus, in that he spake boldly. Continued… Then Antinous, son of Eupeithes, answered him: 'Telemachus, in very truth the gods themselves instruct thee to be proud of speech and boldly to harangue. Never may Cronion make thee king in seagirt Ithaca, which thing is of inheritance thy right!' Then wise Telemachus answered him, and said: 'Antinous, wilt thou indeed be wroth at the word that I shall say? Yea, at the hand of Zeus would I be fain to take even this thing upon me. Sayest thou that this is the worst hap that can befal a man? Nay, verily, it is no ill thing to be a king: the house of such an one quickly waxeth rich and himself is held in greater honour. Howsoever there are many other kings of the Achaeans in seagirt Ithaca, kings young and old; someone of them shall surely have this kingship since goodly Odysseus is dead. But as for me, I will be lord of our own house and thralls, that goodly Odysseus gat me with his spear.’ *Excerpt from The Odyssey 7th Century BCE Trojan Horse Vase (p 41) 8th Century BCE Hoplite Phalanx Vase (p 43) The Temple of Hera at Paestum (p 44) Phoenician and Greek Colonization 700BCE (p 45) Late 6th Century BCE Jar showing the olive Harvest (p 46) Herodotus on the Corinthian Tyranny (p 47) Sosicles the Corinthian exclaimed: "Surely the heaven will soon be below, and the earth above, and men will henceforth live in the sea, and fish take their place upon dry land, since you, Lacedaemonians, propose to put down free governments in the cities of Greece, and to set up tyrannies in their stead. There is nothing in the whole world so unjust, nothing so bloody, as a tyranny....If you knew what tyranny was as well as ourselves, you would be better advised than you now are in regard to it. The government at Corinth was once an oligarchy, and this group of men, called the Bacchiadae, held sway in the city, marrying and giving in marriage among themselves.... Eventually, Cypselus, the son of Aetion, [one of the Bacchiadae] became master of Corinth. Having thus got the tyranny, he (Cypselus) showed himself a harsh ruler--many of the Corinthians he drove into banishment, many he deprived of his fortune, and a still greater number of their lives. His reign lasted thirty years, and was prosperous to its close; insomuch that he left the government to Periander, his son....Where Cypselus had spared any, and had neither put them to death nor banished them, Periander complete what his father had left unfinished. One day he stripped all the women of Corinth stark naked, for the sake of his own wife Melissa.... 2900 – 1150 BCE 1900 BCE 1600 – 1150 BCE 1250 BCE 1200 – 1150 BCE 1100 – 750 BCE 750 – 500 BCE 725 BCE 700 BCE 700 - 500 BCE 508 BCE 499 BCE 490 BCE 480 BCE Minoan Period Arrival of the Greeks on the Mainland? Mycenaean Period Sack of Troy Fall of the Mycenaean Kingdom The Greek Dark Ages Major Greek Colonial Expansion Homer Flourished (probable) Hesiod Flourished (probable) Major Period of Greek Tyranny Clisthenes Inaugurates Athenian Democracy Miletus Rebels against Persia Persian Wars: Darius Persian Wars: Xerxes (P 48) The Spartan poet Tyrtaeus wrote this poem in the seventh century BCE as a dedication to the brave hoplites who gave their lives for Sparta. And he who so falls among the champions and loses his sweet life, so blessing with honor his city, his father, and all his people, with wounds in his chest, where the spear that he was facing has transfixed that massive guard of his shield, and gone through his breastplate as well, why, such a man is lamented alike by the young and the elders, and all his city goes into mourning and grieves for his loss. His tomb is pointed to with pride, and so are his children, and his children’s children, and afterward all the race that is his. His shining glory is never forgotten, his name is remembered, and he becomes an immortal, though he lies under the ground, when one who was a brave man has been killed by the furious War God standing his ground and fighting hard for his children and land. Tyrtaeus Attica Map (p 50) Peloponnesus Map (p 51) Thucydides: Development of the Athenian Polis (P 53) When the Spartans invaded Attica at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians were forced to leave their homes in the country to seek safety behind the walls of Athens. The historian Thucydides takes the opportunity to describe the development of the Athenian polis from a collection of separate towns into a single political unit. He wrote several centuries after the unification of Athens, and the details of the events are legendary, but the general outlines of what took place are credible. The Athenians … began to carry in their wives and children from the country, and all their household furniture, even to the woodwork of their houses which they took down. Their sheep and cattle they sent over to Euboea and the adjacent islands. But they found it hard to move, as most of them always used to live in the country. From very early times this had been more the case with the Athenians than with others. Under Creops and the first kings, down to the reign of Theseus, Attica had always consisted of a number of