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4/3/2015 What is Homeostasis? The maintenance of a constant environment in the body is called Homeostasis Controlling body temperature Body cells work best if they have the correct Temperature Water levels Glucose concentration Homeostasis What is Homeostasis? Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a constant environment. Penguins huddling to keep warm All mammals maintain a constant body temperature. Human beings have a body temperature of about 37ºC. What is one mechanism used to cool the body down? Sweating E.g. If your body is in a hot environment your body temperature is 37ºC If your body is in a cold environment your body temperature is still 37ºC When your body is hot, sweat glands are stimulated to release sweat. The liquid sweat turns into a gas (it evaporates) To do this, it needs heat. It gets that heat from your skin. As your skin loses heat, it cools down. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Sweating REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The skin Males Sex Organ: Penis In males, the testes produce testosterone which causes sperm production to occur. In addition, testosterone causes further development of the penis, prostate gland, deeper voice, broader shoulders, and increased upper body muscle mass. Sperm live in the testes for approximately 30 days, after which their mortality causes an increase in testosterone to produce more sperm. 1 4/3/2015 VAGINA MENSTRUATION FERTILIZATION At the beginning of the cycle, estrogen and progesterone levels that are very low begin to rise and around day 14 of the cycle, there is a slight surge in estrogen as the egg is released from the ovary (ovulation). Levels of estrogen and progesterone rise causing the uterine lining to thicken in preparation for a potentially fertilized egg. If the egg is not fertilized, progesterone levels drop, the uterine lining dies, and muscle contractions of the uterus cause the lining to exit the body through the vagina thereby starting her “menstrual cycle or period.” Once estrogen and progesterone levels drop below a particular level the cycle (feedback loop) begins again. Females Sex Organ: Ovaries/Vagina In females, hormonal cycles occur in both estrogen and progesterone. On an approximately 28 day cycle, one ovary will release an ovum (egg) to potentially become fertilized and produce a new life. The development of the egg and the inner lining of the uterus, the organ where the fetus will develop, are caused by fluctuations in the hormones estrogen and progesterone. DEVELOPMENT There are 3 stages of birth 1. Contractions/breaking of water 2. Expulsion of the baby/birth 3. Expulsion of the placenta/afterbirth After birth, children go through several different developmental changes including infancy (birth – 2 years), childhood (2-13 years), adolescence (13 – 18/20 years), and finally adulthood (20 years until death). Fertilization occurs when a sperm meets a egg creating a zygote. Once an egg is fertilized, it will bury into the uterine lining. The developing embryo produces a chemical called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The hCG circulates in the blood and is filtered out in the urine. The presence of hCG triggers a positive response on an Early Pregnancy Test (EPT). Once the embryo is embedded in the uterine lining (implantation), a temporary organ known as the placenta will develop. Cell division in the embryo will increase as different organs and organ systems develop until the fetus is born. The Respiratory System • Functions of the Respiratory System 1. Intake of Oxygen • Respiration (Cellular): chemical reaction involving oxygen & glucose that results in the release of energy to fuel various cellular processes. – Respiration ≠ Breathing • Body uses only 5% of the oxygen you inhale with each breathe. Oxygen is carried throughout the body via the circulatory system (network of arteries, veins & capillaries) » • 2. Removal of Carbon dioxide & Water • • Carbon dioxide & small amounts of water are byproducts of cellular respiration. They are then removed via the Respiratory & Excretory systems. Organs of the Respiratory System – Nose • Nasal cavities located just inside the nose are lined with mucus to trap foreign particles from entering lungs. • Cilia: hair-like structures that move mucus to the throat to be swallowed & destroyed in the stomach as well as trap foreign particles. – Pharynx • throat; shared with Digestive System – Trachea • windpipe; lined with cartilage that strengthens & keeps the windpipe open. • Lined with mucus & cilia which helps to trap foreign particles & moisten the air as it enters the windpipe. Breathing: the movement of air into & out of the lungs – Bronchus (Bronchi) • muscular tubes that extend from the trachea & direct air into the lungs • Divides into smaller & smaller tubes inside the lungs – Alveoli: tiny hollow sacs of specialized lung tissue surrounded by capillaries where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. – 300 million in the average adult lung allowing for large intake of oxygen. – Lungs • • • • Primary organs of the Respiratory System “pulmo”- prefix that means “of the lungs” Located on both sides of the heart Elastic tissue that expands & contracts as you inhale & exhale. – Diaphragm • Dome shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs. 2 4/3/2015 • The Gas Exchange Process 1. Carbon dioxide/Oxygen rich blood flows into capillaries surrounding the alveoli. 2. Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the capillaries surrounding the alveoli. 