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CHAPTER 10 • REVIEW Chapter Review BACK TO Muscles and bones provide forces and levers to move the human body. How do you rely on forces and simple machines within your body to get around and to get things done every day? Students may say that their skeleton and muscles provide the structure for the forces and simple machines inside their body. The bones and joints operated by muscles, tendons, and ligaments allow them to get around. The arms, legs, and other parts of the body operate as simple machines. Parts of the body operate like pulleys, inclined planes, and levers. KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY SECTION 10.1 Ask: Which parts of the body make up the axial skeleton? the central part of 1 The skeletal system provides support and protection. VOCABULARY skeletal system p. 349 axial skeleton p. 350 appendicular skeleton p. 350 joint p. 353 cartilage p. 353 Bones are living tissue. The skeleton is the body’s framework and has two main divisions, the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. Bones come together at joints. 2 Ask students to describe the main functions of the skeletal system. The skeletal 3 The muscular system makes movement possible. Type of Muscle Function skeletal muscle, voluntary moves bones, maintains posture and body temperature smooth muscle, involuntary moves internal organs, such as the intestines cardiac muscle, involuntary pumps blood throughout the body Muscles exert forces. • Muscles provide forces that produce motion. • Parts of the body act as simple machines. SECTION 10.2 Ask students to identify organs in the body that include smooth muscle and to explain the function of that muscle. Smooth muscle is found in the lining of the stomach and the intestines and produces slow, involuntary movements. CLASSZONE.COM KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY the skeleton, including the skull, spinal column, and ribs system provides a framework for the body that furnishes support, allows movement, and protects organ systems. CONTENT REVIEW 3 Bones and joints act as levers. • A bone acts as a lever with a joint as its fulcrum. • Levers can be arranged in different ways. SECTION 10.3 Ask: How do voluntary muscles provide forces that produce motion? Tendons and VOCABULARY muscular system p. 357 skeletal muscle p. 358 smooth muscle p. 358 cardiac muscle p. 358 VOCABULARY force p. 364 simple machine p. 367 VOCABULARY lever p. 372 fulcrum p. 372 input force p. 373 output force p. 373 mechanical advantage p. 374 muscles pull like strings and provide the forces that move bones. SECTION 10.4 Ask: What are the advantages of each class of lever? First-class levers can change the direction and size of a force. Second-class levers provide a greater output force. Third-class levers help reduce the distance over which you apply an input force or increase the speed of the end of the lever. Review Concepts T • Big Idea Flow Chart, p. T73 • Chapter Outline, pp. T79–T80 380 Unit 3: Structure and Function in Living Systems Technology Resources Have students visit ClassZone.com or use the CD-ROM for a cumulative review of concepts. CONTENT REVIEW Engage students in a whole-class interactive review of Key Concepts. Edit content as you wish. POWER PRESENTATIONS CONTENT REVIEW CD-ROM 380 Unit 3: Structure and Function in Living Systems Reviewing Vocabulary Sample answers: 10. Which bones are part of the axial skeleton? Reviewing Vocabulary (7.5.c) In one or two sentences, describe how the vocabulary terms in each of the following pairs are related. Underline each vocabulary term in your answer. a. b. c. d. skull, shoulder blades, arm bones skull, spinal column, leg bones shoulder blades, spinal column, hip bones skull, spinal column, ribs 1. axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton 11. Bones of the skeleton connect to each other at 2. input force, output force (7.6.h) 3. skeletal muscle, smooth muscle a. b. c. d. 4. force, balanced forces 5. lever, fulcrum tendons ligaments joints muscles 12. How do muscles contribute to homeostasis? Reviewing Key Concepts (7.5.c) Multiple Choice Choose the letter of the best answer. 6. Cardiac muscle is found in the a. heart b. stomach c. intestines d. arms and legs (7.5.c) 7. The stomach is partly made up of a. cardiac muscle b. skeletal muscle c. smooth muscle d. voluntary muscle 9. The red bone marrow produces a. spongy bone b. red blood cells c. compact bone d. calcium 13. To calculate mechanical advantage, you need to know (7.6.i) a. time and energy b. input force and output force c. distance and work d. size and direction of a force (7.5.c) 8. Bone cells lie within a network made of a. tendons b. calcium c. marrow d. joints a. They keep parts of the body together. b. They control the amount of water in the body. c. They help the body move. d. They produce heat when they contract. (7.5.c) (7.5.c) 14. The rod of a lever turns around a (7.5.c) a. fixed point called a fulcrum b. solid bar that rotates c. wheel attached to an axle d. sloping surface called an inclined plane 15. What is the difference between spongy bone and compact bone? (7.5.c) 16. Hold the upper part of one arm between your elbow and shoulder with your opposite hand. Feel the muscles there. What happens to those muscles as you bend your arm? (7.5.c) Chapter 10: Movement and Forces 381 ASSESSMENT RESOURCES ASSESSMENT BOOK • Chapter Test A, pp. 216–219 • Chapter Test B, pp. 220–223 • Chapter Test C, pp. 224–227 • Alternative Assessment, pp. 228–229 STANDARDS REVIEW AND PRACTICE, pp. 51–52, 75–78, 87–88 2. Input force is the force exerted on a machine to make it operate. Output force is the force that a machine exerts on an object due to the input force. 3. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that make the body move. Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles that perform operations in the body that do not require conscious thought. 