Download Phonics and literacy list

Phonics
Phoneme:
(fo-neem)
Basic building blocks of words i.e. the sounds we learn to make up words.
b
d
eeighoughetc.
A phoneme makes one sound.
Allophone:
(AL-eh-fon)
The different ways you can pronounce a phoneme.
“It is a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to pronounce
a single phoneme.” Wikipedia.
/a/ as in mat
Both allophones of the phoneme ‘a’
/a/ as in mad
Digraph:
(die-graph)
Two letters making one sound
sh
th
ng
etc
Trigraph:
Three letters making one sound
igh
(f-r-igh-t)
Quadgraph:
Four letters making one sound
ough (th-ough)
Vowel Digraph
Two vowels that make up one sound
oa
ee
ea
Adjacent Consonants
Two consonants next to each other that make two different sounds
stop
bend
grab
Three adjacent consonants are called a consonant string
scrap
Spilt digraph
When a vowel digraph is spilt by a constant, but pronounced as if they are
together.
bake
(ae)
w
r
o
t
e
(oe)
th
e
s
e
(ee)
‘Magic e’
When a ‘magic e’ is added to a word it reaches back and makes that vowel a
long sound:
Grip
--- Gripe
Rag
--- Rage
It is not really taught this anymore as that ‘e’ is not magic- it has a job to do.
It used to be called a silent e however this is also confusing. You need to
notice the e is there to do its job, as opposed to ignoring it.You can ignore
the ‘k’ in knight. That ‘k’ is silent as it serves no purpose—the ‘magic e’ does.
Therefore telling children to ignore it would be very confusing.
However of course some words buck this silent rule, like house. H-OU-S-e
It is now sometimes called the ‘bossy e’ as it tells other letters to change
themselves.
Grapheme:
(gra-f-eem)
A letter or letters that represent a sound. Essentially how we write.
‘f and ph’ = /f/
‘igh’ = /ie/ (like eye)
Some phonemes can be spelled with many different graphemes:
/ee/: ee, ea, ie, ei, e, e-e, y,
Some can represent different sounds (these words are mostly red words- one
which cannot be sounded out phonetically, as they do not follow the regular
phonetic pattern i.e. ‘the’)
/o/: want
/ar/: fast (depending on your accent)
/ae/: table
Mnemonic:
(n-mom-ic)
A device for recalling and memorising something.
i.e.: The snake shaped letter ‘s’ay- may I play?
Segment:
Splitting a word into its individual phonemes in order to spell it.
Blend:
To draw individual sounds together to pronounce a word.
Grapheme-Phoneme Correspondence (GPC):
Being able to match a grapheme to a phoneme and vice versa.
CVC words:
Words that are spelt with a constant, vowel, constant.
cat
dog
rat
bag
Onset and Rime:
Only found in CVC words. Onset is the initial first letter in a word for example
/c/ in cat. Rime is the vowel constant that come after it; /at/ in cat.
Systematic Synthetic Phonics:
A system of teaching to read in which children are taught phonic sounds and
use these to synthesise (blend) unfamiliar words
Literacy
Metaphor:A sentence that describes a subject as another thing.
“Her eyes are blueoceans”
Simile:A sentence that describes a subject as ‘like’ or ‘as’
“Her eyes are like blue oceans”
Personification:When an object or animal can be described like a person.
“The statues waited patiently”
Onomatopoeia:Words that sound like their meaning
Whoosh, bang, thump, crash
Homonym: When two or more words are pronounced the same but have
different meanings
(ho-mo-nim)
Can sometimes also be spelt the same i.e. ring
“The tap has sprung a leek/leak”
Idioms:An expression that’s meaning is not predictable from the usual
meaning of its words.
“Kick the bucket,” means to die.
Can also mean how a group of people speak, for example Scottish people
using the word ‘wee’ for small.
Hyperbole:An expression that is over the top.
“His feet where as big as dustbins lids”
Cliché:A simile that has been used so often it becomes boring and
predictable.
“As deep as an ocean”
First Person:When a text is written in the pronoun ‘I’
“I went to the shops”
Second Person: When a text is written in the pronoun ‘you’
“You went to the shops”
Third Person: When a text is written with the pronouns he, she, they or it
“He/She/It/They went to the shops”
Assonance: Repeating vowel sounds.
