Download UNIT 3: MISSISSIPPI IN TRANSITION

UNIT 3:
MISSISSIPPI IN
TRANSITION
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
Chapter 6: Reconstruction and Transition
Chapter 7: The Dawn of the Twentieth Century
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
The issue at hand:
Americans had the Declaration of
Independence
Stated, “all men are created equal”
The decision at hand:
Americans had to admit that men were not
equal
Americans had to abolish slavery
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Slavery Issue
◆ Production of cotton
◆ Was it moral for one person to own another?
◆ Almost all whites believed blacks were inferior to
(North and South)
◆ Constitution avoided the term of slave or slavery
● Used terms or phrases
○ all other persons
○ persons held to service or labor
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Missouri Compromise:
◆ Louisiana Purchase of 1803
● Moved west and demanded statehood
● How would they enter the Union?
◆ 1819 - 22 states in the Union
● evenly divided between free and slave states
● Free States - states that did not permit
slavery
● Slave States - states that did permit slavery
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Missouri Compromise:
◆ The Ohio River was original line
◆ Missouri applies for statehood as slave state
● Highly debated in Congress
● Led to the Missouri Compromise
● Missouri Compromise - by its terms Maine was
admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave
state; slavery was forbidden in the remainder of
the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36 degree
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Antislavery Movement:
◆ American Colonization Society
● Favored emancipation and moving slaves to Africa.
● Emancipation - freedom from slavery
○ Proposed the gradual abolition of slavery
○ Worked in both the North and South
● Supported by some Mississippians
○ William Winans and Stephen Duncan
◆ Owned hundreds of slavery
◆ Mississippi Colonization Society in 1831
● 1861 about 600 freed blacks moved to
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Antislavery Movement:
◆ William Lloyd Garrison
● Published an antislavery newspaper
○ The Liberator
● Wanted an immediate end to slavery
○ Very unpopular view with with northerners
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Nullification Crisis:
◆ Ending of slavery questioned by states
◆ States’ Rights - the principle that the rights of
the individual states should prevail over the
rights of the federal government
◆ 1800s Congress passes several protective tariffs
● Tariff - a tax on imports designed to keep out
competition
○ Raised price of goods sold in U.S.
○ Southerners were hard hit = poor economy
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Nullification Crisis:
◆ John C. Calhoun - Vice President
● Wrote that the states could nullify a federal law
● Nullify - to prevent the enforcement
● Believed that to nullify would allow the South to
protect slavery.
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South Carolina (1832) challenge enforcement of tariff and
President Jackson found little support from other southern states
Compromise reached
◆ Congress would gradually reduce taxes on earlier rates
◆ Also passed a law that denied states the right to nullify a law
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Compromise of 1850:
◆ Any new acquisition of land raised debate
◆ U.S. acquires land from Mexico after war of 1846
● Congress settles debate with Compromise of 1850
● Compromise of 1850 - according to its terms,
California admitted as a free state and slavery in
some western territories was to be determined
by popular sovereignty
● Popular Sovereignty - a vote by those living in
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Compromise of 1850:
◆ Hope that Compromise of 1850 fixed problem
◆ Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
● Permitted the people of Kansas to decide upon
slavery
● Kansas was north of 36 degree 30’ parallel
● Abolitionists outraged
● Would evolve into Bleeding Kansas
○ people from all around poured in to decide slave or
free state
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Compromise of 1850:
◆ Birth of the Republican Party
● Republican Party - a political party formed to
oppose the expansion of slavery
◆ Dred Scott - case settled by the Supreme Court
● Stated that slavery could not be banned from
territories.
◆ Lincoln - Douglas debates in 1858 leading to elections
◆ 1859 - John Brown leads raid on federal arsenal in
Harpers Ferry, Virginia
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ Mississippi’s Reaction
◆ Distressed
● Fought and died for United States
● Slavery important to them
○ Politicians defended the “peculiar institution”
◆ Rising of tensions
● Many began believing that secession was only way
to prevent slavery abolition.
● Secession - withdrawal from the Union
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ Mississippi’s Reaction
◆ John A. Quitman elected governor
● Favored secession
◆ William Sharkey
● wanted to give Congress time to work out an
acceptable compromise
◆ Senator William S. Foote
● wanted to make sure compromise protected south
◆ Jefferson Davis and most MS congressmen
● believed secession was only answer
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ Mississippi’s Reaction
◆ Most Mississippians wanted to stay in Union
◆ 1851 Governor’s race
● Foote runs against Quitman under new party
○ Union party
○ only issue was that of secession
◆ Following John Brown’s raid
● Republican President seemed absolute
● Only way to protect slavery was to secede
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The 1860 Presidential Election:
◆ Democrats make clear that they are going to
defend slavery in territories
● Eventually accept popular sovereignty
○ Many delegates walk out
○ Douglas gets nomination for Northern Democrats
○ Southern Democrats nominate John Breckinridge
◆ Current Vice President
○ Constitutional Union Party - John Bell
◆ Hold it together
○ Republican Party nominates - Abraham Lincoln*
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ Secession
◆ After Lincoln is elected South Carolina secedes
◆ Governor Pettus calls MS legislature into session
● Most delegates favored immediate secession
● Some wanted to wait for other states
● Older and wealthier slave owners opposed it
○ Was never submitted to voters for secession
○ Mississippi second state to secede from Union
○ Five states followed suit
◆ Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ Secession
◆ February 1861
● Seceded states send delegates to Montgomery, AL
● Formed a new government
○ Confederate States of America - new government
formed by the first seven seceding southern
states
○ Jefferson Davis elected President
◆ Was to serve a six year term
◆ Montgomery first capital
◆ Virginia secedes - capital moved to Richmond,
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Attack of Fort Sumter:
◆ Compromises failed to unite the country
◆ Focus turned to federal property
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Fort Sumter controlled by Union forces
Surrounded by Confederates
War began April 1861 - harbor of Charleston, SC
Lincoln sends needed supplies to Ft. Sumter
South Carolina attack fort
Lincoln calls for troops to put down rebellion
4 more states secede
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Civil War in Mississippi:
◆ What was it going to take for the North to win?
