Download SCIENCE 8

SCIENCE 8
Two semesters/One credit each semester
The 8th grade science course is based on Prentice Hall’s Science Explorer. The course contains a
combination of topic areas in Physical Science. The topics are arranged according to themes,
such as Chemical Building Blocks, Chemical Interactions, Electricity and Magnetism, Sound and
Light and Motion, Forces, and Energy. Students participate in laboratories, classroom activities,
lecture and discussion in order to achieve the objectives for the course.
TEXTBOOK: Science Explorer (Select Bind)
Prentice Hall Inc., 2000
COURSE OUTLINE
Units
CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
Topic A – An Introduction to Matter
Topic B – Changes in Matter
Topic C – Elements and the Periodic Table
UNIT I.
UNIT II.
UNIT III.
UNIT IV.
UNIT V.
Approximate Time – Days
10
8
11
CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS
Topic A – Chemical Reactions
Topic B – Atoms and Bonding
Topic C – Acids, Bases, and Solutions
7
10
10
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Topic A – Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Topic B – Electric Charges and Current
Topic C – Electricity and Magnetism at Work
9
9
9
SOUND AND LIGHT
Topic A – Characteristics of Waves
Topic B – Sound
Topic C – The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Topic D – Light
8
10
9
12
MOTION, FORCES, AND ENERGY
Topic A – Motion
Topic B – Forces
Topic C – Forces in Fluids
Topic D – Work and Machines
Topic E – Energy and Power
Topic F. – Thermal Energy and Heat
8
11
8
13
8
7
Media Resources:
CW: Chemistry at Work, Journal of Chemical Education
PT: Periodic Table, Journal of Chemical Education
JCE3: Software Special Issue 3, Journal of Chemical Education
JCE4: Software Special Issue 4, Journal of Chemical Education
DOC: Demonstrations in Organic Chemistry, Journal of Chemical Education
CC: Cosmic Chemistry, Optical Data Corporation
LS: Life Sciences, Optical Data Corporation
PS: Physical Sciences, Optical Data Corporation
UNIT I. CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
TOPIC A – An Introduction to Matter
Purpose:
Students will become familiar with describing, measuring and interactions of matter.
Time:
11 days
References:
Text Volume K, Chapter 1, Sections 1-3
Lecture Topics
1. Describing Matter
2. Measuring Matter
3. Particles of Matter
Laboratories/Activities
1. Properties of Matter
2. Measuring Matter
3. Making Sense of Density
Media Resources:
CW: 5, 11, 28B
JCE3: A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, B5
JCE4: A6
PS:
5, 7
PS2: 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27
CC2: 14
Objectives:
1. Distinguish between chemical and physical changes of matter.
2. Identify characteristic properties of matter and explain their uses.
3. Compare mixtures and a pure substance and describe elements and compounds.
4. Explain the difference between weight and mass.
5. Calculate the density of substances using SI units for mass and volume.
6. Explain how atoms are the particles that make up all matter.
7. Describe Dalton’s theory of atoms.
8. Identify chemical bonds as holding atoms together in molecules.
TOPIC B – Changes in Matter
Purpose:
Students will understand the three states of matter.
Time:
9 days
References:
Text Volume K, Chapter 2, Sections 1,2, & 4
Lecture Topics
1. Solids, Liquids, and Gases
2. Behavior of Gases
3. Physical and Chemical Changes
Laboratories/Activities
1. As Thick as Honey
2. Goo-Yuck
3. Race in Liquids
Media Resources:
CW: 5, 11, 28B
JCE3: A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, B5
JCE4: A6
PS:
5, 7
PS2: 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27
CC2: 14
Objectives:
1. Define and differentiate solids, liquids, and gases in terms of shape and volume.
2. Compare the particle motion in solids, liquids, and gases.
3. Define the relationship between volume and pressure of gas and state Boyle’s Law.
4. Define the relationship between pressure and temperature of a gas.
5. Define the relationship between volume and the temperature of a gas and state
Charles’s Law.
