Download Chapter Review - Westerly School Middle School Science

CHAPTER 10 • REVIEW
Chapter Review
BACK TO
Muscles and bones provide forces and levers
to move the human body.
How do you rely on forces and simple
machines within your body to get around
and to get things done every day?
Students may say that their skeleton and
muscles provide the structure for the
forces and simple machines inside their
body. The bones and joints operated by
muscles, tendons, and ligaments allow
them to get around. The arms, legs, and
other parts of the body operate as simple machines. Parts of the body operate
like pulleys, inclined planes, and levers.
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
SECTION 10.1
Ask: Which parts of the body make up
the axial skeleton? the central part of
1
The skeletal system provides
support and protection.
VOCABULARY
skeletal system p. 349
axial skeleton p. 350
appendicular skeleton
p. 350
joint p. 353
cartilage p. 353
Bones are living tissue. The skeleton is the
body’s framework and has two main divisions,
the axial skeleton and the appendicular
skeleton. Bones come together at joints.
2
Ask students to describe the main functions of the skeletal system. The skeletal
3
The muscular system makes movement possible.
Type of Muscle
Function
skeletal muscle, voluntary
moves bones, maintains posture
and body temperature
smooth muscle, involuntary
moves internal organs, such as
the intestines
cardiac muscle, involuntary
pumps blood throughout the
body
Muscles exert forces.
• Muscles provide forces that
produce motion.
• Parts of the body act as simple
machines.
SECTION 10.2
Ask students to identify organs in the
body that include smooth muscle and to
explain the function of that muscle.
Smooth muscle is found in the lining of
the stomach and the intestines and
produces slow, involuntary movements.
CLASSZONE.COM
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
the skeleton, including the skull, spinal
column, and ribs
system provides a framework for the
body that furnishes support, allows
movement, and protects organ systems.
CONTENT REVIEW
3
Bones and joints act as levers.
• A bone acts as a lever with a joint as
its fulcrum.
• Levers can be arranged in different ways.
SECTION 10.3
Ask: How do voluntary muscles provide
forces that produce motion? Tendons and
VOCABULARY
muscular system p. 357
skeletal muscle p. 358
smooth muscle p. 358
cardiac muscle p. 358
VOCABULARY
force p. 364
simple machine p. 367
VOCABULARY
lever p. 372
fulcrum p. 372
input force p. 373
output force p. 373
mechanical advantage
p. 374
muscles pull like strings and provide the
forces that move bones.
SECTION 10.4
Ask: What are the advantages of each
class of lever? First-class levers can
change the direction and size of a
force. Second-class levers provide a
greater output force. Third-class levers
help reduce the distance over which
you apply an input force or increase
the speed of the end of the lever.
Review Concepts
T
• Big Idea Flow Chart, p. T73
• Chapter Outline, pp. T79–T80
380 Unit 3: Structure and Function in Living Systems
Technology Resources
Have students visit ClassZone.com or use the
CD-ROM for a cumulative review of concepts.
CONTENT REVIEW
Engage students in a whole-class interactive
review of Key Concepts. Edit content as
you wish.
POWER PRESENTATIONS
CONTENT REVIEW CD-ROM
380 Unit 3: Structure and Function in Living Systems
Reviewing Vocabulary
Sample answers:
10. Which bones are part of the axial skeleton?
Reviewing Vocabulary
(7.5.c)
In one or two sentences, describe how the
vocabulary terms in each of the following
pairs are related. Underline each vocabulary
term in your answer.
a.
b.
c.
d.
skull, shoulder blades, arm bones
skull, spinal column, leg bones
shoulder blades, spinal column, hip bones
skull, spinal column, ribs
1. axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton
11. Bones of the skeleton
connect to each other at
2. input force, output force
(7.6.h)
3. skeletal muscle, smooth muscle
a.
b.
c.
d.
4. force, balanced forces
5. lever, fulcrum
tendons
ligaments
joints
muscles
12. How do muscles contribute to homeostasis?
Reviewing Key Concepts
(7.5.c)
Multiple Choice Choose the letter of the best
answer.
6. Cardiac muscle is found in the
a. heart
b. stomach
c. intestines
d. arms and legs
(7.5.c)
7. The stomach is partly made up of
a. cardiac muscle
b. skeletal muscle
c. smooth muscle
d. voluntary muscle
9. The red bone marrow produces
a. spongy bone
b. red blood cells
c. compact bone
d. calcium
13. To calculate mechanical advantage, you need
to know (7.6.i)
a. time and energy
b. input force and output force
c. distance and work
d. size and direction of a force
(7.5.c)
8. Bone cells lie within a network made of
a. tendons
b. calcium
c. marrow
d. joints
a. They keep parts of the body together.
b. They control the amount of water in the
body.
c. They help the body move.
d. They produce heat when they contract.
(7.5.c)
(7.5.c)
14. The rod of a lever turns around a (7.5.c)
a. fixed point called a fulcrum
b. solid bar that rotates
c. wheel attached to an axle
d. sloping surface called an inclined plane
15. What is the difference between spongy bone
and compact bone? (7.5.c)
16. Hold the upper part of one arm between your
elbow and shoulder with your opposite hand.
Feel the muscles there. What happens to those
muscles as you bend your arm? (7.5.c)
Chapter 10: Movement and Forces 381
ASSESSMENT RESOURCES
ASSESSMENT BOOK
• Chapter Test A, pp. 216–219
• Chapter Test B, pp. 220–223
• Chapter Test C, pp. 224–227
• Alternative Assessment, pp. 228–229
STANDARDS REVIEW AND PRACTICE,
pp. 51–52, 75–78, 87–88
2. Input force is the force exerted on a
machine to make it operate.
