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1. ALPHABETS
Alphabets are a set or group of the letters.

KIND OF ALPHABETS –
(1) VOWELS – Total vowels are 5. They are – „ A , E , I , O , U‟
(2) CONSONANTS – Total consonants are 21. They are – „ B , C , D , F , G , H , J ,
K , L , M , N , P , Q , R , S , T , V , W , X , Y , Z‟

EXERCISE –
Q.1
Define to the alphabets.
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Q.2
a
x
Separate the vowels and consonants from the boxu
m
o
I w
e p q r
v i
n
Vowels
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Consonants
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Q.3
How many vowels are in vocabulary?
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Q.4
How many consonants are in vocabulary?
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2. NOUN
A noun is a naming word of person, place, thing, or group.
eg- Lion, School, Delhi, Ram, Hemraj, Cow, Woman, Child etc.
 KIND OF NOUN –
(1)
A
COUNTABLE NOUN-
Proper noun – Proper noun is the name of a particular person or place. egRajesh, Jaipur, Geeta, Ram, Mumbai etc.
(2) Common noun – Common noun is the name given to every person or thing of
the same class or kind.
eg- Man, River, Biscuit, Mountain, Country, Book etc.
(3) Collective noun – Collective noun is the name of a group of people or things
taken together.
eg- a herd of cows, a bunch of grapes, a bouquet of flowers, a crowd of
people, a suit of clothes, a swarm of bees, a troop of monkeys, a flight of
pigeons, a bunch of keys, a deck of card, a knot of toads, a bask of
crocodiles, a flock of sheep /goat / birds etc.
B UNCOUNTABLE NOUN (4) Abstract noun - Abstract noun is the names of a feeling, quality, action or
state rather than an object, person, animal or thing. egFeeling
Quality
Action
State
Happiness, Hatred
Kindness, Goodness,
Honestry
Laughter, Obedience,
Growth, Theft
Childhood, Poverty,
Slavery
Abstract nouns are formed byfrom adjectives (quality)
from verb (action)
from common noun (state)
(5) Material noun - Material noun is the name of substances or materials.
eg- steel, wood, gold, iron, silver, water, aluminium etc.
 EXERCISE –
Q.1
Separate to the proper and common noun-
Ram, River, Woman, Delhi, Jaipur, Biscuit, Mountain, Ramayana, Geeta, Book, Man,
Sohan, Krishan, Boy, Capital, Girl, USA, Mt. Everest
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Proper Noun
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Common Noun
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Q.2
Fill in these blanks with the correct collective nouns from the boxCollection, Gang, Herd, Bunch, Flock
(a) A ………… of birds flew high in the sky.
(b) The farmer has a ………… of cattle on his farm.
(c)
He ate a ……………… of grapes today.
(d) The police arrested a ……………… of thieves last week.
(e) Rajat showed me his a ………………… of stamps.
(f)
Q.3
I had lost a ……………… of keys last week.
Write the abstract noun forms for the following wordsSad, Rich, Proud, Child, Adult, Brave, Grow, Young, Obey, Slave
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3. PRONOUN
Pronoun are that words which used in place of noun.
eg- he ,she, they, it, you etc.
Ram plays cricket so he goes to stadium daily.
 KIND OF PRONOUN –
(1) Personal pronoun – Personal pronoun are divided into three classes on the
following basis The first person is the person(s) speaking / speaker
 The second person is the person(s) spoken to / listener
 The third person is the person(s) spoken about
eg- I want to speak to you about Mita.
Here - I - First person
You – Second person
Mita – Third person
The various forms of the personal pronoun are given below – (PERSON CHART)

Name
of
Always use noun word after Possessive pronoun
Subjective
form
Objective
form
Possessive
form
Reflexive form
Vocative form
Person
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singula
r
Plural
FIRST
I
We
Me
Us
My
Our
My self
Mine
Ours
SECOND
You
You
You
You
Your
Your
Your
self
Him
self
Her self
Our
selves
Your
selves
Yours
Yours
He
Him
His
She
Her
Her
Gender
Mascul
ine
Femi
nine




Neu
ter
His

Hers

THIRD
They
It
Them
It
Their
Its
Them
selves
Theirs
It self
Its



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(2) Relative pronoun – Relative pronoun shows the relation between two thing,
person, or place. They are following Relative
pronoun
Usage
Example
Who
Use only for people as a
subjective form. If verb is
after blank, put only „who‟ .
It means always use verb
after „who‟
The person who talk much is a liar.
People who are honest are loved by all.
Pooja who lives in Jaipur, is a brilliant student.
I met the girl who topped the class.
Whom
Whose
Use only for people as a
objective form. If pronoun /
noun is after blank, put only
„whom‟. It means always
use pronoun after „whom‟
Use only for people. If noun
is after blank, put only
„whose‟. It means always
use noun after „whose‟
Which
Use only for animal or
things.
The boy whom you teach is very intelligent.
Ramesh whom the manager appointed is a clerk.
This is the man whose father is a famous.
Can you tell me the boy whose bag has been stolen?
I lost the pen which I bought yesterday.
The mangoes which are in the basket ate rotten.
The present which my uncle sent me is very valuable.
That
Place on „which‟. Use for
people, animal, or things.
Keep the things that you have got.
The dress that you gave me is very nice.
The wolf that was man-eater has been killed.
Unhappy is the man that is greedy.
The book which / that is on the table is mine.
Give me the pen which / that is there.
The book which / that I bought yesterday was
lost.
 EXERCISE –
Q.1
Fill in the blanks with appropriate personal pronouns-
(a) Marry and Cherry are happy. ……………… are playing at the moment.
(b) Mr. and Mrs. Thatcher are teachers. ……………… teach English.
(c) Daniel and you are bowlers. ……………… play for the school cricket team.
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(d) ………… am a student.
(e) Bob is a painter. ……………… has painted a mosque.
(f) This is Tom, and this is …………… father.
(g) Peter and …………… family do not live in Kolkata.
(h) Mum, have you seen ………… money box?
(i) Please tell ………… (he / him) that ………… (I / me) have bought something from
the market for him.
(j) I remember that …………… (they / them) bought a lot of fruits for ……… (we /
us ).
(k) Please don‟t tell …… (she / her) about …………… (I / me).
(l) I met Alice yesterday. ………… (she / her) invited …… (I / me) to her house.
(m) Jane has a cat. ……… (she / her) likes to play with ………… (it / its).
(n) My uncle works in a factory. ………… (he / him) says ………… (it / its) is a noisy
place.
Q.2
Fill in the blanks with appropriate relative pronouns(a) I know the man ………… stole your watch.
(b) I lost the pen …………… I bought yesterday.
(c) The answer …………… he gave is not correct.
(d) The man …………… you met is my friend.
(e) Give me the bat ……… is there.
(f) This is the village ……………… I was born.
(g) My father had left office ……… I reached home.
(h) This is the man ………… father is a famous.
(i)
He knew …………… Ram is done it.
(j)
I gave her all the money …………… I had.
(k) She was very happy ………… she found her lost purse.
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4. ADJECTIVE
Describing words of the noun / pronoun are called adjective. Describing words show
the size, colour, shape, taste, feel, age, appearance, material or number of a noun.
eg-
an honest boy,
a clever fox,
a wise woman,
an old man
a beautiful girl
Adjectives are usually used before nouns. But sometime they are also used after
them.
eg- She is a beautiful girl.
/
The girl is beautiful.
It is a sunny beach.
/
The beach is sunny.
It is a cold ice cream.
/
The ice cream is cold.
When two or more adjectives come before a noun, they are not usually
separated by „and‟.
eg-
a large, oval vase. (not a large and oval vase)
three green leaves.
However, when the last two are adjectives of colour, they are usually separated
by „and‟.
eg-
a black and white photo.
a blue and red sparrow.
There are two types of adjectives : adjectives of quantity and adjectives of
quality.
Adjectives of quantity tell us how much of a thing is being referred to.
Adjectives of quality tell us the kind or quality of a noun.
eg-
Last evening, I had some ice cream. It was frosty.
EXERCISE –
Q.1
Rewrite these sentences so that the adjective come after the noun-
(a) I have a beautiful dog.
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(b) I saw a tall tree.
(c)
It is a sharp pencil.
(d) It is a dense forest.
(e) I ate a tasty cake.
Q.2
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
Identify the adjectives in this passage-
Yesterday, my mother made a tasty cheese sandwich. It was really delicious! The
bread was toasty, and the cheese was gooey. She had spread some butter on the
bread too. Then she had put a thick slice of chicken on the spread. My father took a
little bite from my sandwich.
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5. ADVERB
Describing words of the verb is called adverb. They tell us how, where, and
when the action happen / took place. egTintin saved the cat bravely.
The tortoise walks slowly.
The man walks carelessly.
He spoke to me rudely.
He spoke to me angrily.
Kevin sews neatly.
I answered all the question easily.
KIND OF ADVERB Adverb of
Describe
Example
Manner
Adverb of manner describe the
manner in which an action takes
place
Carefully, loudly, neatly, beautifully,
bravely, luckily, quickly, quietly
Place
Adverb of place tells where an
action takes place.
Here, there, everywhere
Time
Adverb of time tells when an action
takes place.
Today, yesterday, tomorrow, previous
day, next day, last day
Frequency
Adverb of frequency tells how
often an action takes place.
Again, normally, generally, often,
occasionally, sometimes, usually,
never, ever, rarely, seldom, always,
Certainty
Adverb of certainty tells possibility
of an action takes place.
Maybe, perhaps, definitely, probably,
certainly, surely, undoubtedly
Adverb of Frequency - We use some adverb to describe how frequently we do an
activity. These are called adverb of frequency and include -
Frequency
Adverb of
Frequency
100%
always
I always go to bed before 11pm.
90%
usually
I usually have cereal for breakfast.
80%
normally / generally
I normally go to the gym.
70%
often* / frequently
I often surf the internet.
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Example Sentence
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50%
sometimes
I sometimes forget my wife's birthday.
30%
occasionally
I occasionally eat junk food.
10%
seldom
I seldom read the newspaper.
5%
hardly ever / rarely
I hardly ever drink alcohol.
0%
never
I never swim in the sea.
Change adjective into adverbs Many adjective take –ly after them to change into adverbs.
nice – nicely
quiet – quietly
quick – quickly
egbeautiful - beautifully
 If an adjective ends in the consonant –y , change the –y to –i and add –ly. egeasy – easily
 If an adjective ends in –le, replace the letter –e with the letter –y.
possible – possibly
eg-
 However, don‟t drop the letter –e for other adjective ending in –e. Instead, add –ly to
the adjective.
eg- extreme – extremely
supreme - supremely
Exception : - true - truly
 If an adjective ends in –ic, add –ally to the adjective.
eg- basic – basically,
fantastic – fantastically, abnormal – abnormally, terrific – terrifically
EXERCISE –
Q.1
Underline the verbs and circle the adverbs in these sentences(a) He shouted loudly.
(b) Meera ran quickly.
(c) Anne writes neatly.
(d) Lata is singing sweetly.
Q.2 Complete these sentences by using the correct adverbs from the help box
given below –
loudly, badly, softly, brightly, quickly, bravely, quietly, slowly
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(a) The soldiers fought ……………………………
(b) The monkey …………… climbed up the tree.
(c) The sun shines ……………………
(d) John whispered ………………………
(e) The teacher scolded you because you behaved ………………………
(f) The athlete ………………… ran towards the finish line to win the race.
(g) The kids shouted ………… as they played their games.
(h) The librarian asked the students to read their books ………………
(i) The turtle walked ……………………
Q.3 Change these adjective into adverbsfresh, bold, lucky, noisy, possible, horrible, fine, lazy, neat, brave
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6. VERB
Doing word is called verb. Verb tell us about the action that noun perform. A verb
have many forms such as V(s/es), V(1), V(2), V(3), V(ing). Different form of the verb is used
to show different tense or condition.
Eg- take , come, obey, say, look , cry etc.