● North needed to invade and conquer the South
● Many battles fought in Mississippi
● Why?
○ Mississippi River
○ Vicksburg was a crucial point
○ Supplies for Confederacy
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Beginning of War
◆ Battle of Shiloh (Tennessee)
◆ General P.G.T. Beauregard
● took Fort Sumter fought at Shiloh and Corinth
● First major battle of the Western campaign
◆ Union realized that it must capture Vicksburg
● Had to drive Confederate troops from northern
positions
● Grant commanded Union troops in region
● Johnston commanded Confederate troops in region
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Battle for Vicksburg
◆ Mississippi River was key
● Confederate held travel for Union dangerous
● Supply route for Confederate forces by rail
● North captures it cuts off supply route
● Allow for easy travel up and down MS River
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Battle for Vicksburg
◆ The First Attempt
● June 1862
○ Admiral David Farragut sails up from New Orleans
past Confederate artillery and lands troops on
Louisiana side of river.
○ Wanted to build canal in order for ships to avoid
Confederate artillery
○ Failed due to river water level dropping
○ Farragut returns to New Orleans
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Battle for Vicksburg
◆ The Second Attempt
● December 1862
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Sherman begins direct attack on Vicksburg
Landed troops north of city
Was stopped by Confederate forces
Grant tries to build canals to bypass Vicksburg
◆ March 1863 Grants realizes Vicksburg cannot be
captured from the north
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Battle for Vicksburg
◆ The Third Attempt
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Grant captures Jackson in mid-May 1863
Meets with Pemberton’s forces at Champion Hill
Forces southerners to retreat.
Vicksburg is surrounded by Union forces
Vicksburg was under siege for 6 weeks
July 4, 1863 Pemberton surrendered
Confederacy loses stronghold and 40,000 soldiers
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Final Days
◆ Almost how many years remained of fighting? 2
◆ Sherman takes over control of Union forces
◆ February 1864
● Sherman begins campaign to capture Meridian
● Strategic point for the railroads
○ Mobile and Ohio
○ East-West Southern
● Meridian fell within a week
● Railroads continued to be a focal point of raids
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ Statistics
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Mississippians of all ages fought in the Civil War
About 80,000 fought in Confederate Army
About 500 fought in Union Army
Over 17,000 free black and black slaves fought
About 27,000 men died
Many more returned home with permanent injuries
Bitterness of defeat last for generations
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Home Front
◆ 1861 Mississippi
● People prepared for the impending war
● Men volunteered for military service
● Women made uniforms / served as nurses
● Very little opposition at this point
● Leflore - Choctaw Chief openly defended Union
● Less prominent people were killed for doing so
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Home Front
◆ 1863 Mississippi
● Legislators moved meeting places hiding from
troops
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Laws created were unenforceable
Criminals received little trial before hanging
Financing government impossible
Union controlled New Orleans
○ Confederate states borrowed gold and silver
○ Issued paper money
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The Home Front
◆ Mississippi had borrowed $9 million
◆ War dragged on paper money lost value
◆ Necessities became luxury items
● Wax for candles hard to find
● Salt was scarce
● Coffee and Tea unavailable
● Fear of slave revolts worsened with men gone
◆ All problems increased in 1862 - Union enters
state
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The End of Slavery
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During war slaves disappeared
Many refused to work
Other demanded rewards for advice or incentives
Union caused many blacks to flee to army camps
Some blacks stayed and protected that previously
owned them
◆ Performed services for Union army
◆ Men dug trenches, canals, and fortifications
◆ Women cooked and washed clothes
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The End of Slavery
◆ 1862 - Abraham Lincoln
● Issues the Emancipation Proclamation
● Emancipation Proclamation - declares all slaves
owned by persons in the Confederacy were free
as of January 1, 1863
● It did not free all slaves in the United States
● It was aimed solely at the Confederate States
● December 1865 - 13th Amendment to Constitution
○ Abolished slavery throughout the United States
Chapter 5: Secession and Civil War
➔ The End of Slavery
◆ 1863
● Union army begins recruiting black soldiers
● Had to overcome prejudice of northern whites
● Paid less than whites
● Assigned to guard prisoners or supplies
● The 3rd U.S. Colored Cavalry fought in Mississippi
◆ Following the war everyone returns home and begins
the arduous task of rebuilding