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08166_492-523_FSD 3/23/04 4:14 PM LESSON 3 Page 506 Pages 506–511 LESSON 3 How the North Won 1863 July 1863 The Union gains control of the Mississippi River SS.A.1.2.3, SS.A.4.2.4, SS.B.1.2.1.5.1 Atlanta Vicksburg Objectives • Describe the events of the Battle of Gettysburg Appomattox Court House Savannah Gettysburg. SS.A.4.2.4 • Identify the location and results of the major battles of the Civil War. SS.B.1.2.1.5.1 • Explain the reasons for the use of total war and its consequences. Vocabulary Battle of Gettysburg, p. 507; Gettysburg Address, p. 508; Battle of Vicksburg, p. 509; total war, p. 510 Resources • Workbook, p. 118 • Transparencies 1, 54 • Every Student Learns Guide, November 1863 President Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address April 1865 The Confederacy surrenders to the Union How the North Won SS.A.4.2.6.5.3 • Analyze President Lincoln’s Civil War goals as expressed in the Gettysburg Address. 1865 PREVIEW Focus on the Main Idea The date is November 19, 1863. A series of Northern victories led to the end of the Civil War by 1865. About 15,000 people have gathered at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. They are here for a ceremony to honor the soldiers who died in PLACES Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Vicksburg, Mississippi Atlanta, Georgia Savannah, Georgia Appomattox Court House, Virginia the Battle of Gettysburg just four months earlier. PEOPLE Ulysses S. Grant William Tecumseh Sherman speech that lasts almost two hours. Finally President VOCABULARY Battle of Gettysburg Gettysburg Address Battle of Vicksburg total war minutes. The speech is so short that no one realizes pp. 214–217 • Quick Study, pp. 108–109 President Lincoln has been asked to speak. The main speaker at the event is former Massachusetts governor, Edward Everett. He delivers a Lincoln rises and addresses the crowd for about three that Lincoln is finished. The crowd is silent for a moment. Then a few people begin to clap. Lincoln sits down before the photographer can take his picture. One newspaper calls his speech “silly.” Lincoln calls it “a flat failure.” But his speech, the Gettysburg Address, will become known as one of the greatest speeches in United States history. If time is short, have students copy and complete the following diagram as they read the lesson independently. Have students add more boxes using the Places from Lesson 3. Where: Gettysburg Where: When: 1863 When: What Happened: What Happened: Introduce and Motivate Preview Ask students to recall how the North and South were affected by the Civil War. Tell students they will learn about how the Civil War finally ended in Lesson 3. Main Idea and Details As you read, keep in mind the goals of the North as the war reached an end. 506 READING SKILL VOCABULARY Main Idea/Details Word Exercise In the Lesson Review, students complete a graphic organizer like the one below. You may want to provide students with a copy of Transparency 1 to complete as they read the lesson. The Gettysburg Address was one of Lincoln’s most famous speeches. It honored soldiers who died in the Battle of Gettysburg. Ask students what they think Lincoln might have said in the speech. Use Transparency 1 SS.A.4.2.4 506 Unit 7 • War Divides the Nation Context Clues The word address has a different meaning in this lesson than the most common meaning. Preview page 508 with students. Ask: What does address mean in the lesson? (a speech) What clues did you use to figure out the meaning? (“speak”; “speech”) Explain that address with this meaning can also be used as a verb. Give an example, such as “President Lincoln was asked to address the audience.” LA.A.1.2.2.5.1 LA.A.2.2.1.5.1 08166_492-523_FSD 3/23/04 4:14 PM Page 507 1867 1869 The Battle of Gettysburg 1 One of the most important battles of the Civil War was a three-day struggle fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. This was the farthest north that Confederate forces had advanced into Union territory. The Battle of Gettysburg began on July 1, 1863. The Confederates, led by Robert E. Lee, pushed the Union soldiers back, but missed an opportunity to pursue the Northerners and follow up their attack. By the second day of fighting, more Union soldiers had arrived. The Confederates attacked again, but the Union troops held their ground. One Confederate from Texas remembered “the balls [bullets] were whizzing so thick that it looked like a man could hold out a hat and catch it full.” 1871 On July 3 more than 150 Confederate cannons fired at Union troops. The Northerners responded with their cannons. The noise was so loud, it was heard 140 miles away in Pittsburgh. Southern troops, including those commanded by General George Pickett, made an attack called “Pickett’s Charge.” Thousands of Confederates marched through open space toward the well-protected Union troops. The attack was a disaster. More than 5,000 Confederates were killed or wounded. The Battle of Gettysburg was an important victory for the North. Lee’s advance into the North was stopped, and he retreated back into Virginia. It was also a costly battle for both sides. There were more than 23,000 Union casualties. The South suffered more than 28,000 casualties. Teach and Discuss PAGE 507 