KIND OF VERB –
Verbs are two types : (1) Helping Verb
(2) Main Verb
(1)
Helping verb are also two types :
Auxiliaries : - Auxiliaries verb change when the subject change. They are – Do, Does, Did,
Is, Are, Am, Was, Were, Has, Have, Had, Will, Shall.
Modals :- Modals verb don‟t change when the subject change. Always use V(1) after
modals. They are – Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Will, Shall, Would, Should, Ought to,
Dare to, Need to.
(2)
Main Verb : - The main verb generally names the action. Main
verb are also two types.
Transitive Verb : - When the object of the verb is present in the sentence, then the verb is
called transitive verb. eg- The soldiers fought with the enemy.
Intransitive Verb : - When the object of the verb is not present in the sentence, then the
verb is called intransitive verb. eg- The soldiers fought fiercely.
 VERB FORM S.no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Verb (V1)
Play
Cook
Bake
Try
Take
Give

Means
aaaa[ksyuk
idkuk
lsduk
dksf‟k‟k djuk
ysuk
nsuk
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Always write VERB form as the following-
V(s/es)
Plays
Cooks
Bakes
Trys
Takes
Gives
V2-form
Played
Cooked
Baked
Tried
Took
Gave
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V3-form
Played
Cooked
Baked
Tried
Taken
Given
Ving-form
Playing
Cooking
Baking
Trying
Taking
Giving
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
Rule for make verbs form-
Rule - 1
V(s/es) = by adding –s
If “-i-“ is present among
V(ing) = by adding –ing
the verb then
Eg-
begin, drink, swim, ring, spring, sink etc.
V(2) = remove –i and put –a
V(3) = remove -i and put -u
Rule - 2
Eg-
If “-ind” is at the last then
find, bind, wind, grind etc.
V(s/es) = by adding –s
V(ing) = by adding –ing
V(2) = V(3) = remove –i and
put
–ou
Rule – 3
If “-ee-” is among
and “-p” or “-l”
V(s/es) = by adding –s
is at the last then
Eg-
V(ing) = by adding –ing
sleep, weep, keep, sweep,
creep, feel, kneel etc.
Rule - 4
V(2) = V(3) = remove single – e and put –t at
the last
If “-ee-” is among
V(s/es) = by adding –s V(ing) = by
adding –ing
and “-d” is at the Last then
Eg-
Rule – 5
V(2) = V(3) = remove single – e
bleed, feed, breed etc.
If “-d” is at the
V(s/es) = by adding –s V(ing) = by adding –
ing
last then
Egetc.
send, build, spend, lend,
But „spread‟ is not change
Rule - 6
Eg-
If “-ow” or “-aw” is at the
V(2) = V(3) = remove – d and put -t
V(s/es) = by adding –s
last then
V(ing) = by adding –ing
know, throw, grow, flow, glow, blow,
V(2) = remove –o and put –e
draw etc.
V(3) = by adding -n
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Rule – 7
If “-consonant +y” is at
the last then
Eg- carry, cry, fly, try, dry, reply, apply,
supply, fry, study, Copy, marry, multiply, tally,
magnify etc.
Rule – 8
If “-vowel + y” is at the
last then
Eg- obey, play, display, pray, stay,
employ, clay, spray, Bay, jay, enjoy, stray etc.
V(s/es) = by adding –s
V(ing) = by adding –ing
V(2) = V(3) = remove –y and put –
ied
V(s/es) = by adding –s
V(ing) = by adding –ing
V(2) = V(3) = by adding –ed
Rule - 9
If “-e” is at the last then
V(s/es) = by adding –s
Eg- die, agree, abuse, arrive, advise, bathe,
V(ing) = remove –e and add –ing
revise Believe, close, care, change, compare,
trace, dare Hate, decorate, divide, injure,
V(2) = V(3) = by adding –d
invite, hospitalize, like, live, love, imagine,
move, remove, promise, bake, prepare,
receive, refuse, use, salute, save, solve, smile,
seize, twice, notice, Noise, enable, delete, advantage, adventure, induce, inspire,
provide, excite, estimate, evolve, involve, prove, traduce, issue etc.
Rule – 10 If
“-single vowel + single consonant”
is at the last then
Eg- beg, stop, quarrel, slip, travel, rob,
top etc.
V(s/es) = by adding –s
V(ing) = double to consonant and add –ing
V(2) = V(3) = double to consonant and add
–ed
Special Rule –
V(s/es) = (1) if at the last ”ss, s, ch, a, o, I,u ” then
Eg- act, plant, appear, ask, attack,
Answer, arrest, call, clean, Collect,
add –es
complain, order, cook, cross, fail,
(2) if at the last other letter then add-s
Defeat, enter, pass, finish, grant,
help, Join, kick, kill, need, open,
V(ing) = by adding –ing
present, press, pull, push, punish,
reach, request, return, turn, Rain,
V(2) = V(3) = by adding –ed
remember, search, show, allow,
borrow, start, succeed, talk, thank,
touch, visit, wait, want, wash, watch, work, climb, water, look, clear, form, crop, plough,
paint, claim etc.
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THERE ARE VERBS WHICH HAVE SECOND AND THIRD FORM SAME- eg- bring-brought, buybought, dig-dug, catch-caught, hear-heard, teach-taught, sell-sold, tell-told, say-said, seeksought, pay-paid, lay-laid, lie-lied, spend-spent, lift-left, leave-left, lie-lay-lain, learn-learnt, loselost, find-found, shoot-shot, make-made, sit-sat, stand-stood, have-had, fight-fought, think-
thought, burn-burnt etc.
THERE ARE VERBS WHICH HAVE FIRST,SECOND AND THIRD FORM SAME- eg- cut, put, shut,
read, set, hit, cost, cast
Some Special Verbs Form THERE ARE VERBS WHICH HAVE FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD FORM DIFFERENT- eg- see-sawseen, break-broke-broken, speak-spoke-spoken, steal-stole-stolen, drive-drove-driven, ride-roderidden, swear-swore-sworn, weave-wove-woven, give-gave-given, come-came-come, go-wentgone, run-ran-run, get-got-got(gotten), bite-bit-bitten, hide-hid-hidden, fall-fell-fallen, eat-ateeaten, beat-beat-beaten, do-did-done, fly-flew-flown, take-took-taken, choose-chose-chosen,
write-wrote-written, tear-tore-torn etc.
EXERCISE –
Q.1
Circle the helping verb and underline the main verb of the given sentences-
(a) They are walking.
(b) Radha is singing a song.
(c)
You can go.
(d) I must go to her.
Q.2 What are the difference between auxiliaries verb and modals verb?
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Q.3 Write the various form of the following verbsbake, take, cry, come, fry, listen, speak, write, cook, notice, answer, ask
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Q.4
Identify the transitive or intransitive verb form the given(a) Anne loves the ice cream.
……………………………
(b) The gate opened.
……………………………
(c) Mary found the ring.
……………………………
(d) He writes poetry.
……………………………
(e) The children play in the evening. ……………………………
(f) The lamb died.
……………………………
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7. SENTENCE
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete meaning, thought, or sense.
A sentence must contain a verb.
 A sentence starts with capital letter and ends with full stop (.), question mark (?), or
exclamation mark (!).
The elements of the sentence are subject, verb, object and functional mark.
eg- The sky is blue.
My name is Monica.
That‟s great!

The boy threw a stone.
The sun rises in the East.
The dog is scared.
What is your name?
Every sentence has two parts : Subject and Predicate.
 The subject is the part of the sentence that performs the action of the verb.
 The predicate is the part of the sentence that tells something about the subject.
 The subject can be noun or pronoun.
 The predicate usually contains an object.
eg-
Tim
He
I
bought a new bicycle last week.
kicked the ball.
He
saw two beautiful goldfish.
sat on the table.
NOTE : Subject is in circle and predicate shows by underline.

types.
KIND OF SENTENCE :Sentence type depending on what we say and how we say it, sentences are of four
1. Declarative (Statement or Simple) – A statement starts with subject and ends with a
full stop (.) eg- Mr Bean teaches us English.
 Statement are two type –
(a) Affirmative (Subject + HV + Verb + Object + .)
eg- He plays cricket.
They were friend.
The child is crying.
(b) Negative (Subject + HV + Not + Verb + Object + .)
eg- I don‟t play.
We are not going.
He is not playing.
2. Interrogative (Question) – An interrogative sentence asks a question and starts with
Wh-word + HV or HV and ends with question mark (?) egHow are you?
Did you play?
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3. Imperative – An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request and
starts with Don‟t + V(1) or V(1) or Please / Kindly + V(1) and ends with full stop (.)
egTake your hands off.
Close the door, please.
Don‟t make a noise.
4. Exclamatory – An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling and ends with
exclamation mark (!)
egWhat a ! beautiful girl.
Hurrah! we will win the match.
Help!
5. Optative – An optative sentence expresses a strong wish and ends with
exclamation mark (!)
egMay you live long!
Good morning, sir!
May God bless
you!