3. At the same time, Carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the alveoli replacing the Oxygen. 4. The Oxygen rich blood is then carried through the arteries back to the heart. 5. The Carbon dioxide is then expelled from the lungs as the lungs deflate. • Respiratory diseases – Bronchitis • Bronchial passages within the lungs narrow & then become clogged with mucus. • Breathing – Inhalation • Rib muscles contract lifting the chest wall up and out. • Diaphragm contracts & moves downward increasing the size of the chest cavity & decreasing the pressure within the cavity. • The pressure of air is now higher than you chest forcing air into your chest cavity. – Exhalation • Speaking – Larynx: voice box • Vocal cords: folds of connective tissue that stretch across the opening of the larynx. – Muscles make the vocal cords contract narrowing the opening. – Air rushes through the opening. – The movement of the vocal cords makes the air vibrate. – This vibration creates a sound, your voice. • Rib muscles relax lowering the chest wall. • Diaphragm relaxes & moves upward forcing the lungs to flatten & carbon dioxide to be forced out of the lungs. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM P. 45 – Emphysema • Alveoli within the lungs become damaged or destroyed preventing the effective exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide. – Lung cancer • Uncontrolled growth of lung cells that produce tumors that prevent the lung from operating effectively. – Atherosclerosis • Speeds up the buildup of fatty material within arteries & veins. INSIDE THE HEART THE HEART The heart is responsible for pumping blood around your body. At rest, it usually beats around 70 beats per minute. Each “beat” is really a squeeze that pushes blood through your blood vessels. Inside the heart is divided into 4 sections called “chambers”. The top two chambers are called the left and right atrium. The bottom, larger chambers are called left and right ventricles. A V 3 4/3/2015 VESSELS An artery carries blood AWAY from the heart. (Usually has bright red blood with lots of oxygen) A vein carries blood back TOWARDS the heart. (Usually after the oxygen has been used up) Capillaries connect veins and arteries. ARTERIES AND VEINS BLOOD Red blood cells: which carry oxygen, are red due to the iron content. (This is why your blood looks red.) Hemoglobin is the protein that is in a red blood cell that allows the oxygen to stick to it. BLOOD CELLS ARTERIES AND VEINS Platelets make up the third part of the blood. Platelets allow blood to clot and form scabs! Plasma is the clear liquid that makes up the rest of the blood. White blood cells: Fight off infection inside your body. DOUBLE LOOP Blood must be pumped to the lungs to get filled with oxygen, then return to the heart. This oxygen rich blood is then pumped out to the rest of the body where the oxygen gets used. This means that our heart is actually a “double loop”- one loop to the lungs, one loop to and from the body. PATH OF BLOOD Starting at your big toe: 1. Deoxygenated Blood flows in veins to the heart, enters the right atrium. 2. The right atrium pushes blood into right ventricle. 3. The right ventricle pushes blood to the lungs and passes through capillaries exchanging CO2 for O2. 4. Coming back from the lungs the oxygenated blood enters the left atrium. 5. The left atrium pushes blood to the left ventricle. 6. The left ventricle squeezes and pushes blood through the aorta out to the body. Link to animation: http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_int_heartmap/ 4 4/3/2015 Digestion: The process of breaking food down into it’s The Digestive System Total Length from mouth to anus 29 feet 8 inches/9 meters molecular components so that the nutrients may be absorbed into the blood and then into cells of the body. 2 Types: Mechanical: Takes place in the mouth, teeth physically break food into smaller pieces. Total Time food spends in the system Esophagus The muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach. A small “flap” near the top, the epiglottis, closes over the trachea (windpipe) when you swallow so that food cannot get into the lungs. Up to 49 hours Chemical: Happens in mouth and stomach when enzymes and acids to break down food into a “chemical soup”. The stomach is a muscular hollow The esophagus pushes food toward the stomach by making muscular “wave” motions called “peristalsis”. This is why you can swallow your food while upside-down or in space. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o18Uyc http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index. WRsaA cfm?guidAssetId=F11F4DC2-6C5E-48268AC20C51AD634FC7&blnFromSearch=1&produ ctcode=DETB The Large Intestine organ that dissolves food using strong acids- chemical digestion. The stomach also churns and grinds food- mechanical digestion. The lining of the stomach is covered in mucus. This prevents the stomach acids from digesting itself. When a problem occurs and the lining of the stomach starts to get eaten away, we call it an “ulcer”. Small Intestines The small intestines can be up to 26 feet long, are called “small” because they are not very wide in diameter. They absorb nutrients into your blood. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWMWs OXlBwE Exiting the body! Liver called the large intestine because it is 2-3 inches wide but only about 5 feet long. squeezes the last water and nutrients out of the leftovers. the “holding tank” for anything that cannot be digested and absorbed. “Poop” aka “feces”, is the squeezed remains of the food you didn’t digest. Feces smells because of bacteria that live in the Large Intestine and help us digest our food. The bacteria give off a nice mixture of foul smelling gasses also known as flatulence (farts) Diarrhea happens when the intestines are irritated and release the feces before the last water has been absorbed. Poop with higher gas content will stay on the surface of the water, thus the name “floater”. 2 main roles: 1. Adds “bile,” a digestive chemical to the small intestine which helps digest fats. (bile is stored in an organ connected behind the liver called the gallbladder) 2. All the blood in the body passes through the liver every 3 minutes and is filtered of impurities and toxins. 5 4/3/2015 Pancreas EXCRETORY SYSTEM Secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine that help break down protein, starches, and fats that we eat. The pancreas helps to regulate insulin levels that control the amount of sugar in the blood. BODY SYSTEMS INCLUDED Respiratory System Digestive System Waste = Carbon Dioxide Waste = Solid Waste Urinary System Integumentary System (Skin) Waste = Liquid Waste Sweat It is the body system that removes excess, unnecessary or dangerous materials from the body. It helps to maintain homeostasis within the body and prevent damage to the body. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM… THE URINARY SYSTEM… Removes waste produced by the activities of cells. Many of these wastes are eliminated as liquid urine. Urine is formed by the Urinary System. The THE URINARY BLADDER… THE URETERS… 1. 2. 3. 4. urinary system is made up of: The Kidneys The Urinary Bladder The Ureters The Urethra Since all of these systems remove waste, they are ALL part of the EXCRETORY SYSTEM! THE KIDNEYS… Blood enters the kidneys and passes through millions of tiny filters called Nephrons. Liquid waste carried in the blood collects in the filters and forms Urine. Urine is stored in the urinary bladder until it is eliminated from the body. Moves urine out of the kidneys and into the urinary bladder through long tubes called ureters. 6 4/3/2015 Game Board THE URETHRA… Urine exits the body through the urethra. $100 To Game Board What is Mechanical? $300 What is the function of the digestive system? Human Body Review Review Game $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $100 This type of digestion helps to break down your food by chewing it in your mouth. Final Jeopardy $200 $200 What is the major function of the reproductive system? $300 To Game Board Break down foods to be absorbed into blood and delivered to cells. To Game Board To ensure survival of an organism $400 List from simplest to most complex the organization of the human body. 7 4/3/2015 $400 To Game Board $500 Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism $500 $100 Which two human body systems are responsible for the gas exchange between air and blood? $200 To Game Board Circulatory System Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Gall Bladder, Small Intestines, Large Intestines, Anus. List six organs in the digestive system $100 To Game Board To Game Board Circulatory and Respiratory. $300 What is the function of the circulatory system? $200 Which human body system would be most immediately impacted if a person was exposed to harmful bacteria through a cut? $300 To Game Board Transport materials 8 4/3/2015 $400 $400 Explain two ways food is digested? $500 To Game Board When body temperature is high, sweat evaporates cools the body. $200 Which human body system receives and distributes nutrients that are absorbed into the blood from the lining of the digestive tract? To Game Board Mechanical and chemical $100 $500 Describe how sweating helps maintain homeostasis. $100 What process do your cells do to make energy, and make carbon dioxide as a waste? $200 To Game Board Circulatory System To Game Board Cellular respiration $300 What body system takes in nutrients for the use in the body? 9 4/3/2015 $300 To Game Board $400 $400 What body system is responsible for elimination of liquid and gaseous wastes? Digestive System $500 $500 Which of the following least affects a persons metabolism? Exercise, hormones, intelligence, or diet? $100 To Game Board Small intestine by absorption To Game Board Intelligence $200 What organ system are the kidneys a part of? To Game Board Excretory system $100 Nutrients from digested food enter the blood stream in what organ? $200 To Game Board Excretory system 10 4/3/2015 $300 $300 To Game Board $400 The male sex cell is the what? List the 4 organs of the Excretory System in order. Sperm cell $400 To Game Board $500 $500 What is homeostasis? Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra. $100 $100 What is a cell? To Game Board It is the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. To Game Board Ability for the body to maintain a constant internal environment $200 Which human body system are smokers directly affecting? 11 4/3/2015 $200 To Game Board Respiratory System $300 List the 5 human body systems we have discussed. $400 $400 To Game Board $500 What is a tissue? To Game Board A group of cells working together to carry out one job To Game Board Reproductive, Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, and Excretory. The flow of blood through arteries- it measures your heart rate What is your pulse? $500 $300 When a person breathes, the lungs absorb oxygen, which is used by cells to carry out the process of what? Final Jeopardy Category: Body Processes Click for “Answer” Click to see the correct response! 12 4/3/2015 Cellular, aerobic respiration Exit Game 13