The Battle of Gettysburg SS.A.1.2.2, SS.A.4.2.6.5.3, SS.B.1.2.1.5.1 Quick Summary The wellprotected Union troops won the Battle of Gettysburg, causing the Confederates to retreat to Virginia. What mistake did the Confederate soldiers make that caused them to lose the battle? They did not follow up on their first attack quickly enough. By the next day more Union soldiers had arrived. Cause and Effect REVIEW Describe the events of each day in the Battle of Gettysburg. Sequence If… students cannot identify the mistake that caused the Confederate loss, Map Adventure Battle of Gettysburg, 1863 Suppose you are visiting the battle site where the fighting at Gettysburg took place. Today it is a national military park. Answer the questions about the battle site. 1. Describe the location of the Union and Confederate headquarters. 2. In which direction was Pickett’s Charge made? 3. What advantage did the location of Little Round Top give the Union forces? then… ask what might have happened if the Confederates had pursued the Northerners and followed up their attack at the end of the first day of fighting. REVIEW ANSWER During the first day Confederate soldiers pushed Union soldiers back but failed to follow up their attack. By the second day, more Union soldiers had arrived. The Confederates attacked again, but Union soldiers held their ground. “Pickett’s Charge” occurred during the third day. The attack was a disaster for the Confederates. Sequence SS.A.4.2.6.5.3 507 MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS Leveled Practice Number Match Have students match estimates with facts. Easy Reorder the facts in Column B. Have students match the numbers in Column A with a fact in Column B. (Correct facts are shown.) Reteach On-Level List the numbers in Battle of Gettysburg Column A. Have students Column A Column B find and write the fact in About 140 Number of miles to Pittsburgh Column B. Extend More than 5,000 Number of Confederates killed or Challenge Have students wounded in “Pickett’s Charge” choose one fact to research More than 23,000 Number of Union casualties and write about for a class More than 28,000 Number of Confederate casualties presentation. Enrich For a Lesson Summary, use Quick Study, p. 108. Map Adventure Answers 1. The Union headquarters was located just east of Cemetery Ridge. The Confederate headquarters was located just north of Seminary Ridge. 2. East 3. It helped protect them because the Confederates had to attack uphill. SS.B.1.2.1.5.1 Social Studies Florida Sunshine Standards and GLEs SS.A.1.2.2 Uses a variety of methods and sources to understand history and knows the difference between primary and secondary sources SS.A.1.2.3 Understands broad categories of time in years, decades, and centuries SS.A.4.2.4 Knows significant historical documents and the principal ideas expressed in them SS.A.4.2.6.5.3 Knows causes, selected key events, and effects of the Civil War SS.B.1.2.1.5.1 Extends and refines use of maps, globes, charts, graphs, and other geographic tools including map keys and symbols to gather and interpret data and to draw conclusions about physical patterns FCAT-Tested Language Arts Benchmarks and GLEs LA.A.2.2.1.5.1 Summarizes and paraphrases information Chapter 15 • Lesson 3 507 The Gettysburg Address In November 1863, the Gettysburg battlefield was made into a national cemetery to honor the men who died there. As you have read, President Lincoln was one of the people asked to speak at the ceremony. Read his speech, known as the Gettysburg Address. The Gettysburg Address inspired the Union to keep fighting. The speech made it clear that a united nation and the end of slavery were worth fighting for. REVIEW How did President Lincoln express his admiration for the soldiers who had died at Gettysburg? Main Idea and Details Four score [80] and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived [formed] in Liberty, and dedicated [devoted] to the proposition [idea] that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we cannot consecrate [make worthy of respect]—we cannot hallow [make holy]—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract [take away]. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve [are determined] that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish [disappear] from the earth. 3 508 Painting by J. L. G. Ferris 2 48 days. Many people in the town dug caves in the hillside for protection. Confederate civilians and soldiers in Vicksburg faced starvation under the Union blockade. Butcher shops sold rats, and soldiers received one biscuit and one piece of bacon a day. Finally, on July 4, 1863, one day after the Battle of Gettysburg ended, the Southerners surrendered Vicksburg. The Confederacy was cut in two. Study the map below to see where Vicksburg and other major battles of the Civil War took place. The Tide Turns The Battle of Gettysburg was one of a series of battles that turned the tide of the war in favor of the Union. As you read in Lesson 1, one part of the Anaconda Plan called for Union troops to gain control of the Mississippi River to weaken the Confederacy. Capturing Vicksburg, Mississippi, which lay on the east bank of the river, would achieve this goal. General Ulysses S. Grant, who had served with General Robert E. Lee in the Mexican