Exercise –
Q.1
Turn the negative sentence into an affirmative sentence and the affirmative
sentence into a negative one(a) I am not studying.
…………………………………………
(b) They played cricket.
……………………………………………
(c)
Ram prays.
……………………………………………
(d) You are good.
……………………………………………
(e) We go to temple.
…………………………………………
(f)
………………………………………………
It is not fair.
(g) They are quite.
……………………………………………
(h) We did not want it.
……………………………………………
(i)
……………………………………………
He does not love her.
Q.2
What are the elements of a sentence?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Q.3 Identify the subjects and the predicate (circle the subject and underline the
predicate)
(a) Four young soldiers led the troops into the battle.
(b) We ate the entire cake in less than five minutes.
(c)
Jim bought a new bicycle last week.
(d) I saw two beautiful goldfish fighting with each other into pond yesterday.
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(e) Manish and Rohit came to my house last evening.
(f)
Last week‟s, fire injured many people.
(g) Rahul paints the wall.
(h) The batsman played well.
(i)
The lion roared.
(j)
A troop of monkeys is coming.
Q.4
Identify the type of each of these sentences(a) Why do you believe that?
______________________
(b) I want to know why you believe that.
______________________
(c)
______________________
How scary you look!
(d) Oh, my shoe is on fire!
______________________
(e) Ask Neetu for the recipe.
______________________
(f)
______________________
Have you solved the puzzle?
(g) Anne, hand me your coat.
______________________
(h) There are five apples in the refrigerator.
______________________
(i)
We are on the wrong side of the road.
______________________
(j)
Send her a nice gift.
______________________
(k) Stay in your seat.
______________________
(l)
______________________
(m)
What a beautiful painting!
I didn‟t have time to finish my homework last night. __________________
(n) Why didn‟t you come to school today?
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8. PHRASES AND CLAUSES
PHRASESA group of words that does not make complete sense by itself is known
as phrases. eg- Bunch of roses, Some people of India, My mother, at home, a
good student, can sing, very weak etc.
KINDS OF PHRASES(1) NOUN PHRASE - The phrase that has a noun / pronoun as the main word is
called a noun phrase. egmy mother, the cat , a good student.
(2) VERB PHRASE – The phrase that has a verb or more than one verb as the
main word is known a verb phrase. egcan sing, will do, is going
(3) PREPOSITION PHRASE – The phrase that begins with a preposition is called a
preposition phrase. eg- at home, in the room, on the table.
(4) ADJECTIVE PHRASE – The phrase that has an adjective as the main word is
known an adjective phrase. egvery poor, too difficult, extremely good
etc.
(5) ADVERBIAL PHRASE – The phrase that has an adverb as the main word is
known as an adverbial phrase. eg- very quickly, quite well, quite happily
etc.
NOTE –
(a) The main word of the phrase is a word that is necessary to understand the
meaning of the phrase.
(b) A clause must have a verb in it.
(c) A phrase has not a verb leaving verb phrase.
CLAUSESA clause is a group of words forming part of a larger sentence and contains a
Subject and a Predicate of its own. eg- The sky looks blue in the morning.
KINDS OF CLAUSES –
(a) Main Clause OR Principal Clause OR Independent Clause –
“Main clause has a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought.
When a sentence contains two main clauses, the clauses are joined by a coordinating
conjunction. If a conjunction is missing, the two clauses can be joined with a semicolon.”
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1.
Hard work is the secret of success.
Subject
(one clause)
Predicate
Main Clause
2.
Wise men love virtue
Sub
Pred.
whereas
fools
Coord. Conj.
Sub
Main Clause
shun it.
(two clauses)
Pred.
Main Clause
(b) Subordinate Clause OR Dependent Clause –
“A subordinate clause has a subject and a predicate but doesn‟t express a
complete sense by itself. It depends on a main clause for its complete sense. It is
introduced with a relative pronoun (who/whose/whom/which/that) or a subordinate
conjunction (if/though/because) or a connective adverb (why/where/when/before/after)”
1.
God
Sub
bless us
Pred.
when
we
Subord. Conj. Sub
Main Clause
2.
If
you
worship him.
Pred.
Subordinate Clause
work hard
Subord. Conj. Sub
,
you
Pred.
Sub
will reach the goal.
Pred.
Subordinate Clause
Main Clause
IN THE SENTENCE (1)
Simple Sentence – (A sentence which have only one main clause, is called simple sentence)
I
don‟t know how to operate a computer.
Subject
Predicate
Main Clause
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(2)
Compound Sentence – (A sentence that have two main clauses joint with conjunction,
basically “and, or, but” is called compound sentence )
Man
Sub.
proposes
Pred.
and
God
disposes.
Conj.
Sub.
Pred.
Main Clause
(3)
Main Clause
Complex Sentence – (A sentence that have one main clause and one subordinate clause joint
with conjunction, basically “when, after, before”, is called complex sentence)
student
learns grammar
Sub.
Pred.
Main Clause
when
she
reads it.
Conj.
Sub.
Pred.
Subordinate Clause
EXERCISE –
Q.1
Identify the main clause and the subordinate clause in the following sentences(a) If you try, you will succeed.
(b) He is playing while she is studying.
(c) As soon as I reached school, the bell rang.
(d) The patient had died before the doctor came.
(e) I got up when the sun rose.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Q.2
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words given in the box –
As, since, as though, so that, so long
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
You may go home …………………… you have finished your work.
The old farmer nodded ………………… he understood every word.
I worked hard ……………… I might win the gold medal.
There will be no trouble …………………… as you keep your mouth shut.
She is as pretty ………………… a doll.
Q.3 Identify each of the following as phrases and clauses. Write P for phrases and C
for clauses.
(a) Shina talks very softly
…………………
(b) those beautiful sunflowers
…………………
(c) class VI students are learning about the clause
…………………
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(d) Suman dances very well
(e) paper packages
(f) these are a few of my favourite things
(g) tied up with strings
(h) Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall
…………………
…………………
…………………
…………………
…………………
In the following sentences, phrases are underlined. Write the type of each phrase.
(a) A captain
is considered
the leader
of a team.
(b) The painting in the Ajanta Caves are
very beautiful.
(c)
Namrata
can run
very fast.
(d) A rolling stone
gathers no moss.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Q.4
Q.5 Identify in the following sentences as simple, compound and complex sentence(a)
Ravi works very hard in order to perform well in the examination.
____________________________
(b)
You can leave after you finish writing.
____________________________
(c)
Babar is the founder of the Mugul Empire in India.
____________________________
(d)
Ali will call me when his flight lands.
____________________________
(e)
Kaushiki, who is my sister, is a great dancer.
____________________________
(f)
Ram is very excellent boy.
____________________________
(g)
This book is costly but it is very fantasting.
____________________________
(h)
God bless us when we worship him.
____________________________
(i)
Hard work is the key of success.
____________________________
(j)
Ram is a god boy and Sita is a good player.
____________________________
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9. TENSE
There usage is an important area of learning a language. The word TENSE stands for a
„verb‟. Verb used to express some „time relation‟. It shows two things – (1) Time of an
action (2) Its degree of completeness. There are mainly three tense – Present, Past, and
Future.
KIND OF TENSE : -
(1) PRESENT TENSE : (a) SIMPLE PERESNT TENSE - This tense is used to express habitual action, universal
truths, to make general statements, desire statement, and with certain adverb such
as – always, never, usually, generally, often, sometimes, on Sunday ……, in time
clauses as „when, whenever, as soon as, and also uses for express the conditional
sentence in the future time (open condition).
Helping verb
do, does
Pattern
Subject + V(s /es) + Object.
Rules :  V(1) _ form is used for plural subjects or I and You.
 V(s /es) - form is used for singular subjects.
 Do - is used for plural subjects or I and You.
 Does - is used for singular subjects.
 always use „do / does + V(1)
eg- I play. They play. He plays.
Ravi plays. Fish lives in water. Rain falls from
clouds.
Oil floats on water.
Two and two make four.
I always go for a walk
in the morning.
Cats drink milk. It is very hot day.
Whenever it rains, he
goes out for picnic.
I want a cup of tea.
I love my mother.
Your answer
seems correct.
He usually takes coffee. If you work hard, you will pass.
(b) PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE – This tense is used for action which progress
(continue) at time of speaking or writing and with certain adverb of time such as –
now, still, at this moment, these days, today etc. It also shows define arrangement
in near future.
Helping verb
is, are, am
Pattern
Subject + HV + V(ing) + Object.
Rules :  Is - is used for singular subjects.
 Are - is used for plural subjects.
 Am - is used for I.
eg- It is raining now.
Children are playing cricket. I am reading book.
All
guests are watching TV.
Some guests are coming tonight.
I am leaving this
place tomorrow morning.
I am seeing a bird.
I am hearing a song.
He is
writing.
(c) PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – This is used for action which took place (completed)
in the present up to time of (till) speaking or writing and with certain adverb such as
– just, already, yet, recently, etc.
Helping verb
has, have
Pattern
Subject + HV + V(3) + Object.
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Rules :  Has - is used for singular subjects.
 Have - is used for plural subjects or I and You.
eg- You have already meet her.
We have bought a TV.
haircut.
The police have arrested criminals.
I have seen you just your
(d) PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE – This tense is used for an action which
began in the past and is still continuing. In this tense, time phrase is added „since
and for‟.
Helping verb
has been, have been
Pattern
Subject + HV + V(ing) + Object + Since/for + Time.
Rules :  Since - is used for (to indicate) a point of time.
 For - is used for (to indicate) a period of time.
eg- I have been making sausage rolls for the party all the morning.
The radio has
been playing since 7am.
Her phone has been ringing for ten minutes.
She has
been learning computer for six months but she hasn‟t leant much yet.
(2) PAST TENSE : (a)SIMPLE PAST TENSE – This tense used for action which took place in past at the
time of speaking or writing and with certain adverb of past tense such as –
yesterday, last day……, ago, once, one day, previous day……, that day etc. This
tense also uses „used to + V(1)‟ for express past habit and also uses to express the
imaginary condition.
Helping verb
did
Pattern
Subject + V(2) + Object.
Rules :  always use „did + V(1)‟
eg- The water in the pond froze last night. India got freedom in 1947.
I left home at
8am and got back at 12noon yesterday.
They got back very late last night.
He used to go to Landon.
If you asked me, I would help you.
(b) PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE – This tense used for past action which continued for
some time in the past. This tense doesn‟t tell us when the action began or ended in
the past.
Past continuous is often found in compound sentence with another action in
simple past tense. In this way past simple tense is used for complete action and
past continuous for action still in progress in the past. It also has adverb clauses
beginning with „when, while, and as‟.
Helping verb
was, were
Pattern
Subject + HV + V(ing) + Object, (+ adverb clauses)
Rules :  Was - is used for singular subjects and I.
 Were - is used for plural subjects and You.
eg- When I arrived home, Rekha was talking on the phone.
While the guests were
dancing, thieves broke a window in the house.
When I first met him, he was painting a
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picture.
As we were coming here, a police man stopped us,
While he was learning
to drive, he had twenty five accidents.
While he was making speech, the
minister suddenly fell faint.
(c) PAST PERFECT TENSE - This tense used for action which had completed in the
past time. Past perfect tense is often found in compound sentence with another
action in simple past tense. In such cases earlier (first) action is expressed in the
past perfect tense and later (second) action is expressed in simple past tense.
„Before, after, and when‟ are often used as connectives. This tense uses also to
express the impossible condition.
Helping verb
had
Pattern
Subject + HV + V(3) + Object, (+ adverb clauses)
eg- The robbers had run away before the police came.
The fire brigade arrived
after the villagers had put out the fire.
The teacher had marked attendance before I
entered the class.
On reaching the examination center, Gopal found that he had
forgotten to bring his admission card.
The students had solved all the sums
before the bell rang.
We had already taken breakfast when you got up.
The
crops had dried before the rain came.
If you had run fast, you would have caught the
train.
(d) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE – This tense is used for action which began
in the past and was still continuing in the past. In this tense time phrase is added
„since or for‟.
Helping verb
had been
Pattern
Subject + HV + V(ing) + Object + Since / for + Time.
eg- He had been playing cricket in national ground for two hours.
The children
had been weeping / reading in the class room since 9 am.
We had been
discussing about it for two hours.
Her telephone had been ringing for ten minutes.
(3) FUTURE TENSE : (a)SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE – This tense is used for action which will complete in
future. In English language, there are two principal ways of expressing the simple
future –
 By using the auxiliaries „shall and will‟
 By using the „be (is, are, am) + going to‟
It is also used certain adverbs such as – tomorrow, next day…… etc.
Helping verb
will, shall
Pattern
Subject + HV + V(1) + Object.
Rules :  Shall - is used for only I and We.
 Will - is used for other person.
 In fact, „will and shall‟ replace by „is, are, am + going to‟
eg- I shall see you tomorrow.
We shall invite them to dinner. I shall be fifty on my
next birthday.
It will rain tonight. Kavita is going to buy a new car next month.
The plane is going to land in half an hour.
I shall tell you a secret.
The police will be very strict with bad drivers in future.
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(b) FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE – This tense is used for action which will be going
on at some time in the future.
Helping verb
will be, shall be
Pattern
Subject + HV + V(ing) + Object.
eg- I shall be traveling at this time tomorrow.
After dinner at 8 pm, we shall be
watching „National Reporter‟ on star news channel.
They will be assembling at the
club this evening.
(c)
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE – In this tense the action is sure to be completed in the
time mentioned. In this tense „By‟ is used with time.
Helping verb
will have, shall have
Pattern
Subject + HV + V(3) + Object + By + Time.
eg- I shall have completed my course by December 2018.
My mother will have washed
all the clothes by now.
My mother will have saved a lot of money by next year.
We shall have finished this work by Sunday evening.
They will have reached Delhi by
10 pm
(d) FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TESE – This tense is used for an action which
began in the past and will be still continuing.
Helping verb
will have been, shall have been
Pattern
Subject + HV + V(ing) + Object + Since / for + Time.
eg- He will have been waiting for me since 2 pm.
They will have been playing
cricket in National ground for 9 am.
TENSE CHART : S.No
1.
Name of Tense
Simple Present
2.
Present Cont.
3.
Present Perfect
4.
Present Per.
Cont.
5.
Simple Past
Keywords
always, never, usually,
generally,often,
normally, sometimes, on
Sunday …
now, still, at this
moment, these days,
today
just, already, yet,
recently,
By + present time
Since, for, all + time
(or second clause must
be in present tense)
yesterday, last day..,
ago, once, one day,
previous day…, that day
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Helping Verb
Do, does
Pattern of Sentence
S + V(s /es) + O
Is, are, am
S + HV + V(ing) + O
Has, have
S + HV + V(3) + O
Has been,
have been
S + HV + V(ing) + O +
since / for + Time
Did
S + V(2) + O
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6.
when, while, as
Past Cont.
7.
Past Perfect
Was, were
S + HV + V(ing) + O
Had
S + HV + V(3) + 0
Had been
S + HV + V(ing) + O +
since / for + Time
Will, shall
Or
(is, am, are) +
going to
Will be,
shall be
Will have,
shall have
Will have
been, shall
have been
S + HV + V(1) + 0
V(2) Or Did + V(1)
Was/ were + V(ing)
Before, after, when,
by + past time
V(2) Or Did + V(1)
Had + V(3)
Since, for + time
(or second clause must
be in past tense)
Tomorrow, next day……
8.
Past Per. Cont.
9.
Simple Future
10
Future Cont.
11.
Future Perfect
Tomorrow at this
moment
By + future time
12
Future Per.
Cont.
Since, for + time
(or + on/by + time)
S + HV + V(ing) + O
S + HV + V(3) O
S + HV + V(ing) + O +
since / for + Time
EXERCISE : Q.1
Fill in the brackets with correct form of the verb-
(a) My mother ……… food before I reached home. (cook)
(b) Patient had died before doctor ………… (reach)
(c) She had gone to school after Pareek ………… tea. (take)
(d) Mohan ………… his work before I come. (do)
(e) Mira …………… clothes after Gopal had gone to the office. (wash)
(f)
Normally it ……… in July in India. (rain)
(g) Ram usually …………… me on Sundays. (visit)
(h) He …………… to the radio at this moment. (listen)
(i)
They …………… a book now. (read)
(j)
Ravi ……………… just ……… to school. (go)
(k) They ………………… already ……………… their homework. (finish)
(l)
(m)
I …………… just ……………… dinner. (take)
He ……………… recently …………… from America. (return)
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(n) They ……………… not ……………… their work yet. (finish)
(o) Anurag ………………… to Jaipur last week. (go)
(p) I …………… a letter yesterday. (write)
(q) Geeta ………………… to Agra tomorrow. (go)
(r)
Next week we ……………… for America. (leave)
(s)
When she met me, I …………… tea. (take)
(t) She ………………… always when she was a child. (complain)
(u) When I entered the class, the teacher ……………… students. (teach)
(v) She …………… in her room when the thief entered the room. (sleep)
(w)
When I reached school, the bell …………… (ring)
(x) Vimla …………………… for two hours. (sleep)
(y) Sita ……………… food since morning. (cook)
(z) She …………… rice for one hour and now she is reading. (cook)
(aa)
My father …… in Bikaner since 1998 but he has not left the house yet.(live)
(bb)
He ……… for the train for two hours when it came. (wait)
(cc)
It …… all night and the roads were flooded. (rain)
(dd)
The girls …… in this theatre for four years by the end of next month.(work)
(ee)
Raju …… English for eight years on 10 March, 2010. (teach)
(ff) They ……… for three hours by 7 o‟clock this evening. (play)
(gg)
By the end of this year he ……… English for two years. (study)
(hh)
Babita …………… tea by 8 am. (take)
(ii) She …………… Jaipur by this time. (reach)
(jj) She …………… from England by 2018. (return)
(kk)
The guests ……………… here by tomorrow. (reach)
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10. SUBJECT – VERB – CONCORD (AGREEMENT)
In English language, a rule for write correct sentence according to grammar in
which subject has correct relation with verb is called subject-verb-concord.