Output force is the force that a
machine exerts on an object due to
the input force.
3. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that make the body move.
Smooth muscles are involuntary
muscles that perform operations in
the body that do not require conscious thought.
4. A force is a push or pull that may or
may not produce movement.
Balanced forces are forces that cancel each other out, resulting in no
change in motion.
5. A lever is a solid bar that turns
about a fulcrum.
Reviewing Key Concepts
6. a
7. c
8. b
9. b
Short Answer Write a short answer to each
question.
17. Name one part of the body that acts as a lever
and explain how it works. (7.6.i)
A
1. There are two main divisions of the
human skeleton. The axial skeleton
provides support and protection;
the appendicular skeleton enables
movement.
Technology Resources
10. d
11. c
12. d
13. b
14. a
15. Compact bone makes up a bone’s
outer layer. Spongy bone is less
dense and is surrounded by compact
bone.
16. The muscle on the top of the arm
contracts, and the muscle on the
opposite side relaxes.
17. The knee and lower leg act as a
lever. When kicking a ball, the knee
is a fulcrum and the leg is the rod.
Edit test items and answer choices.
Test Generator CD-ROM
Visit ClassZone.com to extend
test practice.
Test Practice
Chapter 10 381
Thinking Critically
18. The mechanical advantage has
been reduced by at least half.
19. Muscles and tendons exert a force
by pulling on bone that produces
body movement.
20. The skeleton provides shape and
support; it allows the body to
move; it protects soft organs.
21. These are immovable joints. They
lock together tissues that support
and protect rather than move.
22. The arms and legs belong to the
appendicular skeleton. They are
attached by ball-and-socket joints,
which allow a wide range of
movement.
23. The skeleton provides support in
the same way as does the framework of a house. Unlike the house,
the skeleton is made of living tissues
and is flexible.
24. The bones of the human skeleton
contain calcium. The skeleton is
hard, providing support and protecting internal organs. It is
lightweight and has joints, much
like the hinge of the clam’s shell.
The difference is that a clam’s shell
is outside and bones are inside.
25. Bringing the toothbrush up involves
rotational movement at the shoulder, pivotal movement of the wrist,
and angular movement of the
elbow and fingers gripping. The
small bones in the hand glide as the
hand turns.
26. For movement to occur, muscles on
one side of a bone must relax while
muscles on the other side contract.
27. More effort means that more fibers
are contracted.
Thinking Critically
18. APPLY You are using a board to pry a large
rock out of the ground when the board suddenly breaks in the middle. You pick up half of
the board and use it to continue prying up the
rock. The fulcrum stays in the same position.
How has the mechanical advantage of the
board changed? (7.6.i)
19. EXPLAIN How do your muscles exert forces to
produce movement in the body? (7.5.c)
20. SUMMARIZE Describe three important functions
of the skeleton. (7.5.c)
Use the diagram below to answer the next
two questions.
23. COMPARE AND CONTRAST How is the skeletal
system of your body like the framework of a
house or building? How is it different? (7.5.c)
24. CONNECT A clamshell is made of a calcium
compound. The hard material provides protection to the soft body of the clam. The material
is also light-weight. Describe three ways in
which the human skeleton is similar to a
clamshell. What is one important way in
which it is different? (7.5.c)
25. APPLY The joints in the human body can be
described as allowing three types of movement. Relate these three types of movement
to the action of brushing your teeth. (7.6.h)
26. COMPARE AND CONTRAST When you stand, the
muscles in your legs help keep you balanced.
Some of the muscles along the front and back
of your leg bones contract. How does this
differ from how the muscles behave when
you start to walk? (7.5.c)
27. INFER Muscles are tissues that are made up of
many muscle fibers. A muscle fiber can either
be relaxed or contracted. Some movements
require very little effort, such as picking up a
piece of paper. Others require a lot of effort,
such as picking up a book bag. How do you
think a muscle produces the effort needed for
a small task compared with a big task? (7.5.c)
21. SYNTHESIZE Identify the types of joints that
hold together the bones of the skull. How do
these types of joints relate to the function of
the skull? (7.6.h)
22. SYNTHESIZE Scientists use two main divisions
to describe the human skeleton. Which division
do the arms and legs belong to? How do the
joints that connect the arms to the shoulders
and the legs to the hips relate to the function
of this division? (7.5.c)
28. INFER Look again at the photograph on pages
346–347. Now that you have finished the
chapter, how would you change or add
details to your answer to the question on
the photograph? (7.5.c)
29. SUMMARIZE Write a paragraph explaining how
skeletal muscles, bones, and joints work together to allow the body to move and be flexible.
Underline the terms in your paragraph. (7.5.c)
Check your schedule for your unit project. How are
you doing? Be sure you’ve placed data or notes
from your research in your project folder.
28. Answers should have more detail
than the students’ original answers.
29. Sample answer: Bones come
together at joints. Skeletal muscles
that are attached to the bones contract and relax, pulling the bones to
move the body.
MONITOR AND RETEACH
Give students unit projects worksheets
for their projects. Both directions and
rubrics can be used as guides.
Students may benefit from summarizing one or more sections of
the chapter.
R
Unit Projects, pp. 5–10
382 Unit 3: Structure and Function in Living Systems
If students have trouble applying the concepts in items 19–29, have
them take a second look at the following images in section 1 of the
chapter: skeletal system on page 351 and photos of types of joints and
joints in the human body on pages 354–355. Review how human muscles and joints work like simple machines.
R
Summarizing the Chapter, pp. 209–210
382 Unit 3: Structure and Function in Living Systems