6. Describe the difference between physical and chemical changes.
7. Explain how energy is involved in changes of matter.
8. Describe changes of states.
9. Define chemical reactions and explain ways that energy can change in chemical
reactions.
TOPIC C – Elements and the Periodic Table
Purpose:
Students will become familiar with the organization and structure of the periodic table.
Time:
13 days
References:
Text Volume K, Chapter 3, Sections 1-3
Lecture Topics
1. Organizing the Elements
2. Metals
3. Nonmetals and Metalloids
Laboratories/Activities
1. Periodic Seating Chart
2. Isotope Activity
3. Alien Periodic Table
Media Resources:
PT:
(ALL)
CW: 8, 20, 21, 28B
JCE3: A10, A11
PS:
2, 3
CC6: (ALL)
CC4: 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11
Objectives:
1. State key events in the historical development of the periodic table.
2. List the information in the periodic table and describe how it is organized.
3. Describe uses of the periodic table.
4. Define valence electrons and tell how they are related to the periodic table.
5. Describe chemical and physical properties of metals.
6. Identify and describe different groups of metals and describe how the reactivity of
metals changes across the periodic table.
7. Locate nonmetals and metalloids in the periodic table.
8. Compare the physical and chemical properties of nonmetals with those of metals and
describe the properties of metalloids.
UNIT II. CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS
TOPIC A – Chemical Reactions
Purpose:
Students will be able to describe chemical reactions.
Time:
8 days
References:
Text Volume L, Chapter 1, Sections 2 & 3
Lecture Topics
1. Describing Chemical Reactions
2. Controlling Chemical Reactions
Laboratories/Activities
1. Where’s the Evidence?
2. Peroxide, Catalase, & You
Media Resources:
None
Objectives:
1. Describe the information conveyed in a chemical equation.
2. Apply the principle of conservation of mass to balancing chemical equations.
3. Identify and describe the three categories of chemical reactions.
4. Describe the relationship of energy to chemical reactions.
5. List factors that control the rate of chemical reactions.
TOPIC B – Atoms and Bonding
Purpose:
Students will understand the structure of the atom and how bonds form between
elements.
Time:
12 days
References:
Text Volume L, Chapter 2, Sections 1-4
Lecture Topics
1. Inside an Atom
2. Atoms in the Periodic Table
3. Ionic Bonds
4. Covalent Bonds
Laboratories/Activities
1. Rutherford Activity
2. Ionic vs. Covalent
3. Shedding Light on Chemical Bonds
Media Resources:
CW: 2, 7, 23, 28B
JCE3: A9
JCE4: A1
PS:
4, 16
PS1: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
CC1: 5-33
Objectives:
1. Describe the structure of an atom and define protons, neutrons, and electrons.
2. Explain the role of valence electrons in forming chemical bonds.
3. Identify the groups within the periodic table and state what properties elements in a
group have in common.
4. Explain the differences between an atom and an ion.
5. Describe how an ionic bond forms.
6. Identify properties of ionic compounds.
7. Describe how covalent bonds form.
8. Identify properties of molecular compounds.
9. Distinguish between polar and nonpolar bonds and between polar and nonpolar
compounds.
TOPIC C – Acids, Bases, and Solutions
Purpose:
Students will understand solutions, acids and bases.
Time:
12 days
References:
Text Volume L, Chapter 3, Sections 1-3
Lecture Topics
1. Solutions
2. Describing Acids and Bases
3. Acids and Bases in Solution
Laboratories/Activities
1. What makes a mixture a solution?
2. Speedy Solutions
3. What Colors Does Litmus Paper Turn?
Media Resources:
None
Objectives:
1. Define and compare solutions and suspensions.
2. Explain what happens to particles of a solute when a solution forms.
3. Identify those factors that affect solubility of a substance.
4. Describe how solutes affect the freezing and boiling points of solvents.
5. Identify and describe the properties of acids and give examples.
6. Identify and describe the properties of bases and give examples.
7. Describe the ions formed when acids and bases are dissolved in water.
8. Describe the pH scale and tell how it is used.
9. Explain what happens in a neutralization reaction.
UNIT III. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
TOPIC A – Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Purpose:
Students will learn the principles of magnetism and the relationship between magnetism
and electricity.