HERE SOME BASIC TIPS-
Rule – 1
If subject is singular – verb is singular
And subject is plural – verb is plural
Anu plays,
A girl is singing,
They are reading,
If two or more subject joint with „and‟ – verb is plural
Rule - 2
You and I are classmates,
Rule - 3
Cow has four legs
Two and two make four
If two or more subject joint with „or‟ – verb is according to subject
that is after „or‟
Either you or he has stolen the water.
Neither the chairman nor the directors are present.
He or I am a doctor.
Rule - 4
They or you are going to Agra.
If two or more nouns joint with „and‟ and give only single
message – verb is singular
The leader and speaker is sitting on the stage.
The poet and philosopher is dead.
Fish and meat is the food of the Bengalis.
Milk and bananas is my favourite food.
Rule - 5
Slow and steady wins the race.
The horse and carriage has come.
If above every nouns have article (a, an, the) – verb is plural
The manager and the principal have come.
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Rule - 6
If subjects joint with „each, every, either, neither, everyone, one of,
none of, anyone of, each of, the number of , a pair of, a chain of, a
species of , a team of, a land of, a herd of, a crowed of , a flock of, a
variety of , an army of, a bunch of, a set of, a couple of, a gang of etc
„ - verb is singular
Each of them is good natured.
Neither of these roads leads to hospital.
Either of the brothers is at fault.
Rule - 7
None of them is a teacher.
a lot of, a great deal of , a plenty of , some of , most of
if above show quantity --- singular verb
if above show number --- plural verb
Note:- a number of --- plural verb
A lot of work was
finished till evening.
A lot of candidates have applied for this job.
A number of girls were dancing.
Rule - 8
„The + adjective‟ make a noun - plural verb
The young are strong.
The honest never tell a lie.
The rich are not always happy.
Rule - 9
committee, gentry, poultry, cattle, people , police, crew, army, ----
The cattle are grazing in the field.
plural verb
People are waiting for you.
Rule - 10
if the sentence starts with „there‟ , verb use according to subject that is after „there‟
There are five books on the table.
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There is no pen on the table.
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Rule - 11
If subject of the verb is relative pronoun (who, which, that,) then
use the verb according to number of antecedent person.
It is he who is to blame.
The books which are on the table is mine.
NOTE :- But in case of „whom‟ the verb is used according to after person.
The boy whom you have sent a present is my friend.
Rule – 12
If the plural nouns show a special number or quantity ---Use singular verb
Sixty miles is not a long distance.
Fifty thousand rupees is a large sum.
Rule – 13
Nine hundred rupees is not much for this cow.
Some nouns visual as plural but their means
singular ---- Use singular verb
(Physics, Maths, Economics, wages, news, means, assets, alms, innings, mammals,
politics, billiards, etc)
This news is false.
Politics is a game of liars.
Maths is my favourite subject.
EXERCISE –
Q
Fill the correct form of the verb according its subject (a) Two and two ………………… (make / makes) four.
(b) This news ………………… (is / are) true.
(c) There …………… (is / are) seven fruits in box.
(d) A number of boys ……………… (were / was) dancing.
(e) Slow and steady ………………… (win / wins) the race.
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11. ARTICLES
There are mainly three articles. They are – A , An ,The
USE OF „A‟ : -
„A‟ is used before the words which have starting sound of
consonants. eg - A gentleman is talking to our headmaster.
A cat can
kill a rat.
A cow gives milk.
He is a good teacher.
She is a doctor.
Other example – a man, a boy, a girl, a university, a useful book, a European,
a one rupee coin, a B.A. degree, a B.Sc. degree
USE OF „An‟ : - „An‟ is used before the words that have starting sound of
vowels.
eg- An elephant has a trunk.
Her father is an engineer.
Other example – an apple, an egg, an hour, an honest man, an inkpot, an MLA,
an umbrella, an old man, an MP, an NCC officer, an M.A. degree, etc.
USE OF „The‟ : -
„The‟ is used before –
 Before the name, noun, or thing that is only single (one) in the world.
 Before the repeated noun in the sentence or paragraph.
 Before the superlative degree‟s word.
 Before the special event, moment, battle, revolutions.
eg- the sky, the Earth, the weather,
the Ganga, the Himalayas,
the Indian
ocean,
the Ramayana,
the Bible, the Times of India, the Indian Express,
the Tajmahal,
the Red fort,
the Rajadhani Express, the Hindus, the
Muslims,
the Sikhs, the French Revolution, the battle of Panipat,
the
Green Revolution, etc.
Other example - His car struck a tree. You can still see the mark on the tree.

EXERCISE : Q. 1 Use correct article (a, an, the) in the blanks –
(a) There is …………… University of Rajasthan.
(b) He is ………… honest boy.
(c) Rajan has lost his …………… one rupee coin.
(d) ………… Ganga is a holy river.
(e) Ram is …………… wisest boy in the class.
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12. DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Degree of comparison makes from adjective words. Degree of adjective is three type(1)
Positive
(2) Comparative
(3) Superlative
POSITVE DEGREE - This degree show general degree of noun. It use in the sentence two
type – egRita is tall.
Sushmita is as tall as Smita.
COMPARATIVE - In this degree be comparison between two nouns. egRicha is wiser than Anuradha.
SUPERLATIVE - In this degree, be comparison among more than two nouns. egDivya is the shortest girl in her class.
FORMATION OF COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE DEGREES OF
COMPARISON :  Most adjectives take –er to make the comparative form and –est to make the
superlative form. egsweet – sweeter – sweetest,
 If an adjective ends in –e, then add –r to make the comparative form and –st to make
the superlative form.
egbrave – braver – bravest
 If an adjective end in –y, then change –y into –i and add –er to make the comparative
form and –est to make the superlative form.eghappy – happier – happiest
 Some adjectives ending in a consonant, double their last letter and take –er to make
the comparative form and –est to make the superlative form. egbig – bigger - biggest
 Some adjectives also take more to make the comparative form and most to make
the superlative form.
egbeautiful – more beautiful – most beautiful
 Some adjective‟s form are different. egbad – worse – worst
good – better - best
INTERCHANGE
IN DEGREES : - (FORMULAS)
TYPE – 1
P.D.
C.D.
Note eg -
Noun (1) + V + not + as / so + PDA + as + Noun (2)
Noun (2) + V + not + CDA + than / to + Noun (1)
Don‟t make superlative degree from this form.
And in P.D., if „not‟ is present than in C.D. don‟t use „not‟ and its opposite one.
C.D.
Iron is more useful than Gold.
P.D.
Gold is not as useful as Iron.
TYPE -2
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P.D.
C.D.
S.D.
eg-
P.D.
C.D.
S.D.
No other / very few + Noun (1) + V + as /so + PDA + as + Noun (2)
Noun (2) + V + CDA + than /to + any other / most other + Noun (1)
Noun (2) + V + one of the / the + SDA + Noun (1)
No other island in the world is as large as Australia.
Australia is larger than any other island in the world.
Australia is the largest island in the world.
EXERCISE :-
Q.1
Change the following sentence into comparative and superlative degree(a) No other state of India is as big as Rajasthan.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Very few players are as good as Sachin.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(c) No other poet of India is as great as Kalidas.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(d) Very few Indian leader were as great as Gandhi.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(e) No other peak in the world is as high as Everest.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(f) Very few men are as learned as Dr A.P.J. Abdul Klam.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(g) No other son of Kunti was as strong as Bhīma.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Q.2 Format the following words into comparative and superlative formWise, great, rich, tall, pretty, small, scary, hot, lazy, fine, delicious, frosty, cold, good
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________
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13. NUMBERS (SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUN)
When a noun talks about one person, place or thing, then it is said to be
singular. egbook, temple, he, monkey, apple etc.
When a noun talks about more than one person, place or thing, then it is said to
be plural.
egbooks, temples, they, monkeys, apples etc.
FORMATION
OF THE SINGULAR NOUNS INTO PLURAL NOUNS :-
 For most nouns, the plural is formed by adding –s to the singular.
toy – toys,
bag – bags,
girl – girls,
boy – boys,
egdoll – dolls
 Nouns ending in –s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x form their plural by adding –es to the singular
noun. egass – asses,
dish – dishes,
church –churches, box –boxes,
class – classes
brush – brushes,
watch – watches, fox – foxes
 Noun ending in –o form their plural by adding –es to the singular noun.
egmosquito – mosquitoes,
hero – heroes,
mango – mangoes,
buffalo –
buffaloes
 Nouns ending in –y, with a consonant before it , form their plural by changing –y into
–i and adding –es. egcity – cities,
story – stories,
baby – babies,
lady – ladies
 Nouns ending in –f or –fe form their plural by changing –f or –fe into –ves. egwolf – wolves,
knife – knives,
calf – calves,
wife – wives,
leaf –
leaves, elf – elves,
thief – thieves,
loaf – loaves.
 Some nouns form their plural by changing the vowels within the nouns.
egman – men,
woman – women, foot – feet, tooth – teeth,
goose – geese
 Some nouns form their plural differently. eg- ox – oxen,
child – children,
mouse – mice,
louse – lice, person – people
 Some nouns have similar spellings for both their singular and plural forms. egsheep – sheep,
deer – deer,
aircraft – aircraft

