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Roman Republic Republic- a government where citizens elect their leaders Consuls- leaders of Rome; head of army Senators- made laws; patricians; 300; served for life Senate- lawmaking body Tribunes-assembly of plebeians Patricians○ wealthy landowners Plebeians○common people; majority of Romans Punic Wars wars between Rome and Carthage Rome won and expanded territory 2nd war- Hannibal lead elephants across Alps 3rd war- Carthage was totally destroyed Julius Caesar was liked by soldiers and working class Dictator- appointed Dictator for life; Senators felt he had too much power-wanted to be king Assassination- by Senators in Senate; ended Roman Republic; civil war between Octavian and Marc Antony Roman Empire Octavian (Augustus) 1st emperor of Rome defeated Marc Antony stabilized government Pax Romana 200 years of peace beginning with Augustus Achievements law [Twelve Tables] Architecture language literature Decline of Rome begins after rule of Marcus Aurelius Reasons○ inflation ○ unemployment ○ high taxation ○ invasions ○ poor leaders Division of Empire○ due to large size [eastern and western halves] Diocletian○ Emperor who divided empire Constantine○ Emperor who made Christianity legal in Roman Empire Germanic Tribes○ invaded empire Byzantine Empire name given to Eastern half of empire capital at Constantinople