“Mad bad rag on a sad mag tag”
Alliteration: Repetition of the first letter of a word.
“Perfect Peter pets pale pandas.
Noun: A name for a person place or thing.
Alan/ nurse/ teacher
Nouns for persons
London/ house/ street
Nouns for places
Dog/ cat/ mouse
Table/ chair/ bottle
Water/ gas/ liquid
Beauty/ thoughtfulness/
cunning
Cooking/ dancing/ swimming
Month/ year/ inch
Nouns for animals
Nouns for objects
Nouns for substances
Nouns for qualities
Nouns for actions*
Nouns for a measurements
*As opposed to ‘to cook, to dance, to swim’ which are verbs:
I will cook dinner------ Verb
I love cooking
------ Noun
Pronoun: Used in place of a noun that has already been mentioned, often to
avoid repeated noun use.
She went to the shops.
That is mine.
Verb: Doing words. They can express a physical or mental action, or a state
of being.
Physical action: to swim, to write, to climb
Mental action: to think, to guess, to consider
State of Being*: to be, to exist, to appear.
* These are the most common:
Subject
I
‘To be’ in past
tense
‘To be’ in present
tense
Am
Will be
Was
Is
Will be
Were
We
Were
Are
They
Were
Are
You
Were
She sells seashells on the seashore.
‘Sells’ expresses the physical action ‘to sell’
If you can put a to in front of it, it is a verb.
Adverb: Added to a verb to modify it’s meaning.
Will answer the question
They usually end in ‘ly’.
Beautiful
tense
Was
You
He/She/It
‘To be’ in future
HOW
ly, quickly stupidly.
Are
Are
Will be
Will be
Will be
Will be
She sang beautifully.
She ran quickly.
He said stupidly.
Some however do not. For example ‘fast’ modifies the sentence;
“He runs fast.”
Adjective: A describing word.
Adjectives are added to nouns to state what kind, colour, or how many etc.
They are necessary to make meanings more clear.
The yellow cab.
The friendly elephant.
Differences between adverbs and adjectives:
An adjective modifies nouns:
I ate a meal.
Meal is a noun. We do not know what kind of meal it is, all we know is
someone ate one.
I ate an enormous meal.
Enormous is an adjective. It tells what kind of meal that has been eaten.
Adjectives usually answer the questions:
•
•
•
Which
What kind of
How many
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs:
They usually answer the question:
Subject
verb
HOW
adverb
“She drew precisely”
Precisely is an adverb because it tells us how she drew.
Subject
verb
adverb
“The service was slow”
Slow is an adverb because it tells us how the service was.
Conjunction: A word that connects words, phrases clauses or sentences.
and
but
however
Compound Words: When two words are put together.
Watchdog
Before
grandmother elsewhere.
Where
Preposition: A word that comes before a noun or pronoun to show its
relationship to another word in the sentence.
above
across
beneath
beside
down
Think of a preposition is anywhere a mouse could go.
“The mouse crawled under the table”
“The mouse climbed on top of the cupboard”
A Noun phrase:A phrase that plays the role of a noun. The headword in a
noun phrase will be a noun or pronoun.
“I like singing in the bath”
or
“I like it”
The ability to replace the noun phrases with a pronoun proves that the shaded
texts are functioning nouns making them noun phrases.
And noun with any sort of modifier is a noun phrase.
Clause: A group of words that includes a subject and a verb tenses.
"The girl sits on a chair."
A simple sentence: A sentence with only one clause.
A compound sentence: A sentence with two clauses joined by:
•
•
•
•
A conjunction with comma/semicolon
A semicolon
A colon
A dash
A complex sentence: one with an independent clause on one dependent
clause.
Independent clauseor main clause– one that can stand alone as a sentence.
Has a subject and verb.
Dependent clause or subordinate clause – one standalone as a complete
sentence as it does not complete the thought.
All clauses have a subject and verb.
I am not tidying the dishes, unless Peter helps.
Independent
Clause
Subordinate clause
Active voice: When the subject performs the verb.
I wrote a letter.
Passive voice: the opposite.
A letter was written.
If you can add ‘by zombies’ to the sentence it is passive.
I wrote a letter [by zombies]. --- Active Voice
A letter was written [by zombies]. --- Passive voice