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Chapter 16 World War is Coming Again!!! Failures of Treaty of Versailles (WWI) • Caused anger instead of peace • Resentment of western countries by the Germans and Russians Stalin and USSR • Joseph Stalin took control of Russia in 1924 • Everything was for the country/community • All business and farms were gov’t owned • By 1937, USSR was 2nd to the USA in industrial power • Stalin killed 8-13 million Russians to keep his power Fascism and Italy • Benito Mussolini used fear of communism and economic collapse to gain support • 1921, Mussolini assumes power and sets up the Fascist Party which stresses nationalism and the “state” above the individual • Fascists wore black shirts • Mussolini was nicknamed “IL DUCE” or the leader Nazis and Germany • 1919, Hitler joins Nazi party • Hitler was a powerful speaker and quickly became the party leader • Hitler called himself the “Fuhrer” or the leader • Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), which outlined his plan for the Nazi Party • Hitler wanted to unite all German speaking people under one great German empire • Hitler believed Germans were a master race (Aryan) and the country needed to be “purified” • Nazi’s believed in extreme nationalism and fascism • Great Depression hit Germany hard just like the US and allowed Nazi’s to come to power • 1932, Nazis become most powerful political party • 1933, Hitler becomes chancellor (prime minister) and quickly dismantles the democratic government • Hitler replaces the Weimar Republic (Germany) with the Third Reich, or 3rd German Empire and said it would last for a thousand years Heinrich Himmler • In charge of the SS • Coordinated the concentration and death camps • Oversaw the Gestapo and SS • Surrendered to the British right before war ended and killed himself Gestapo • Nazi secret police SS • Exclusively loyal to Hitler • Elite soldiers • Responsible for most of the worst war crimes Rommel • General in charge of the Afrika Corps • Very well respected by both sides in the war • In charge of German forces on D Day • Implicated in a plot to kill Hitler • Committed suicide Herman Goering • • • • • In charge of the Luftwaffe Tried for war crimes Sentenced to death for war crimes Committed suicide Was Hitler’s 2nd in command Joseph Goebbels • Outspoken supporter of the “final solution” • Close advisor to Hitler • In charge of propaganda for the Nazi gov’t Militarism and Japan • Japan seized China controlled Manchuria in 1931 • Manchuria was twice the size of Texas and was rich in natural resources • League of Nations condemned Japan and they dropped out Japanese Soldier Guarding Great Wall of China Japanese capture Beijing, China Aggression Around the World • 1935, Germany pulls out of the League of Nations • 1935, Germany begins a large military buildup in violation of Treaty of Versailles (WWI) • 1936, Italy invades and takes control of Ethiopia (North Africa) Spanish Civil War • 1936, Spanish soldiers led by Francisco Franco revolted against the government • Hitler and Mussolini backed Franco • 1939, Franco and the revolutionaries win and set up a Fascist government Rome Berlin Axis • Treaty between Mussolini (Italy) and Hitler (Germany), both fascist dictators Mussolini and Hitler USA Response • Isolationism was the big idea in USA (keep to ourselves) • 1935, Congress passed the Neutrality Acts which outlawed arm sales or loans to nations at war Germany Invades • March 1938, Germany invades Austria unopposed- The world does nothing • Germany wanted the Sudatenland part of Czechoslovakia b/c 3 million Germans lived there • Sept. 1938, Germany gains the Sudatenland through the Munich Agreement, signed by France and Great Britain to avoid a full scale war British Opposition to Munich Treaty • Winston Churchill said that it promoted appeasement or giving up principles to stop an agressor • Churchill was Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’s main political rival German Offensive Begins • March 1939, Germany invades and takes Czechoslovakia • August 1939, USSR and Germany sign a non-aggression pact which included secret plans to split up Poland • Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invades Poland Blitzkrieg • German tanks, planes, and soldiers attack Poland quickly, destroying everything in sight • Means “Lighting War” • Sept. 3, 1939, France and Great Britain declare war on Germany because of the Polish invasion Panzer Tank Junkers Bomber used in Poland WWII • French and British armies sat along the Maginot Line • German troops sat along the Siegfried Line • Germany attacked Norway, Denmark, Belgium and other coast line countries of Europe so they could attack Great Britain Siegfried Line Maginot Line Dunkirk • City on the French side of the English Channel • 400,000 British and French troops were trapped here by the Germans • 330,000 escaped by boat France Falls • June 1940, Italy and Germany both invade France and quickly France surrenders • Hitler set up a “puppet” government in southern France, based in Vichy • French General Charles De Gaulle fled to England and set up a French gov’t in exile there Battle of Britain • Began summer 1940 • Constant night bombing by the German Luftwaffe, or air force • RAF, or Royal Air Force, fought back V-1 Rockets used by Nazis • On one day, 2000 planes bombed England • British won the battle because of a new invention, RADAR • If British lost the Battle of Britain and the RAF was destroyed, Germany would have invaded England uncontested until its soldiers reached land Planes used by RAF Planes used by the Germans Cash and Carry • FDR got Congress to approve a cash and carry policy – Sell weapons for cash and other countries had to transport them Axis Powers • September 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan sign a treaty together and become the Axis Powers US Builds up Defenses • FDR asked Congress to spend more money on the military and defense • Congress had the first peace time draft • US still was not in the war but knew they could not hold out forever FDR Wins Re-election • FDR broke the tradition of a two term presidency, done out of respect for George Washington who only served two terms • FDR won 55% of the vote • FDR promised to stay out of the war Lend Lease Plan • FDR’s idea and passed by Congress in 1941 • Lend or lease weapons to countries vital to US security • Even worked with the USSR who were at war with Germany after they invaded the USSR U-Boats • “hunted” for merchant ships in wolf packs • Sank as much as 350,000 tons in a month • Sonar and radar helped to eventual defeat the U-Boat • Hitler refused to increase production of the U-Boat even with its success. This would be part of the Germany’s downfall US on verge of War • More and more US Navy ships and merchant ships were being attacked and/or sunk by the German U-Boats • War seemed imminent Japan • Began to take over more and more countries in Asia • No one stopped them since they were too busy fighting Hitler in Europe (GB and France) • US put a trade embargo on Japan Japan Attacks • US broke Japan’s secret military code and knew they were going to attack the US but didn’t know where or when • FDR sent out a war warning to military commanders in the Pacific Ocean • Wanted Japan to make the first move Pearl Harbor • December 7, 1941 “Day that will Live in Infamy” • Lasted for an hour and half • 2400 killed • 1100 wounded • Sunk or damaged 21 ships (almost the whole pacific fleet) • 3 aircraft carriers were out to see and were saved (vital to US winning the war later on) • December 8, 1941, USA declares war on Japan • December 11, 1941, Italy and Germany declare war on the USA Two Sides in the War • US, Great Britain, France, USSR (soviet union) were known as the Allies • Italy, Japan, Germany were the Axis Powers