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Minerals Atomic number Atomic mass Isotopes Neutral atom Ions Types of Bonds • • • Ionic Covalent van der Waals Mineral Naturally formed Inorganic Solid Specific chemical composition Characteristic crystal structure The two characteristics that best allow the study of minerals are 1. 2. Crystal structure: the way the atoms of the elements are packed together Composition: the major chemical elements that are present and their proportions Because of their abundance, oxygen and silicon form the basis for the most common rock-forming minerals, and the most common mineral group: silicates Other mineral groups include: oxides, sulfides, carbonates, sulfates, and phosphates Silicates – Built of the silicate anion (tetrahedron) – The anion joins together by sharing their oxygen atoms to form chains, sheets and threedimensional networks Minerals are identified by their distinct properties that result from their composition and crystal structure Crystal form and growth habit Cleavage Luster Hardness and specific gravity Color Cleavage Luster, Color and Streak Density and Specific Gravity Hardness Relative resistance of a mineral to being scratched Governed by the crystal structure and the strength of chemical bonds Moh’s relative hardness scale