Time:
10 days
References:
Text Volume N, Chapter 1, Sections 1-4
Lecture Topics
1. The Nature of Magnetism
2. Magnetic Earth
3. Electric Current and Magnetic Fields
4. Electromagnets
Laboratories/Activities
1. Observing Magnetic Field Lines
2. Magnets from Electricity
Media Resources:
None
Objectives:
1. Define magnetic poles and describe the interaction between like and unlike magnetic
poles.
2. Define magnetic domain and state how magnetic domains are lined up in magnetized
material.
3. Define magnetic fields and describe magnetic field lines.
4. Identify the magnetic properties of Earth and compare the magnetic and geographic
poles.
5. Describe the relationship between electric current and a magnetic field.
6. Define and give examples of insulators and conductors.
7. Identify the characteristics of an electric circuit.
8. Identify characteristics and cite uses of an electromagnet.
TOPIC B – Electric Charges and Current
Purpose:
Students will become familiar with two kinds of charges, static and current electricity and
types of circuits.
Time:
11 days
References:
Text Volume N, Chapter 2, Sections 1-3
Lecture Topics
1. Electric Charge and Static Electricity
2. Circuit Measurements
3. Series and Parallel Circuits
Laboratories/Activities
1. Electricity I
2. Circuit Predictions
3. Electricity II
4. Internet Electricity
Media Resources:
Lightning – Physics Science and Technology Videodisk Series, Disk 1, Side 1
Objectives:
1. Describe the interaction of like and unlike electric charges.
2. Define and describe static electricity and state how it differs from electric current.
3. Explain what causes flow of electric current in terms of electrical potential, potential
difference, and voltage.
4. Describe the relationship between voltage and the flow of electric current.
5. Define resistance and state how it affects the flow of current.
6. Calculate resistance using Ohm’s Law.
7. Describe and construct a series circuit.
8. Describe and construct a parallel circuit.
TOPIC C – Electricity and Magnetism at Work
Purpose:
Students will become familiar with how electricity and magnetism can be used to do
work.
Time:
10 days
References:
Text Volume N, Chapter 3, Sections 1-3
Lecture Topics
1. Electricity, Magnetism, and Motion
2. Generating Electric Current
3. Using Electric Power
Laboratories/Activities
1. Electromagnetism Laboratory
Media Resources:
None
Objectives:
1. Describe how electrical energy can be converted into mechanical energy.
2. Explain how a galvanometer measures current and how an electric motor converts
current to mechanical energy.
3. Describe how an electric current can be induced.
4. Explain how a generator induces electric current and compare it to a motor.
5. Identify the main sources of energy for electric power generation.
6. Calculate power and energy use.
7. Describe how transformers change the voltage of electric current.
8. Describe the advantages of alternating current for long distance transmission of
energy.
UNIT IV. SOUND AND LIGHT
TOPIC A – Characteristics of Waves
Purpose:
Students will understand the properties and interactions of waves.
Time:
9 days
References:
Text Volume O, Chapter 1, Sections 1-3
Lecture Topics
1. What Are Waves?
2. Properties of Waves
3. Interactions of Waves
Laboratories/Activities
1. Wave Action
2. Making Waves
Media Resources:
Artificial Waves – Earth and Space Disk 3
Objectives:
1. Define waves and identify what causes them.
2. Identify and compare the three main types of waves.
3. List and describe the basic properties of waves.
4. Describe how a wave’s speed is related to its wavelength and frequency.
5. Identify and compare reflection, refraction, and diffraction.
6. Describe the two types of interference waves.
7. Identify and describe standing waves and resonance.
TOPIC B – Sound
Purpose:
Students will become familiar with properties of sound and how sound waves combine.