4. A force is a push or pull that may or may not produce movement. Balanced forces are forces that cancel each other out, resulting in no change in motion. 5. A lever is a solid bar that turns about a fulcrum. Reviewing Key Concepts 6. a 7. c 8. b 9. b Short Answer Write a short answer to each question. 17. Name one part of the body that acts as a lever and explain how it works. (7.6.i) A 1. There are two main divisions of the human skeleton. The axial skeleton provides support and protection; the appendicular skeleton enables movement. Technology Resources 10. d 11. c 12. d 13. b 14. a 15. Compact bone makes up a bone’s outer layer. Spongy bone is less dense and is surrounded by compact bone. 16. The muscle on the top of the arm contracts, and the muscle on the opposite side relaxes. 17. The knee and lower leg act as a lever. When kicking a ball, the knee is a fulcrum and the leg is the rod. Edit test items and answer choices. Test Generator CD-ROM Visit ClassZone.com to extend test practice. Test Practice Chapter 10 381 Thinking Critically 18. The mechanical advantage has been reduced by at least half. 19. Muscles and tendons exert a force by pulling on bone that produces body movement. 20. The skeleton provides shape and support; it allows the body to move; it protects soft organs. 21. These are immovable joints. They lock together tissues that support and protect rather than move. 22. The arms and legs belong to the appendicular skeleton. They are attached by ball-and-socket joints, which allow a wide range of movement. 23. The skeleton provides support in the same way as does the framework of a house. Unlike the house, the skeleton is made of living tissues and is flexible. 24. The bones of the human skeleton contain calcium. The skeleton is hard, providing support and protecting internal organs. It is lightweight and has joints, much like the hinge of the clam’s shell. The difference is that a clam’s shell is outside and bones are inside. 25. Bringing the toothbrush up involves rotational movement at the shoulder, pivotal movement of the wrist, and angular movement of the elbow and fingers gripping. The small bones in the hand glide as the hand turns. 26. For movement to occur, muscles on one side of a bone must relax while muscles on the other side contract. 27. More effort means that more fibers are contracted. Thinking Critically 18. APPLY You are using a board to pry a large rock out of the ground when the board suddenly breaks in the middle. You pick up half of the board and use it to continue prying up the rock. The fulcrum stays in the same position. How has the mechanical advantage of the board changed? (7.6.i) 19. EXPLAIN How do your muscles exert forces to produce movement in the body? (7.5.c) 20. SUMMARIZE Describe three important functions of the skeleton. (7.5.c) Use the diagram below to answer the next two questions. 23. COMPARE AND CONTRAST How is the skeletal system of your body like the framework of a house or building? How is it different? (7.5.c) 24. CONNECT A clamshell is made of a calcium compound. The hard material provides protection to the soft body of the clam. The material is also light-weight. Describe three ways in which the human skeleton is similar to a clamshell. What is one important way in which it is different? (7.5.c) 25. APPLY The joints in the human body can be described as allowing three types of movement. Relate these three types of movement to the action of brushing your teeth. (7.6.h) 26. COMPARE AND CONTRAST When you stand, the muscles in your legs help keep you balanced. Some of the muscles along the front and back of your leg bones contract. How does this differ from how the muscles behave when you start to walk? (7.5.c) 27. INFER Muscles are tissues that are made up of many muscle fibers. A muscle fiber can either be relaxed or contracted. Some movements require very little effort, such as picking up a piece of paper. Others require a lot of effort, such as picking up a book bag. How do you think a muscle produces the effort needed for a small task compared with a big task? (7.5.c) 21. SYNTHESIZE Identify the types of joints that hold together the bones of the skull. How do these types of joints relate to the function of the skull? (7.6.h) 22. SYNTHESIZE Scientists use two main divisions to describe the human skeleton. Which division do the arms and legs belong to? How do the joints that connect the arms to the shoulders and the legs to the hips relate to the function of this division? (7.5.c) 28. INFER Look again at the photograph on pages 346–347. Now that you have finished the chapter, how would you change or add details to your answer to the question on the photograph? (7.5.c) 29. SUMMARIZE Write a paragraph explaining how skeletal muscles, bones, and joints work together to allow the body to move and be flexible. Underline the terms in your paragraph. (7.5.c) Check your schedule for your unit project. How are you doing? Be sure you’ve placed data or notes from your research in your project folder. 28. Answers should have more detail than the students’ original answers. 29. Sample answer: Bones come together at joints. Skeletal muscles that are attached to the bones contract and relax, pulling the bones to move the body. MONITOR AND RETEACH Give students unit projects worksheets for their projects. Both directions and rubrics can be used as guides. Students may benefit from summarizing one or more sections of the chapter. R Unit Projects, pp. 5–10 382 Unit 3: Structure and Function in Living Systems If students have trouble applying the concepts in items 19–29, have them take a second look at the following images in section 1 of the chapter: skeletal system on page 351 and photos of types of joints and joints in the human body on pages 354–355. Review how human muscles and joints work like simple machines. R Summarizing the Chapter, pp. 209–210 382 Unit 3: Structure and Function in Living Systems