independent townships, each with its own town hall and magistrates. Except in times of danger the king at Athens was not consulted; in ordinary seasons they carried on their government and settled their affairs without his interference; sometimes they even waged war against him, as in the case… (Thucydides, continued) …of the Eleusinians with Eumolpus against Erechtheus. In Theseus, however, they had a king of equal intelligence and power; and one of the chief features in his organization of the country was to abolish the council chamber and town hall of the present capital. Individuals might still enjoy their private property just as before, but they were henceforth compelled to have only one political center, Athens, which thus counted all the inhabitants of Attica among her citizens, so that when Theseus died he left a great state behind him. Indeed, from him dates the Synoecia, or Feast of Union, which is paid for by the state, and which Athenians still keep in honor of the goddess. Before this city consisted of the present citadel and the district beneath it looking rather southwards. This is shown by the fact that the temples of the other deities, besides that of Athene, are on the citadel;… Again, from their old residence in that quarter, the citadel is still known among Athenians as the city. The Athenians thus long lived scattered over Attica in independent townships. Even after the centralization of Theseus, old habit still prevailed; and from the early times down to the present war most Athenians still lived in the country with their families and households, and were consequently not at all inclined to move now, especially as they had only just restored their establishments after the Median invasion. Deep was their trouble and discontent at abandoning their houses and the hereditary temples of the ancient constitution, and having to change their habits of life and to bid farewell to what each regarded as his native city. A Hymn by Callistratus In myrtles veil'd will I the falchion wear, For thus the patriot sword Harmodius and Aristogeiton bare, When they the tyrant's bosom gored, And bade the men of Athens be Regenerate in equality. Oh! beloved Harmodius! never Shall death be thine, who liv'st for ever. Thy shade, as men have told, inherits The islands of the blessed spirits, Where deathless live the glorious dead, Achilles fleet of foot, and Diomed. Aristotle: The Rule of the Tyrant Pisistratus (p 56) Although tyranny came to have a bad reputation, the first tyrants were often popular because they broke the unchallenged domination of the aristocrats. Their careers were sometimes remembered fondly when compared with those of their successors. Such was the origin and such the vicissitudes of the tyranny of Pisistratus. His administration was temperate… and more like constitutional government than a tyranny. Not only was he in every respect humane and mild and ready to forgive those who offended, but, in addition, he advanced money to the poorer people to help them in their labors, so that they might make their living by agriculture. In this he had two objects, first that they might not spend their time in the city, but might be scattered all over the face of the country, and secondly that being moderately well off and occupied with their own business, they might have neither the wish nor the time to attend to public affairs. At the same time his revenues were increased by the thorough cultivation of the country, since he imposed a tax of one tenth on all the produce. For the same reasons he instituted the local justices, and often made expeditions in person into the country to inspect it and to settle disputes between individuals, that they might not come to the city and neglect their farms. It was one of these progresses that, as the story goes, Pisistratus had his adventure with the man of Hymettus, who was cultivating the spot afterwards known as “Tax-free Farm.” (Continued) …He saw a man digging and working a very stony piece of ground, and being surprised he sent his attendant to ask what he got out of this plot of land. “Aches and pains,” said the man, “and that’s what Pisistratus ought to have a tenth of.” The man spoke without knowing who his questioner was; but Pisistratus was so pleased with his frank speech and his industry that he granted him exemption from all taxes. And so in matters in general he burdened the people as little as possible with his government, but always cultivated peace and kept them in quietness. Hence the tyranny of Pisistratus was often spoken of proverbially as “the age of gold”; for when his sons succeeded him the government became much harsher. But most important of all in this aspect was his popular and kindly disposition. In all things he was accustomed to observe the laws without giving himself any exceptional privileges. Once he was summoned on a charge of homicide before the Areopagus [ancient tribunal], and he appeared in person to make his defense; but the prosecutor was afraid to present himself and abandoned the case. For these reasons he held power long, and whenever he was expelled he regained his position