Time:
11 days
References:
Text Volume O, Chapter 2, Sections 1-3
Lecture Topics
1. The Nature of Sound
2. Properties of Sound
3. Combining Sound Waves
Laboratories/Activities
1. The Speed of Sound
2. How Does Amplitude Affect Loudness?
3. Musical Notes
Media Resources:
None
Objectives:
1. Define sound and explain how it travels.
2. Identify the factors that affect the speed of sound.
3. Describe what happens when an object moves faster than the speed of sound.
4. Explain how intensity and loudness are related.
5. Explain the relationship between frequency and pitch.
6. Describe the apparent change in frequency observed in the Doppler effect.
7. Identify timbre and tone and state the difference between noise and music.
8. Describe what happens when two or more sound waves interact.
TOPIC C – The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Purpose:
Students will examine the nature of specific areas of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Time:
10 days
References:
Text Volume O, Chapter 3, Sections 1-3
Lecture Topics
1. The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
2. Waves of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
3. Producing Visible Light
Laboratories/Activities
1. Infrared Radiation
2. Double Slit Diffraction
3. Spectroscope/Diffraction Grating Activities
4. Colors of a Soap Bubble
5. Comparing Light Bulbs
Media Resources:
Images of Heat – Physics Science and Technology Videodisk, Disk 1, Side 1
Objectives:
1. Describe an electromagnetic wave and its properties.
2. Describe properties of light in relation to particles and to electromagnetic waves.
3. List and compare different types of electromagnetic waves.
4. Describe how the electromagnetic spectrum is arranged.
5. Name uses for waves of the electromagnetic spectrum.
6. Identify and compare different types of light bulbs.
TOPIC D – Light
Purpose:
Students will examine reflection, refraction, color and how light can be used.
Time:
13 days
References:
Text Volume O, Chapter 4, Sections 1-3 & 5
Lecture Topics
1. Reflection and Mirrors
2. Refraction and Lenses
3. Color
4. Using Light
Laboratories/Activities
1. Changing Colors
2. Pinhole Viewer
Media Resources:
None
Objectives:
1. Describe what happens when light strikes opaque, transparent, and translucent
objects.
2. Identify the ways in which images can be reflected.
3. Explain refraction.
4. Describe how a lens forms an image and distinguish between concave and convex
lenses.
5. Identify the factors that determine the color of an object.
6. Explain and compare how colors are combined in light and in pigments.
7. Explain how telescopes, cameras, and microscopes use light.
8. Describe the differences between laser light and ordinary light and list uses of lasers.
9. Identify and cite uses for optical fibers.
UNIT V. MOTION, FORCES, AND ENERGY
TOPIC A – Motion
Purpose:
Students will understand motion and acceleration.
Time:
9 days
References:
Text Volume M, Chapter 1, Sections 1 & 3
Lecture Topics
1. Describing and Measuring Motion
2. Acceleration
Laboratories/Activities
1. How Fast and How Far?
2. Inclined to Roll
3. Stopping on a Dime
4. Making Waves
Media Resources:
Physics of the Indy 500 Videodisk
Objectives:
1. Explain when an object is in motion.
8. Calculate an object’s speed and velocity.
9. Describe what happens to the motion of an object as it accelerates.
10. Calculate acceleration
TOPIC B – Forces
Purpose:
Students will become familiar with forces that act on their bodies and objects on earth.