War, headed the Union forces in the Battle of Vicksburg. In May 1863, Union forces began a blockade of the city. They bombarded Vicksburg with cannon fire by land and sea for REVIEW Why do you think it took so long for the Confederates to surrender at Vicksburg? Draw Conclusions 5 Major Battles of the Civil War, 1861–1865 IOWA PENNSYLVANIA Gettysburg 1863 KANSAS INDIANA ILLINOIS i M issour OHIO R i ve R i v er MISSOURI O Bull Run (Manassas) 1861, 1862 r NEW JERSEY Antietam (Sharpsburg) 1862 WEST Chancellorsville VIRGINIA 1863 hio Richmond KENTUCKY VIRGINIA Appomattox Court House DELAWARE Washington, D.C. MARYLAND Fredericksburg 1862 Seven Days 1862 Petersburg 1864–1865 N er R iv ss TENNESSEE ee R iv er Mis si ssip pi Shiloh 1862 Te n n e ARKANSAS MISSISSIPPI NORTH CAROLINA Chickamauga 1863 Atlanta 1864 ALABAMA SOUTH CAROLINA ATLANTIC OCEAN Fort Sumter 1861 0 Vicksburg 1863 Montgomery GEORGIA LOUISIANA TEXAS FLORIDA New Orleans Savannah 100 100 200 Miles 200 Kilometers Confederate states Sherman’s March Union states Confederate victory Border states Gulf of Mexico 0 Indian Territory Union victory Union blockade In July 1863 Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg turned the tide of the war. MAP S KILL Map Scale How many miles apart were the battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg? 509 4 General Robert E. Lee North Winds Picture Archives General Ulysses S. Grant After four years of fighting, General Lee agreed to surrender his army to General Grant. The War Ends General Grant was given control of all Union forces in March 1864. Grant continued to wear down the Confederate army with the help of Union General William Tecumseh Sherman. Sherman moved his army toward Atlanta, Georgia, a vital industrial and railway center. The opposing Confederate army could not defend the city and retreated. Atlanta fell to the Union on September 2, 1864. General Sherman used a method of warfare called total war. The aim of total war is to destroy not just the opposing army, but the people’s will to fight. Sherman’s men ordered everyone to leave Atlanta, and burned almost the entire city. Starting in November, his army moved southeast toward Savannah, Georgia. The Union soldiers marched 300 miles in a 60-mile wide path. As they went, they destroyed anything that might help the South keep fighting, including houses, railroads, barns, and fields. Soldiers caused $100 million dollars worth of 510 damage in Sherman’s “March to the Sea.” Savannah fell without a fight on December 21, 1864. Sherman wrote to Lincoln, “I… present you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah.” Sherman’s men then moved to South Carolina, causing even more destruction in the state where the war began. Sherman’s army moved north to link with Grant’s army. The Northerners were closing in on Lee’s army in Virginia. In April 1865, Confederate soldiers left Richmond, and Union troops entered on April 3. President Lincoln arrived to tour the captured Confederate capital. The city’s former slaves cheered him. Lee’s army of 55,000 was tired and starving. The men tried to escape west, but Grant’s force of about 113,000 outnumbered and trapped them. Lee admitted to his men, “There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths.” 6 7 08166_492-523_FSD 8 9 3/23/04 4:15 PM Page 511 Generals Lee and Grant met in a farmhouse in Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, 1865 to discuss the terms of surrender. Grant allowed Lee’s men to go free. The Southerners were allowed to keep their personal weapons and any horses they had. Grant also offered to give Lee’s men food from Union supplies. Lee accepted. As Lee returned to his men, the Union soldiers began to cheer. Grant silenced them, explaining, “The war is over; the rebels are our countrymen again.” The Civil War was the most destructive war in United States history. About 620,000 soldiers died. Towns, farms, and industries— mostly in the South—were ruined. Families had been torn apart by the struggle. Even so, Lincoln expressed sympathy for the South. After news of the Confederate surrender reached Washington, D.C., he appeared before a crowd and asked a band to play the song “Dixie,” one of the battle LESSON 3 Main Idea and Details On a separate sheet of paper, fill in the missing details to the main idea. The Union used several strategies to achieve decisive victories in the last years of the Civil War. The Union held a high position during the Battle of Gettysburg, protecting them from the attacking Confederates. REVIEW What were the results of General Sherman’s strategy of total war? Cause and Effect Summarize the Lesson July 4, 1863 Union soldiers led by General Grant cut the Confederacy in two by capturing Vicksburg, Mississippi. November 19, 1863 President Abraham Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address honoring the men who died in battle there. April 9, 1865 General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, ending the Civil War. REVIEW Check Facts and Main Ideas 1. songs of the Confederacy. “I have always thought ‘Dixie’ one of the best tunes I ever heard,” he told the people. Lincoln wanted the country to be rebuilt. He had a plan to heal the nation’s deep divisions. But he would never see his plans carried out. The Union blockaded Vicksburg, forcing them to surrender when they faced starvation. General Sherman used total war, destroying any resources that the South might use to keep fighting. 