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Following are possible answers for the Reading Notes. For Sections 10.3 to 10.6,
answers indicate information read about in the section. Student responses to what
they saw in the interactive dramatizations will vary.
Section 10.2
Section 10.3
The Anaconda Plan Begins to Squeeze the
Confederacy
North
Answers should include these three key strategic elements: 1. setting up a naval blockade along the Southern
coast; 2. taking control of the Mississippi River and
dividing the Confederacy in half; 3. invading the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. Students may
note that the Anaconda Plan was an appropriate name,
because it was designed to surround the South and
squeeze, just like an anaconda crushes its prey.
The Emancipation Proclamation Changes Union
War Aims
Lincoln knew that calling for the end of slavery would
link the war to a moral cause in the North. It would also
win support in Europe, where opposition to slavery was
strong. Freeing the slaves could also deprive the South
of part of its workforce.
Turning the Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg
Battle of Gettysburg: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1–3,
1863; more than 50,000 killed or wounded. Lee’s army
suffered devastating losses and was forced to retreat. It
was a major victory for the North and an important turning point in the war. When Lincoln went to Gettysburg
to dedicate a cemetery for those who had died there, he
gave a speech called the Gettysburg Address.
Total War Forces the South to Surrender
Total war is a military doctrine that says armies should
do whatever is necessary to defeat an enemy. Using this
strategy, Union forces under General William T. Sherman
burned down Atlanta, destroyed fields, killed livestock,
and looted houses. Troops then headed toward the coast
in Sherman’s March to the Sea, destroying everything of
value in their path.
• Lincoln had Confederate sympathizers in border
states put in jail to keep those states from joining
the Confederacy.
• Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation but
did not free slaves in Union border states.
• Lincoln instituted a military draft in 1863, which
allowed people to pay $300 to get out of the draft
or to hire a replacement if they were drafted.
• Draft riots erupted in many Northern cities as
working-class Northerners protested against the
unfair provisions in the draft law.
• Peace Democrats in the North, also called Copperheads, opposed the war. They believed the cost of the
war—in lives and money—was not justified.
South
• The South passed a draft law in 1862, which allowed
rich plantation owners to avoid military service. Many
Southerners were angered by this exemption. Some
Southern states called the law an assault on states’
rights.
• The South placed an embargo on cotton exports to
European countries, with the hope of pressuring
Europe to support the Confederacy. But Great
Britain had a surplus of cotton, and the embargo
failed to achieve its goal.
• Because of the Union naval blockade, supply of goods
fell in the South throughout the war, and prices rose.
From 1860 to 1863, prices for food rose 1,000 percent.
• As a reaction to high prices and the shortage of basic
food items, bread riots, led by women, broke out in
cities and towns throughout the South.
The Civil War
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Section 10.4
Section 10.5
North
North
• The rifled musket was a key innovation in the Civil
War. It allowed soldiers to fire more accurately and
from a greater distance than before.
• African Americans in the North were ecstatic over
the Emancipation Proclamation. Even though it did
not free a single slave, it was seen as the start of the
end of slavery.
• Conditions in field hospitals were awful. Surgical
tools, such as bone saws, were wiped on jackets or
dipped in dirty water. This contributed to many
wounds becoming infected. Amputations, often done
without anesthesia, were common.
• Most of a soldier’s life was not spent in battle. In
camp, all soldiers practiced marching and drilling, but
after that they had hours of free time.
• While in camp, soldiers spent their free time reading
newspapers from home, writing letters, playing cards,
hunting or fishing, playing baseball, wrestling, singing, or performing shows or skits.
South
• Civil War battles were typically noisy, chaotic, and
bloody. Old-style tactics, like large frontal assaults,
led to battles like Antietam, where tens of thousands
of soldiers were killed or wounded.
• Doctors had little knowledge of the causes of disease
or infection. Therefore, infected wounds or diseases
passing through the camps killed more soldiers than
did bullets on the battlefield.
• The 54th Massachusetts Regiment stormed Confederate forces at Fort Wagner in 1863. More than 40
percent of the regiment died, but they all fought
valiantly and helped win popular acceptance of black
soldiers.
• During the draft riots in New York City, white mobs
turned much of their anger on African Americans.
• White soldiers earned $13 a month, while African
American soldiers earned $10 a month. Some black
regiments refused any pay. One regiment stacked its
weapons and refused to pick them up until they
received equal pay. Sergeant William Walker was
executed by a firing squad for leading this protest.
South
• After the war began and in response to news of the
Emancipation Proclamation, some slaves deserted
the plantations where they were forced to work and
followed the Union army. Others stayed, divided up
the land, and started their own farms.
• Music was an important part of soldiers’ lives.
Soldiers sang patriotic songs before battle, but more
often they sang sentimental songs that reminded them
of home.
• Many black regiments were made up of freedmen
(former slaves) from the South. These troops won
the respect of their white officers. In the end, about
196,000 African American soldiers served in the
Union forces.
• Sometimes Union and Confederate soldiers were
camped near each other and at night might even join
together in song.
• Many black soldiers who were captured during battles
in the South were often enslaved or executed rather
than imprisoned, as white soldiers were.
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Section 10.6
Section 10.7
North
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The Civil War
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• Elizabeth Van Lew was a Union spy. She was able
to plant one of her assistants, a former slave named
Mary Elizabeth Bowser, as a maid in the home of
Jefferson Davis, where they gained access to Confederate war plans.
• Clara Barton gathered food and supplies for troops
and later became a nurse who cared for hundreds of
wounded soldiers.
• Surgeon Mary Walker was denied approval to serve
in the Union army. Instead, she volunteered as an
assistant surgeon in a Washington, D.C., hospital and
worked as a battlefield doctor. She later received the
Congressional Medal of Honor.
• Women in the North worked in textile mills and garment factories making uniforms. They also worked in
government jobs, specifically in the Treasury Department and the postal service.
South
• Rose Greenhow was the most famous Confederate
spy. She used her contacts to learn about Union troop
movements. Her reports directly helped the Confederates win the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861.
• Despite resistance from some parts of Southern
society, many women served as nurses during the
war. Sally Tompkins established a hospital in a private home and cared for more than 1,300 soldiers.
She was awarded the rank of captain and was the
only female officer in the Confederate army.
• Women in the South worked at home making uniforms. They also worked in dangerous munitions
factories, where accidents were common. For
example, 40 women died in an accidental explosion
at a munitions factory in Richmond, Virginia.