Time:
12 days
References:
Text Volume M, Chapter 2, Sections 1-4
Lecture Topics
1. The Nature of Force
2. Force, Mass, and Acceleration
3. Friction and Gravity
4. Action and Reaction
Laboratories/Activities
1. Measuring Inertial Mass
2. Forced to Accelerate
3. Sticky Sneakers
Media Resources:
Physics of the Indy 500 Videodisk
Objectives:
1. Explain how balanced and unbalanced forces are related to motion.
2. State Newton’s first law of motion.
3. Explain how force and mass are related to acceleration.
4. Identify the factors that determine the friction force between two surfaces.
5. Explain how mass differs from weight.
6. State the universal law of gravitation.
7. State Newton’s third law of motion.
8. State the law of conservation of momentum.
TOPIC C – Forces in Fluids
Purpose:
Students will understand pressure and buoyancy.
Time:
9 days
References:
Text Volume M, Chapter 3, Sections 1-3
Lecture Topics
1. Pressure
2. Transmitting Pressure in Fluid
3. Floating and Sinking
Laboratories/Activities
1. Density and Buoyancy
2. Can You Blow Up a Balloon?
3. Spinning Sprinklers
4. Sink and Spill
Media Resources:
None
Objectives:
1. Explain how forces can cause pressure in a fluid.
2. Recognize that pressure decreases at higher altitudes and increases at greater depths.
3. Describe what Pascal’s principle says about an increase in fluid pressure.
4. Explain how a hydraulic system works.
5. Describe the effect of buoyant force.
6. Explain Archimedes’ principle.
7. Explain how the density of an object determines whether it floats or sinks.
TOPIC D – Work and Machines
Purpose:
Students will understand the concepts of work, mechanical advantage, and simple
machines.
Time:
15 days
References:
Text Volume M, Chapter 4, Sections 1-3
Lecture Topics
1. What is Work?
2. Mechanical Advantage and Efficiency
3. Simple Machines
Laboratories/Activities
1. Is It a Machine?
2. Seesaw Science
3. Pulleys
4. Rube Goldberg Invented Machines
Media Resources:
Tricycle for the Handicapped – Human Biology Science and Technology, Disk 7, side 2
Objectives:
1. Identify when work is done on an object.
2. Calculate the work done on an object.
3. Explain how machines make work easier.
4. Identify the difference between actual and ideal mechanical advantage.
5. Calculate the efficiency of a machine.
6. Describe the six types of simple machines.
7. Explain when an object is in motion.
TOPIC E – Energy and Power
Purpose:
Students will understand forms of energy and power.
Time:
9 days
References:
Text Volume M, Chapter 5, Sections 1,2 & 3
Lecture Topics
1. The Nature of Energy
2. Energy Conversion and Conservation
3. Power
Laboratories/Activities
1. Potential and Kinetic Energy Laboratory
2. Energy of a Pendulum
3. Soaring Straws
4. Can You Feel the Power?
Media Resources:
Physics of the Indy 500 Videodisk
Conservation of Energy – Chemistry Science and Technology, Disk 2, Side 2
Objectives:
1. Relate work and energy
2. Identify the two basic kinds of energy.
3. Describe six different forms of energy.
4. Show how the different forms of energy are related.
5. State the law of conservation of energy.
6. Calculate power.
7. Differentiate between power and energy.
TOPIC F – Thermal Energy and Heat
Purpose:
Students will understand various temperature scales, as well as various modes of heat
transfer.
Time:
8 days
References:
Text Volume M, Chapter 6, Sections 1,2 & 4
Lecture Topics
1. Temperature and Thermal Energy
2. The Nature of Heat
3. Uses of Heat
Laboratories/Activities
1. Heat Transfer
2. Conduction of Heat
3. Just Add Water
4. Calibrating Thermometers Laboratory
5. Can You Keep a Pop Cold the Longest?
Media Resources:
Images of Heat – Physics Science and Technology Videodisk Series, Disk 1, side 1
Objectives:
1. Identify the three common temperature scales.
2. Contrast temperature and thermal energy.
3. Describe how heat is related to thermal energy.
4. Identify the three forms of heat transfer.
5. Relate specific heat to thermal energy.
6. Relate thermal energy to heat engines and refrigerators.