EXERCISE : Q. 1 Change these singular nouns into plural nouns –
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tree, potato,
photo,
pony, elf, dwarf,
handkerchief,
mouse, deer,
ox,
child, foot, fish, person,
aircraft, rope,
hunter, tong,
scissor,
glass,
trouser,
secretary, fox, goose,
man
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
Q.2 Separate the following nouns as singular and plural Bees, men, children, leaves, mango, bags, sheep, lice, person,
geese, cars, ass, brushes, calf, people, fish, dolls, foot, knife,
heroes, elves
Singular
___________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Plural
___________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
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14. DETERMINERS
Determiners are words which signal to us that noun is Uncountable (U), Singular
countable (SC), Plural countable (PC). They are few, a few, the few, little, a little, the little,
some, any, much, many etc.
 Few and Little group –
„Few‟ group
1. few, a few, the few
2. use before countable plural noun.
3. use for only numbers.
4. use for plural nouns.
„Little‟ group
1. little, a little, the little
2. use before uncountable singular
noun.
3. use for only quantity.
4. use for singular nouns.
 Few or little – is used to show hardly any and it shows negative.
egFew boys would help you.
Few friends can help me.
I have little
money.
There is little chance of his success.
He takes little interest in his work.
Few books are left here.
There is little water in the pitcher.
 A few or a little – is used to show some but not nil or zero, not many or much but still
some. egI am in need of a few friends.
Would you like a little tea.
Go and bring a little
milk.
A little knowledge is dangerous thing.
I want a few books.
He takes a little interest in other things. A few students came to my class.
 The few or the little – is used to show some but all.
egThe few books he had were very thrilling.
The little money she had was spent.
Don‟t spoil the little milk you have.I gave the beggar the little money I had.
The few words he spoke were full of wisdom.
The little money she had was stolen.
The few friends he has are honest and sincere.
The few books, I had I have given to my brother.
Some and Any : -
Some
1. use in affirmative sentence.
2. to show request, command,
invitation.
3. use for countable and
uncountable nouns (numbers
or quantity).
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Any
1. use in negative and interrogative
sentence.
2. use for select one from a group.
3. use for countable and uncountable nouns.
4. here some negative words :hardly, scarcely, never, rarely, seldom,
forbid, prohibit, impossible.
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eg- There is some milk in the pot.
Some children are making a noise in the class.
There is some oil on the road.
Will you please give me some money?
There is not any milk in the bottle.
Are there any mangoes in the basket?
Have you any pen?
Take any pen you like. There is hardly any water in the tank.
Much and Many : -
Much
1. Used to show large quantity of.
2. use before uncountable singular
nouns.
Many
1. used to show large number of .
2. use before countable plural
nouns.
eg – There is much water in the tank. There are many books in the library.
EXERCISE : -
Q.1 Fill in the blanks with correct word from the box –
few, little, a few, a little, the few, the little, some, any, many, much
(a) There were ………… people at the meeting.
(b) He is a man of …………… words.
(c) I have ……………… time for playing.
(d) We cann‟t do anything with this ………… money.
(e) Only ……………… boys passed in English.
(f)
He died only ………… days ago.
(g) …………… knowledge is a dangerous thing.
(h) There is ……………… milk in the pot.
(i)
…………… oranges which were lying in the basket were rotten.
(j)
…………… milk which was in the pot was drunk by the cat.
(k) …………… boys are playing there.
(l)
(m)
Please give me …………………… more milk.
I don‟t think there is ………… doctor in the village.
(n) Have you got ………… money.
(o) There are ……………… books for sale.
(p) He has ………………… water to supply in the colony.
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15. FRAME AND TAG QUESTIONS
TAG QUESTIONS :- Tag questions are question attached to the end of a statement. A
positive statement takes a negative tag and a negative statement takes a positive tag.
 Pattern of the tag question Positive tag
Negative tag
HV + Subjective pronoun + ?
(HV)n‟t + Subjective pronoun + ?
 An imperative sentence usually takes „will you? or won‟t you? or can you? or can‟t
you?‟
 Everybody, everyone, someone, somebody are treated as plurals and remove by
„they‟ in tag question.
 here some negative words :- little, few, hardly, scarcely, never, rarely, seldom,
forbid, prohibit, impossible. These words make negative to the sentence.
 (HV)n‟t form write as –
HV + not
Do + not
Did + not
Am + not
Was + not
Has + not
Had + not
Shall + not
Could + not
Would + not
May + not
Short form
Don‟t
Didn‟t
Aren‟t
Wasn‟t
Hasn‟t
Hadn‟t
Shan‟t
Couldn‟t
Wouldn‟t
Mayn‟t
HV + not
Does + not
Is + not
Are + not
Were + not
Have + not
Will + not
Can + not
Must + not
Should + not
Might + not
eg - You don‟t work hard, do you?
She likes music, doesn‟t she?
Let‟s try to forget it, shall we?
None of us liked to stay there, did we?
Short form
Doesn‟t
Isn‟t
Aren‟t
Weren‟t
Haven‟t
Won‟t
Can‟t
Mustn‟t
Shouldn‟t
Mightn‟t
Few people knew the answer, did they?
Everybody likes money, don‟t they?
Come and have a cup of tea, will you?
Please keep quiet, should you?
FRAME QUESTIONS :- Question can be framed mainly by two ways –
(1)
By using „HV‟
(2) By using „Wh–word‟
often, pattern of the question is –
Wh-word + HV + Subject + V + Object + ?
1st pattern
complete show 2nd pattern
NOTE – In question first person change into second person
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 By using HV :- „Yes or No‟ are removed in question. After using question
pattern, make a question.
eg –
Ans – Yes, I have visited Agra.
Q – Have you visited Agra?
Ans – No, I will never do it again.
Q – Will you do it again?
Ans – Yes, I am going to give away the prizes.
Q – Are you going to give away prizes?
 By using Wh-word :- Firstly we have to need to understand the usages of
„Wh-word‟. So „Wh-word‟ table is given to understandWh-word
Usage / Remove from the answer
Who
To show the person that is subject in the sentence. WHO is only used
when referring to people. (= I want to know the person)
To show the person that is object in the sentence.
To show the relation between the person. „whose‟ always puts before the
noun.
For animal, things. WHICH is used when a choice needs to be made. (= I
want to know the thing between alternatives)
Whom
Whose
Which
Where
To show place / name of the place. WHERE is used when referring to a
place or location. (= I want to know the place)
To show time, WHEN is used to refer to a time or an occasion. (= I want
to know the time)
When
Why
To show reason of the action. WHY is used to obtain an explanation or a
reason. (= I want to know the reason)
How
To show method of the work or action. HOW is used to describe the
manner that something is done. (= I want to know the way)
How much
To show the quantity of. How much – refers to a quantity or a price
(uncountable nouns)
How many
To show the number of. How many – refers to a quantity (countable
nouns)
How long
How far
To show the length of
To show the distance of. How far – refers to distance
How often
How often – refers to frequency
What
eg -
To use general asking. WHAT is used to refer to specific information. (= I
want to know the thing)
(a) Q :
What have you taken in your breakfast?
Ans : I have taken two slices of bread with butter in my breakfast.
(b) Q :
Whose smile did you be fond?
Ans : I was fond of her smile.
(c)
(d) Q :
Q : Who caused many problem to his neighbor?
Ans : Dinesh caused many problem to his neighbor.
Whom did you like very much?
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(e) Q :
Ans : I liked my daughter very much.
How does she talks?
Ans : She talks in elegant manner.
EXERCISE : -
Q.1
Frame the question of the following answers(a) Ans : We eat to live.
Q : Why ………………………………… ?
(b) Ans : I am cooking rice for you.
Q : What ………………………………… ?
(c) Ans : No, we didn‟t know her name.
Q : ………………………………………… ?
(d) Ans : I am going to Udaipur for five days. Q : How many ………………………… ?
(e) Ans : We are going to library.
Q : Where ………………………………… ?
(f)
Q : When ………………………………… ?
Ans : I get up early in the morning .
(g) Ans : They are sitting under a tree.
Q : Where ………………………………… ?
(h) Ans : He broke the window and entered the room.
Q : How ………………………………… ?
(i)
Ans : I like a banana most.
Q : Which fruit ………………………… ?
(j)
Ans : I want fifty rupees.
Q : How much money ……………… ?
(k) Ans : Agra is fifty five kilometer from Bharatpur.
Q : How far …………………………… ?
(l)
Ans : They came by bus.
(m)
Ans : They are all visitors.
(n) Ans : Those are Ram‟s book.
Q : How ………………………………… ?
Q : Who ………………………………… ?
Q : Whose ………………………………… ?
(o) Ans : Sunita reads „Rajasthan Patrika daily.
Q.2
Q : What / which paper ………… ?
Tag the question of the given statements-
(a) Bacteria live all around us, ……………………………… ?
(b) I am going to Jaipur, ……………………………… ?
(c) You will come, ……………………………………… ?
(d) I don‟t play cricket in the morning, …………………………… ?
(e) Pass me the book, ………………………… ?
(f)
Sit down, ……………………… ?
(g) Stand up, ……………………… ?
(h) She never sees pictures, ………………………………… ?
(i)
We hardly believe ghost stories, ……………… ?
(j)
A little progress has been made, ……………………… ?
(k) Someone removed the picture, ………………………… ?
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16. A SHORT RESPONSE
A short response is only for questions that begin with HV. It is a short answer of the
question.