easily. The majority alike of the upper class and of the people were in his favor; the former by his social intercourse with them, the latter by the assistance which he gave to their private purses, and his nature fitted him to win the hearts of both. Moreover the laws in reference to tyrants at the time in force at Athens were very mild, especially the one that applies more particularly to the establishment of tyranny. The law ran as follows, “These are the ancestral statutes of the Athenians; if any persons shall make an attempt to establish a tyranny, or if any person shall join in setting up a tyranny, he shall lose his civic rights, both himself and his whole house.” The Events in the Early History of Sparta & Athens (p 57) 725 – 710 BCE 650 – 625 BCE 632 BCE 621 BCE 594 BCE 560 – 550 BCE 546 – 527 BCE 510 BCE 650 – 625 BCE First Messenian War Second Messenian War Cylon tries to establish a Tyranny in Athens Draco publishes a Legal Code at Athens Solon institutes reforms at Athens Sparta defeats Tegea: Beginning of the Peloponnesian League Pisistratus reigns as Tyrant of Athens (main period) Hippias, son of Pisistratus, deposed as Tyrant of Athens Clisthenes institutes reforms at Athens Mourning Athena From Athens, 475 BCE (p 58) Hesiod’s Farmers’ Almanac (p 59) But when the House-carrier climbs up the plants from the earth to escape the Pleiades, then it is no longer the season for digging vineyards, but to whet your sickles and rouse up your slaves. Avoid shady seats and sleeping until dawn in the harvest season, when the sun scorches the body. Then be busy, and bring home your fruits, getting up early to make your livelihood sure. For dawn takes away a third part of your work, dawn advances a man on his journey and advances him in his work, -- dawn which appears and sets many men on their road, and puts yokes on many oxen. But when the artichoke flowers, and the chirping grass-hopper sits in a tree and pours down his shrill song continually from under his wings in the season of wearisome heat, then goats are plumpest and wine sweetest; women are most wanton, but men are feeblest, because Sirius parches head and knees and the skin is dry through heat. But at that time let me have a shady rock and wine of Biblis, a clot of curds and milk of drained goats with the flesh of an heifer fed in the woods, that has never calved, and of firstling kids; then also let me drink bright wine, sitting in the shade, when my heart is satisfied with food, and so, turning my head to face the fresh Zephyr, from the ever flowing spring which pours down unfouled thrice pour an offering of water, but make a fourth libation of wine. Amphora - Musician playing the cithara and singing. Attributed to the “Berlin Painter,” Attica, 490BCE (p 60) Greek Sphinx of Spata, Attica, 570 BCE (p 60) Temple of Apollo at Delphi (p 61) Dionysus & the Maenads (p 62) *Theognis of Megara: Fear of Poverty For noble minds, the worst of miseries, Worse than old age or wearisome disease, Is poverty — from poverty to flee! From some tall precipice prone to the sea It were a fair escape to leap below! In poverty, dear Kumus! We forego Freedom in word and deed — body and mind. Action and thought, are fettered and confined. Let me then fly, dear Kumus, once again! Wide as the limits of the land and main, From these entanglements; with these in view^ Death is the lighter evil of the two. * Similar to the writing found on page 63 The Persian Empire (p 64) 559 – 530 BCE Reign of Cyrus the Great 546 BCE Persians conquer Lydia 530 – 522 BCE Reign of Cambyses II 522 – 521 BCE Civil War in Persia 521 – 485 BCE Reign of Darius 485 – 465 BCE Reign of Xerxes The Persian Invasion s of Greece (p 66) Bronze Helmet of Miltiades (p 67) The Greek Wars Against Persia 560 – 546 BCE 546 BCE 499 – 494 BCE 490 BCE 480 – 479 BCE 480 BCE 479 BCE Greek cities of Asia Minor conquered by Croesus of Lydia Cyrus of Persia conquers Lydia and gains control of Greek Cities Greek Cities rebel (Ionian rebellion) Battle of Marathon Xerxes invasion of Greece Battles of Thermopylae, Artemisium, and Salamis Battles of Plataea Mycale The Athenian Assembly Passes Themistocles’ Emergency Decree The Gods Resolved by the Council and People Themistocles, son of Neocles, of Phrearrhioi, made the motion: To entrust the city to Athena the Mistress of Athens and to all the other Gods to guard and to defend against the Barbarian on behalf of the land. The Athenians themselves and the foreigners who live in Athens are to send their children and women to safety in Troizen, their protector being Pittheus, the founding hero of the land. They are to send the old men and their movable possessions to safety on Salamis. The treasurers and priestesses are to remain on the Acropolis guarding the property of the gods. All the other Athenians and foreigners of military age are to embark on the 200 ships that are ready and defend against the Barbarian for the sake of their own freedom and that of the rest of the Greeks along with the Lacedaemonians, the Corinthians, the Aeginetans, and all others who wish to share the danger. Greek Hoplites (left) and Ostracons (below – p. 69)