2. What circumstances led the Union to victory on the third day in the Battle of Gettysburg ? 3. What were Lincoln’s goals as expressed in the Gettysburg Address ? 4. Critical Thinking: Interpret Maps Look at the map on page 509. In what state did most of the major battles occur in the Civil War? Give a reason you think this would be so. 5. What was the purpose of total war and Sherman’s “March to the Sea”? Analyze a Speech Reread President Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address on page 508. What year was he referring to in the speech when he said “Four score and seven years ago”? Why would he have referred to that year? Close and Assess Summarize the Lesson Have pairs of students share details about each event. LESSON 3 1. REVIEW Main Idea and Details For possible answers, see the reduced pupil page. 2. Possible answer: The Union army was well protected while the Confederates marched toward them in the open. SS.A.4.2.6.5.3 3. Lincoln wanted to honor the soldiers who had died and to rally the people to preserve the Union. SS.A.4.2.4 4. Critical Thinking: Interpret Maps Virginia; The Union army might have concentrated its forces in this area in an attempt to capture the Confederate capital, Richmond, and to defend Washington, D.C. SS.B.1.2.1.5.1 5. To capture Savannah; the Union destroyed almost everything in its path because Sherman wanted to weaken the Confederacy. SS.A.4.2.6.5.3 Link to Mathematics Explain that a score means 20 years and that students first have to calculate how many years four score and seven are. He believed the Civil War soldiers were fighting to preserve the nation the Patriots had fought to create in 1776. SS.A.1.2.3, MA.A.3.2.3.5.1 511 Social Studies Florida Sunshine Standards and GLEs EXTEND LANGUAGE ESL Support Workbook, p. 118 Lesson 3: How the North Won Match each term in the box with its clue. Write the term on the line provided. Directions: Battle of Gettysburg Gettysburg Address Anaconda Plan Explore Words About the South Help students identify and explore words about people and places. Beginning Have students look at the map on p. 486. Name states and have students say yes or no to indicate whether they were in the Confederacy. Intermediate Have students use words such as Confederacy, rebels, and Dixie in a paragraph. Then have students read their paragraphs to partners. Advanced Have students create and share a dialogue between Lincoln and Grant or Lee discussing how the country might be rebuilt. For additional ESL support, use Every Student Learns Guide, pp. 214–217. LA.A.1.2.2, LA.B.2.2.3 Use with Pages 506–511. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Ulysses S. Grant Battle of Vicksburg William Tecumseh Sherman total war Robert E. Lee Appomattox Court House Place where Generals Lee and Grant met to discuss the terms of the Confederates’ surrender of the Civil War “I would rather die a thousand deaths.” President Lincoln made a short speech at a ceremony to dedicate a national cemetery. In his speech, Lincoln inspired the Union to keep fighting for a united nation and the end of slavery. A method of warfare designed to destroy the opposing army and the people’s will to fight This three-day battle began on July 1, 1863. It was one of the most important battles of the Civil War. It was an important victory for the North and a costly battle for both sides. Head of the Union forces in the Battle of Vicksburg The surrender of this battle by the Southerners cut the Confederacy in two. The Union blockade at the Battle of Vicksburg was part of this strategy to gain control of the Mississippi River and weaken the Confederacy. Led soldiers in a destructive “March to the Sea” Notes for Home: Your child learned how the North used strategies to win the Civil War. Home Activity: With your child, brainstorm strategies for winning a game such as checkers, chess, or cards. Discuss the advantages of using a strategy to defeat an opponent. Also on Teacher Resources CD-ROM. SS.A.1.2.1.5.1 Extends and refines understanding of the effects of individuals, ideas, and decisions on historical events SS.A.1.2.2 Uses a variety of methods and sources to understand history and knows the difference between primary and secondary sources SS.A.1.2.3 Understands broad categories of time in years, decades, and centuries SS.A.4.2.4 Knows significant historical documents and the principal ideas expressed in them SS.A.4.2.6.5.2 Knows roles and accomplishments of selected leaders on both sides of the Civil War SS.A.4.2.6.5.3 Knows causes, selected key events, and effects of the Civil War SS.B.1.2.1.5.1 Extends and refines use of maps, globes, charts, graphs, and other geographic tools including map keys and symbols to gather and interpret data and to draw conclusions about physical patterns FCAT-Tested Language Arts Benchmarks and GLEs LA.B.2.2.3 Writes for a variety of occasions, audiences, and purposes FCAT-Tested Math Benchmarks and GLEs MA.A.3.2.3.5.1 Solves problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of whole numbers, and addition, subtraction, and multiplication of decimals, fractions, and mixed numbers Chapter 15 • Lesson 3 511