KIND OF SHORT RESPONSE : –
 POSITIVE SHORT RESPONSE – In this way, an answer is given in positive. The
pattern of the positive response is “Yes, + Subject + HV”
 NEGATIVE SHORT RESPONSE – In this way, an answer is given in negative. The
pattern of the negative response is “No, + Subject + (HV)n‟t”
eg –
1. Do you like music?
Positive Response – Yes, I do.
Negative Response – No, I don‟t.
2. Are prices coming down?
Positive Response – Yes, it is.
Negative Response – No, it isn‟t.
3. Is that right?
Positive Response – Yes, that is.
Negative Response – No, that isn‟t.
EXERCISE : -
Q. 1 Give the positive and negative short response for the following questions(a) Will you attend the marriage ceremony? _____________________________________
(b) Should I consult this doctor?
_____________________________________
(c) Are you going to Japan?
_____________________________________
(d) Did you unlock the almirah?
_____________________________________
(e) Does she go to temple daily?
_____________________________________
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17. PASSIVE-VOICE

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Rule for change into passive form –
STATEMENTS-NEGATIVES-QUESTIONS
If in the sentence, following
given
HV + MV is
Object  subject
Suitable form of ‘BE’
Put V(3) form
Use ‘by’ (to or at)
Subject  object
Then use right form of BE
V(1), V(s/es), Do/Does+ V(1)
is/are/am
V(2), Did + V(1)
was/were
Is/are/am/was/were + V(ing)
same + being
Has/have/had + V(3)
same + been
Will / shall / can / could / may / Might / must /
should / would / Had to / dare to / ought to /
Need to / used to / (is/are/am +going to) + V(1)
same + be
ALWAYS









Use V(1) after „to‟
Use HV before subject in question sentence
Write always „not to‟ form
„Who‟ convert into „by whom‟ in passive form
Don‟t write „everyone, somebody, anybody etc. in passive form as a subject.
Use „HV + not‟ in negative.
Use HV according to the subject.
Some negative words are – nobody, seldom, never, little, few, forbid, too-to,
neither-nor etc.
EXERCISE –
(1) This book contains 120 pages.
_________________________________________
(2) Trees give us shade in summer.
_________________________________________
(3) Trees provide wood as fuel.
_________________________________________
(4) We don‟t allow smoking in the office. ________________________________________
(5) Nobody can solve your problem. _________________________________________
(6) The bank is going to open a new branch in Jaipur.
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_________________________________________________________________________________
(7) Who taught you English?
_________________________________________
(8) Have you posted my letter?
_________________________________________
(9) When did you receive the letter? _________________________________________
(10)
Can anybody ask any question about match?
_________________________________________________________________________________

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE –
(V1 + Object
OR
Don‟t + V1 + Object
OR
Please/kindly + V1 + Object)
(a) You are asked/requested to
(b) Put sentence as to as
NOTE – Requested = Please/kindly,
Not to = don‟t (After remove)
OR
Let + Object + Should /+Be + V(3)
Eg- Open the door
fire
Please give me your pen
Don‟t waste your time or money
Should = please/kindly after remove
please sit down
please allow me to go
don‟t speak lie
never speak a lie
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

EXERCISE –
Complete the following sentences using the correct passive form of the verbs given in the
brackets.
1. When we went to visit the factory, we ______________ (provide) with a map
showing us where each building was. We ______________ (take) round the factory
by guide.
2. This book _______________ (give) to me by my friend. He said that it ____________
(find) on the table in my room.
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3. I told my teacher that a story book ________________ (read) by me at that moment.
This book _____________________ (give) to me my father.
4. I am sad because my watch ___________________ (lose) last night. I think it
___________________ (steal) when I was not at home.
5. Yesterday I bought a bat from your shop. But the bat you gave me
__________________ (find) broken. Now it ____________________ (replace) or I shall
go to the consumer forum.
6. Today tea ____________ (export) by India every year to many countries. Tests and
experiments _______________ (conduct) to produce the best quality of tea.
7. When I went to the fields I ____________ (surprise) to see that every inch of the
five acres of land _______________ (dig) up.
8. The seeds ________________ (grow) in small beds. When they are 6 to 8 inches
tall, they _______________ (transplant). In two years‟ time, they are ready to be
plucked.
9. Onam ____________ (celebrate) in the memory of Mahabali, a great king, who
ruled the earth long ago. His kingdom was in a happy state. Theft, robbery,
murder or any other crime _______________ (not know).
10.
This year my birthday ________________ (celebrate) on July 1st with my grand
parents. We went to their house in Jaipur. I ____________ (give) a beautiful watch
by my grandfather.
11.
He stole his neighbor‟s gold so he _____________ (arrest).
12.
I know that he ______________ (send) to Canada for higher education next
year.
HELP
ZONE –
is exported, were provided, should be replaced, was given, was arrested,
was found, will be sent, was stolen, were taken, was not known, was lost,
was being read, had been dug, is celebrated, are grown, was given, are
transplanted, was celebrated, was found
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18. DIRECT-INDIRECT

HERE SOME BASIC RULES FOR CHANGE A SENTENCE INTO INDIRECT SENTENCE
–
According to
1. RULE FOR CHANGE OF PERSON First person change according to subject
 Second person change according to object
 Third person no change
(1 2 3)
∞
(S O N)
Right person will be on
2. RULE FOR CHANGE OF VERB (TENSE) –
V(1/s,es) ∞ V(2)
Do/does + V(1) ∞ V(2)
Is / are /am ∞ Was /were
Has / have ∞ had
V(2) or Did + V(1) ∞ Had + V(3)
Will /shall ∞ Would
Was / were + V(ing) ∞ Had been +V(ing)
Can ∞ Could
May ∞ Might
 Other verbs no change
 If reporting verb is in present/future tense or Reported part has universal
truth, then no change in verb of the reported part.
3. RULE FOR CHANGE OF TIME and DISTANCEThis ∞ That
These ∞ Those
Today … ∞ That day…
Before
Thus ∞ So
day…
Here ∞ There
Now / Just ∞ Then
Ago ∞
Tomorrow/ Next day… ∞ The following
Yesterday / Last day… ∞ The previous day…
HERE SOME BASIC CONCEPT-
My father said to me, “ I have bought a new car for
you.”
Reporting part
(Reporting-Verb)
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Reported part
(Reported-Verb)
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
HERE SOME RULES FOR DIFFERENT SENTENCE –
 FOR SIMPLE SENTENCE Say (s/v2)
∞
Say (s/v2)
 Say (s/v2) to ∞
Tell (s/v2)
 Commas
That
∞
 FOR QUESTION SENTENCE Say(s/v2)
or
 Commas
Say (s/v2) to
∞
If
∞
Ask (s/v2)
(if reported part starts with HV )
Same Wh-word (if reported part starts with wh-word)
 Note:- question sentence converts into simple sentence by
following method HV + Subject
∞
Subject + HV
 FOR IMPERATIVE SENTENCE Say(s/v2)
 Commas
or
∞
Say (s/v2) to
∞ Order, Advise, Request, Ask, Forbid , Suggest (s/v2)
To ,That (in case of Let)
 Note:- Use “ Request” if sentence starts with please or kindly , “ Forbid” if sentence
starts with don‟t and “Suggest” if sentence starts with let . At last remove „please , kindly
, don‟t and let‟ . In case of LET , use „should‟ before verb
 FOR EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE Say(s/v2)
or
Say (s/v2) to
Sorrow (alas, oh)
 Commas
∞
∞ Exclaim (s/v2) with Surprise (what a, how), Joy (hurrah),
That
 FOR OPTATIVE SENTENCE Say(s/v2)
 Commas
or
∞
Say (s/v2) to
∞
Wish, Pray, Curse (s/v2)
That
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EXERCISE 1.
They said to me, “Let us go to a movie.”
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2.
My friend said to me, “Please lend me your bicycle for while.”
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3.
He said to her, “Did you go to your brother‟s house yesterday?”
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4.
Sudha (on mobile) , “ Yes, you will have to wait for half an hour.”
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5.
Sharda (on phone), “No, I can‟t attend your party”
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6.
Sita said to Ram, “How shall I spend my days without you?”
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7.
“Don‟t sit on my hat” , he shouted.
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8.
The old man said, “Don‟t leave me alone. I am dying.”
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9.
She said to me, “Oh God! I have lost my purse.”
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10. Rinku said, “What a beautiful scene!”
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11. Ritu said to me, “Who is that girl and where does she live?”
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12. She said to Atul, “Do you know me and my house?”
_______________________________________________________________________________________
13. The collector said to the servant, “Don‟t let anybody come in without my
permission”
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14. Vimla said, “Thank you Ramesh for coming to my house.”
_______________________________________________________________________________________
15. She said, “Sir, I want to go home.”
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16. The teacher said, “I shall not teach you, boys.”
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17. She said to her friend, “Good Morning.”
_______________________________________________________________________________________
18. She said to her friend, “Good Morning. How are you?”
_______________________________________________________________________________________
19. A old lady said to me, “May you live long!”
_______________________________________________________________________________________
20. The mathematician said, “The sum of the angles of a triangle is always
180 degrees.”
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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21.
Sita : You are going to Jaipur.
Mohan : Yes.
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_______________________________________________________________________________________
22. Rohan : How are you?
Surbhi : I am well.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
23. Anjali : Aunty, I want to know something about the computer.
Aunty : Do, you know what is a calculator?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
24. Radha : Where did you go this morning?
Mohan : I went to the grocer to buy things.
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25. Mother : Go to the market and bring vegetables.
Son : I can‟t go now because I have to complete my homework.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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26. Meera : Tell me what you did today.
Sohan : Didi, I read two lessons of Geography today.
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27. The judge : Why did you break into the house?
The thief : I broke into the house because the door was locked.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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28. Rakesh : What does your father do?
Manvi : My father works in a factory.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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19. NON-FINITES
Form of the verb that is not affected / changed by subject or tense, is called nonfinites.
 TYPE OF NON-FINITES –
(1)
INFINITIVES
(2) GERUNDS
(3) PARTICIPLES
INFINITIVES – Infinitives is made by “To + V
(1)”
. Infinitives work in sentence as
subject, object and complement. eg-
To take exercise daily is good habit.
(as subject)
He forgot to bring the bat. , He wants to study abroad.
My target is to succeed.
(as object)
(as complement)
 IT + INFINITIVE - When the subject of a clause is an infinitive, then it
doesn‟t usually come at the beginning of the sentence. We generally begin
with the Preparatory subject „IT‟ , followed by the infinitive clause.
egIt is fun to travel over the weekend.
It is good habit to take exercise daily.
It was the time to leave the house for the station.
It is easy to book tickets online these days.
It is your task to practise the subject regularly.

QUESTION WORD + INFINITIVE The structure „question word + infinitive‟
is often used in indirect speech. It often corresponds to a direct question with
should.
eg-
Grandmother : who should I invite?
Grandson : she asked me who to invite.
Another Example : -
How to improve your grammar. ,
How to be a millionaire.
I don‟t know how to do it.
I don‟t know what to do.
I don‟t know where to go.
I don‟t know when to leave.
I don‟t know who to blame.
No one told me how to start the engine.
NOTE : - We don‟t usually use „why‟ with infinitives.
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
FOR + OBJECT + INFINITIVE –
eg- There is nothing for the children to eat.
I can‟t wait for her to finish eating.
I have arranged for you to meet the Prime Minister.
I‟m anxious for the party to be success.
It‟s time for you to learn it.
This is the pen for you to write with.
GERUNDS – Gerunds are nouns that are formed from verbs. The form of a
gerunds is „VERB + ing‟. eg - Smoking is bad habit. , Jogging isn‟t exhausting. ,
Exercising is good for health.
(as subject)
I like swimming.
(as object)
My hobby is gardening.
(as complement)
 To make a gerund negative, add „not‟ before the gerund.
Eg - Not exercising can be unhealthy.
 Use the singular form of the verb after a gerund.
Eg - Walking is good for you.

A gerund can be used after a preposition.
Eg - She believes in working hard.
PARTICIPLES –


Present Participle – This participle qualify to the noun / pronoun as adjective.
egI met a little weeping boy. , Hearing the noise, the thief ran away.
Past Participle - This participle qualify to the noun / pronoun as adjective.
eg-

I saw a fallen tree. , The injured patient was taken to hospital.
Perfect Participle - This participle qualify to the subject of reference. The
form of „Having + V(3)‟ is called perfect participle. eg-
Having finished his work, he went to home.
Having taken food, he goes to school.
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EXERCISE –
Q.1 Write sentences about yourself. Complete these sentences using „it + infinitive‟(a) …………… your teeth after dinner. (good habit, clean)
(b) ……………… on a diet. (part of daily routine, go)
(c) ………………… away from children. (medicine, keep)
(d) …………………… before the exam. (necessary, complete, revision)
(e) …………………… as quickly as possible. (your task, complete)
Q.2 Complete these sentences using the „for + object + infinitive‟ form. Use the set of
words given in brackets.
(a)
I have …………………… (arrange / you / meet) the chairman of the company.
(b)
It is difficult ……………………… (me / do / the task).
(c)
It took minutes …………………… (me / reach / station).
(d)
There is …………………… (nothing / children / eat).
(e)
I can‟t wait ………………… (her / finish) talking.
Q.3 Write sentences with the „question word + infinitive‟ form using the sets of words
given.
(a)
…………………………………………………… (no one / tell me / unlock / door).
(b)
…………………………………………………… (I / teach / make / coffee).
(c)
…………………………………………………… (don‟t / know / do).
(d)
…………………………………………………… (did / you / just / ask / me / open /
drawer).
(e)
…………………………………………………… (no one / tell me / start / engine).
(f)
…………………………………………………… (rules / specify / who / emergency).
(g)
…………………………………………………… (do / know / do).
(h)
…………………………………………………… (I / forget / put / screw).
Q.4 Read these conversation and rewrite each of B‟s responses using „ for + object +
infinitive‟.
(a) A : If I clear the test, do I still need to memorise the periodic table?
B : Yes, it is time that you know it by heart.
It is time
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) A : When can we see the Himalayan range?
B : They are usually seen in autumn and winter.
It is usual
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) A : How will Rajat feel about Mita coming?
B : Rajat will be delighted to hear that.
It will delight
…………………………………………………………………………………………
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(d) A : When has Anne asked for the designs?
B : Anne wants the designs by Friday.
Anne has asked
……………………………………………………………………………………
Q.5 Identify and circle the gerunds in the sentences below.
(a) I love reading thrillers by Brandon Massey.
(b) Travelling is exciting.
(c) Walking alone is boring.
(d) Not knowing how to solve a sum is irritating.
(e) Being with naughty kids all day is tiring.
Q.6 Complete these sentences with suitable gerunds from the box.
looking, working, playing, swimming, meeting, talking
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
She is good at ……………………………
He is mad about …………………………
I don‟t like ……………………………… cards.
They are afraid of ………………………… in the sea.
The prime minister called an emergency …………………… to discuss the issue.
He is interested in ………………………… friends.
Q.7 Define to the each participle giving example.
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_________________________
Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
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Page 54
20. PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word that shows the relation noun or pronoun to other noun or
pronoun.
Structure -
Noun / pronoun
Preposition
Other Noun / Pronoun
Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns
(sometimes also in front of gerund verbs).
Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1 translation is
usually not possible. One preposition in your native language might have several
translations depending on the situation.
There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn
prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and
learning useful phrases off by heart (study tips).
The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in
English:
Group wise study –
1st Group –
on, over, above, onto, upon, up, upto
Preposition
Usage
ON
Before days of week, date,
festival name, ceremony, and
being on a surface (touching
position)
OVER
Covered by something else, show
up side at perpendicular without
touching and running position,
show end of
ABOVE
Higher than something else, show
great in post, show up side
without perpendicular and
touching
ONTO /
UPON
movement to the top of something
(show up –down position)
UP
UPTO
To show getting upside, with „climb‟
To show last limit
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These preposition show up side.
Example
She comes to me on Diwali.
There was a function on his birthday.
He will return on 10th March of 2019.
Ajay is sitting on chair / carpet.
Your pen is on the table.
Many pictures are hanging on the wall.
I spread the cloth over the table.
Apply this cream over affected area.
The sky is over our heads.
We hold an umbrella over our heads when it rains.
Stop writing, time is over.
When the show /film was over, she went home.
A field marshal is above a general in rank.
There is fan above my chair.
The birds were flying above the trees.
A rat jumped onto / upon the table.
A mouse jumped upon / onto the lion‟s body.
He climbed up the tree.
They were climbing up the hill.
I can teach upto 8th class in English medium.
Upto 5km who come, stopped here.
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2nd Group -
in, for, at, since
These preposition show time.
Preposition
Usage
Example
IN
We use in for specific
months, years, seasons, and
parts of the day, show about
a thing that is already inside,
before language, show
period of time (don‟t use in
perfect continuous tense),
before cities, towns, country
I normally go on holiday in February.
I was born in 1972.
We can go skiing in winter.
I go to the gym in the morning.
There is tea in the pot.
My book is in the bag.
He writes his letters in English.
There are no clouds in the sky.
The train leaves in 5 minutes.
He will return in two hours.
She lives in Nagpur.
AT
To show point of time (don‟t
use in perfect continuous
tense) , meaning next to,
near, by an object, show
rate of interest, show
direction, before the small
town / city
FOR
Show period of time in
perfect continuous tense,
before the words that get
something, meaning „for‟
SINCE
Show point of time in perfect
continuous tense,
I start work at 9 o‟clock. I get up at 7 o‟clock.
I find it difficult to sleep at night.
I left the party at midnight. The train starts at 10 pm.
She was standing at the gate. He looked at me.
The child threw a stone at the dog.
He asked me to meet him at the post office.
She lives at Kishangarh in Ajmer.
I have been teaching here for five years.
The train left for Delhi at 10 pm. I go for walk everyday.
This house is for sale. The water is for drinking.
We should save some money for future.
It is a machine for washing clothes.
Vijay has been playing since 5 am.
She has been writing since morning.
from, of, with, by, to
These preposition show relation.
3rd Group –
Preposition
Usage
Example
FROM
To show starting point of
time, place, show cause of,
show different, who gave it,
in sense of where from,
before the thing which
made of (not appearing)
Examination will start form 7th April.
He is suffering form fever. A lion is different from a cat.
Apples come from Kashmir. Many birds come from
Siberia.
Butter is made from milk. Bread is made from flour.
OF
To show relation, who /
what does it belong to,
what does it show, before
the thing which made of
(appearing)
WITH
Before the weapons,
instrument that is using, in
the company of, in the
possession of, meaning
„with‟
Neera is going to school with her brother.
I left my luggage with the station master.
He murdered his wife with a knife.
I beat him with stick. I always write with a pen.
BY
By way of, in passive form,
show the agent of the
action, rise or fall of
something, travelling (in
which sit inside), who made
We always travel by train. He went to Mumbai by air.
Ravi came and sat by me. Jane is standing by the car.
Her house is by the bank. It is composed by Alien school.
My father sent me a book by post.
He gets his salary by cheque /cash.
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My cap is made of wool. These shoes are made of
leather.
Tajmahal is made of marble.
Table is made of wood.
Give me a sheet of paper. Rahul is member of this club.
I need a piece of paper.
She is proud of her beauty.
He died of cancer. (in case of died) He is a master of Arts.
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it, to be left or right of
somebody or something, in
the sense of at the latest up
to a certain time, for swear
/ oath / promise solemnly
TO
To show lack of time
(telling time), to compare,
before going / destination
place, before last point of
time
4th Group –
show place.
Prices have been risen by 10 percent.
I will be back by 6 o‟clock.
By 11 o‟clock, I had read 5 pages.
Godan was written by Munshi Prem Chand.
By you, by god, by mother.
It is quarter to nine (8:45),
He sent a present to his wife. He goes to temple daily.
The teacher teaches us from 7 am to 9 am.
below, under, through, across, beside, along
Preposition
Usage
It is ten to ten (9:50)
These preposition
Example
BELOW
Lower than something
else but above ground,
show lower in post / rank
The fish are below the surface.
Your answer is below standard.
I wrote my name below his name.
A post of principal is below the M.D. of school.
UNDER
On the ground, lower
than (or covered by)
something else, less in
comparison, to show
work processing
The bag is under the table.
Rekha is under forty.
The road is under repair. The house is under
construction.
The road was under water.
Some cows were sitting under the tree.
You should keep your legs under the table.
THROUGH
To make a hole or
passage in, Something
with limits on top, bottom
and the sides
Drive through the tunnel.
They were passing through the jungle.
The thief came through the window.
It rained through the night.
ACROSS
Getting to the other side, to
show second side of the
something
“Across = a + cross”
There is a bridge across the river.
There was a road across the garden.
Our school is across the main road.
The boat will carry you across the river.
BESIDE
To be left or right of
somebody or something,
“Beside = be + side”
BESIDES – to mean
additional to or apart from
Ramesh sat beside the Jane. The hut was beside a river.
Your argument is beside the point.
Besides sita all the students were present.
There was nothing in the room besides a chair.
ALONG
Meaning „edge to edge‟, to
be together
“Along = a + long”
There are many trees along the road.
The railway track is along the National Highway.
The runner will run along the road.
She ran along the railway line. We walked along the road.
OTHER RULES -Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
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 Prepositions – Time
Preposition
Usage
Example
on
days of the week,
We use ON for specific days and
dates.
at
We use AT with specific times
(hour / minutes for night
for weekend
a certain point of time (when?)
in
We use IN for specific months,
years and seasons
since
ago
before
from a certain point of time
(past till now)
over a certain period of time (past
till now)
a certain time in the past
earlier than a certain point of time
to
past
to / till /
until
till / until
telling the time
telling the time
marking the beginning and end of a
period of time
in the sense of how long something
ten to six (5:50)
ten past six (6:10)
from Monday to/till Friday
by
in the sense of at the latest
up to a certain time
I will be back by 6 o‟clock.
By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.
for
is going to last
I will return it to you on Wednesday.
They got married on Friday the 13th.
We get paid on the 20th of every month.
I drank too much on New Year's eve.
at night, at the weekend, at half past nine,
I get up at 7 o'clock.
My English classes starts at 10am.
She finishes work at 6.15
I left the party at midnight.
My birthday is in January. (I don't mention the
date, just the month)
My grandmother was born in 1927.
The river near my house is dry in Summer
since 1980
for 2 years
2 years ago
before 2004
He is on holiday until Friday.
 Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)
Preposition
Usage
in
at
on
by, next to,
beside
under
below
over
room, building, street, town, country, book,
paper etc.
car, taxi, picture, world
meaning next to, by an object
for table
for events
place where you are to do something typical
(watch a film, study, work)
attached
for a place with a river
being on a surface
for a certain side (left, right)
for a floor in a house
for public transport
for television, radio
left or right of somebody or something
on the ground, lower than (or covered by)
something else
lower than something else but above ground
covered by something else
meaning more than
getting to the other side (also across)
overcoming an obstacle
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Example
in the kitchen, in London
in the book, in the car, in a taxi,
in the picture, in the world
at the door, at the station
at the table
at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at work
the picture on the wall
London lies on the Thames.
on the table
on the left
on the first floor
on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio
Jane is standing by / next to /
beside the car.
the bag is under the table
the fish are below the surface
put a jacket over your shirt
over 16 years of age
walk over the bridge
climb over the wall
Page 58
above
across
through
to
into
towards
onto
from
higher than something else, but not directly over
it
getting to the other side (also over)
getting to the other side
something with limits on top, bottom and the
sides
movement to person or building
movement to a place or country
for bed
enter a room / a building
movement in the direction of something (but not
directly to it)
movement to the top of something
in the sense of where from
 Other important Prepositions
Preposition
a path above the lake
walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
drive through the tunnel
go to the cinema
go to London / Ireland
go to bed
go into the kitchen / the house
go 5 steps towards the house
jump onto the table
a flower from the garden
Usage
Example
from
who gave it
a present from Jane
of
who/what does it belong to
a page of the book
what does it show
the picture of a palace
by
who made it
a book by Mark Twain
on
walking or riding on horseback
on foot, on horseback
entering a public transport vehicle
get on the bus
in
entering a car / Taxi
get in the car
off
leaving a public transport vehicle
get off the train
out of
leaving a car / Taxi
get out of the taxi
by
rise or fall of something
prices have risen by 10 percent
travelling (other than walking or horse riding)
by car, by bus

at
for age
she learned Russian at 45
about
for topics, meaning what about
we were talking about you
EXERCISE –
1. Exercise on Prepositions – Time
(Fill in the correct prepositions)
(a) Peter is playing tennis
Sunday.
(b) My brother's birthday is
(c)
My birthday is
the 5th of November.
May.
(d) We are going to see my parents
(e)
(f)
the weekend.
1666, a great fire broke out in London.
I don't like walking alone in the streets
(g) What are you doing
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night.
the afternoon?
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(h) My friend has been living in Canada
(i)
I have been waiting for you
(j)
I will have finished this essay
two years.
seven o'clock.
Friday.
2. Exercise on Prepositions –– Place (choose the correct preposition)
(a) We live
London. (at, in, on)
(b) Would you like to go
the cinema tonight? (at, in, to)
(c)
the cinema yesterday. (at, into, to)
No, thanks. I was
(d) We are going
holiday next week. (in, on, to)
(e) There is a bridge
(f)
the river. (across, through, outside)
The flight from Leipzig to London was
(g)
Frankfurt.(about, along, via)
my wall, there are many picture postcards. (at, on, onto)
(h) Who is the person
this picture? (at, in, on)
(i)
Come
the sitting room, we want to watch TV. (at, in, into)
(j)
Munich lies 530 meters
sea level. (above, across, past)
3. Exercise on Prepositions – Place (Complete the exercise according to the picture)
(a)
the picture, I can see a woman.
(b) The woman is sitting
(c)
She is sitting
a table.
a chair.
(d) There is another chair
(e) Her feet are
(f)
(g)
the table.
The woman is holding a cup
her hands.
the table are a laptop, a paper, a calculator,
an appointment calendar, two pens and a muffin.
(h) The woman is looking
(i)
the woman.
The woman's bag is
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her laptop.
the table.
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4. Exercise on Prepositions – Place (Complete the exercise according to the picture)
(a)
the picture, there are four people.
(b) A couple is sitting
(c)
the table.
They are sitting
(d) The drinks are
chairs.
the table.
(e) One woman is standing
(f)
the table.
her is a man who is barbecuing.
5. Exercise on Prepositions – Place (Complete the exercise according to the picture)
(a)
the picture, there are three kids.
(b) The girl is standing
(c)
the two boys.
The boy with the green shirt is
(d) He has a gameboy
the right.
his hands.
(e) The kids are looking
his gameboy.
6. Exercise on Prepositions – Place (Complete the exercise according to the picture)
(a)
the picture, I can see Santa Claus and a girl.
(b) Santa is sitting
(c)
a chair.
The girl is standing
Santa.
(d) Santa and the girl are looking
(e) The girl has a present
(f)
each other.
her hands.
the girl, there is a Christmas tree.
(g) There are more presents
the tree.
(h) Santa's big bag is lying
the floor.
7. Exercise on Prepositions – Time
(a) What are you doing
(choose the correct preposition)
the weekend? (at, in, on)
(b) I don't know yet. Maybe I'll go to the cinema
(c)
Saturday.(at, in, on)
That's interesting. I haven't been to the cinema
since)
(d) We could go there together
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so many years. (for,
the afternoon. (at, in, on)
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(e) That would be great. But I would prefer to go there
visiting my grandma
(f)
(h) It lasts
(i)
(j)
Saturday. (at, in, on) / (at, in, on)
That's okay. The film starts
(g) I can pick you up
on) / (to, past)
the evening. I am
half
eight o'clock. (at, in, on)
seven. How long does the film last? (at, in,
two hours and forty-five minutes. (for, to, until)
eight
a quarter
eleven.
(before, by, from) / (for, past, till) / (for, past, to)
That's right. But I must hurry home
home
the film. I have to be
eleven o'clock. (after, before, past) / (by, since, until)
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21. MODALS
Modals : can, could, may, might, will, shall, would, should, must, ought(to), used(to),
need and dare.
There are negative form of the modals auxiliariesModal
Full negative form
Short negative form
Can
Can not
Can‟t
Could
Could not
Couldn‟t
May
May not
Mayn‟t
Might
Might not
Mightn‟t
Shall
Shall not
Shan‟t
Will
Will not
Won‟t
Should
Should not
Shouldn‟t
Would
Would not
Wouldn‟t
Must
Must not
Mustn‟t / musn‟t
Ought to
Ought not to
Oughtn‟t to
Used to
Used not to
Usedn‟t to
Need
Need not
Needn‟t
Dare
Dare not
Daren‟t
Modals have three common characteristics. They are –
(1)
Always use bare infinitive (1st form of the verb) after modals.
(2)
Modals don‟t have infinitive (to shall, to must etc) or participle form (maying,
canning, mayed, shalled etc), so these are called defective verbs.
(3)
Modals don‟t affected by subject. eg –
I can do it.
She can do it.
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They can do it.
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Ram can do it.
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Uses of the modals –
Modal
Can
Or
Can‟t
Could
Or
Couldn‟t
May
Or
Mayn‟t
Might
Or
Mightn‟t
Will
Won‟t
And
Shall
Shan‟t
Keywords
Examples
Can use in present tense to show
future ability, capability,
permission (giving), suggestion,
allow (on asking), possibility,
power, prohibition, puzzlement or
impatience
(less than „may‟)
Pat form (tense) of can, polite
request
She can left 100kg weight at a time.
Can you guide me, brother?
Anybody can make mistake. What can he mean?
If you request, he can help you. I can‟t left it.
He went late so he can‟t have caught the bus.
You can‟t drink in public places.
Present probability, more
possibility, guess, wish, hope,
permission (formal),
allow(without asking), wish,
likely, purpose, uncertainty,
guess, formal etc
Past form (tense) of may, remote
or least possibility, suggestion,
proposed etc
I could learn fast when I was young.
We could attend the meeting.
If I had more money, I could buy a bunglow.
He could be very rough.
We couldn‟t attend the meeting.
He couldn‟t type fast when he was in job.
May I come in, Sir?
You may come in.
The clouds are dark so it may rain.
They may be at home now.
May live long!
May this news be true!
May God bless you!
She may obtain good marks as she is working hard.
If you try, you may reach the goal.
It mayn‟t rain tonight.
She went early so she mayn‟t have missed the train.
There are very few clouds so it might rain.
The road might be blocked for the VIP.
You might post these for me.
What you say might be true.
The last bus has gone so he might come now.
Willingness, intention, threat,
command, promise, consult,
determination, legal notice,
request, polite request, habitual
activity, duty, lest, prediction,
invitation,
(Note :- always use „will‟ with I or
we and „shall‟ with another)
Would
Or
Wouldn‟t
Past habit, polite request, to
denote wish, promised,
insistence, enquire, past of „will
and shall‟
Should
Or
Shouldn‟t
Advice, duty, responsibility,
obligation, logical necessity,
suggestion, to express purpose
and desire, lest
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We will not surrender to the enemy.
Will I write this essay? They shall sell this house.
Every citizen shall have right to live.
Trespassers shall be punished. He shall buy a car.
You shall be punished if you do it again.
India shall be a world super power by 2025.
Shall you take a cup of tea, please?
Shall you mind your business? I will help you.
You shall not tease the girl again.
I will present you a gift if you get the 1st rank.
He would bring me a watch.
Would you like to go Jaipur? You would help me.
I would like to call Mr Obama.
We would sit on the hilltop in childhood.
Would you please convey my message / regards.
Would that I was a bird!
It‟s your fault; you would pay the penalty.
You should work hard.
You should respect the elders.
We should defend the nation.
Be careful lest you should catch infection.
I did not like that my son should join the army.
We should attend our classes regularly.
Children should be careful while crossing the road.
You shouldn‟t help him.
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Must
Or
Mustn‟t
Compulsory, urgent, need,
requirement, necessary,
obligation, duty, inevitability,
prohibition, essential, strong
possibility,
Ought to
Or
Oughtn‟t to
Moral duty, moral obligation,
moral responsibility, advisability,
logical necessity, disapproval
(if „to‟ is after blank, then use
„ought‟ although use „should‟)
Need Or
Needn‟t
Dare Or
Daren‟t
Compulsory, urgent, need,
required, necessary, absence of
necessity,
Absence of courage, courage
Past habits, to be accustomed to,
Used to
Or
Usedn‟t to
We must study English.
We must eat.
You must do the homework.
You mustn‟t enter the office. All men must die.
We mustn‟t smoke in the class, bus and public
places. You mustn‟t spit here.
We must inform the police about the accident.
You must have a licence to drive a vehicle.
You ought to help the poor.
Everyone ought to obey the olders.
They ought to start at once.
You oughtn‟t to eat too many breads.
She oughtn‟t to have gone in the rains.
We ought to pay our taxes regularly.
You needn‟t work so hard. He needn‟t go there.
You needn‟t come on Sunday.
He daren‟t touch me.
He daren‟t tell a lie.
The USA daren‟t attack China.
I used to exercise daily in young age.
She used to swim one hour daily in childhood.
We are now used to work without electricity.
I am now used to exercise daily.
EXERCISE –
Q.1
Fill in the blanks the correct modal using the word(s) as indicators given in
brackets.
(a)
He ……………… do this work easily.
(ability)
(b)
You …………………… go to the cinema today. (allowed)
(c)
You …………………… help your brother. (moral duty)
(d)
You ……………… respect your teachers. (duty)
(e)
You …………… enter the office without permission.
(prohibited)
(f)
She ……………… dance well when she was young.
(capability)
(g)
I ……………… help your sister in her work.
(h)
There are clouds in the sky. It ………… rain at night. (possibility)
(i)
She …………………… to help her old mother. (moral duty)
(j)
The students insulted the teacher. He ………………… punish them. (determine)
(k)
They …………… help one another with the homework. (past ability)
(l)
(promise)
When Evelyn plays the xylophone, she ………… sense the sound. (present
capacity)
(m)
Bishmillah Khan ………… sit practicing throughout the day. (past habit)
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(n)
The headmaster predicted that Einstein …………… never make a success at
anything. (prediction)
(o)
I don‟t believe the story is true and yet you …………… learn a lesson. (more
possibility)
(p)
Prashant ………… help the orphaned children. (suggestion)
(q)
A single bomb ……………… destroy the whole port. (remote possibility)
(r)
Students …………… play in the classroom. (prohibited)
(s)
You …………… park your car here. (not allowed)
Q.2 Rewrite the following sentences using the suitable modal.
(a)
He has no courage to tell a lie.
_______________________________________
(b)
He was in the habit of smoking.
_______________________________________
(c)
It is necessary for us to study of grammar. _____________________________________
(d)
You are prohibited to enter the office.
_______________________________________
(e)
Isn‟t it urgent for us to work hard?
_______________________________________
(f)
He promised to bring me a watch.
_______________________________________
(g)
I am determined to get 1st division.
_______________________________________
(h)
It was possible to rain yesterday.
_______________________________________
(i)
He was able to run fast.
_______________________________________
(j)
You are allowed to go.
_______________________________________
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22. CONNECTORS / CONJUNCTIONS / SYNTHESIS / LINKERS
Connectors are that words which join together words, phrases, clauses,
nouns, pronouns, ideas or things.
eg- Breakfast and lunch are served to all guests. (here „and‟ is conjunction)

FUNCTIONS OF CONJUNCTION – (type of conjunction)
Conjunctions are used
 to add similar things to form a group
 to contrast two different elements, ideas or things
 to logically derive something
1.
conjunction of addition
The conjunction and is used to join:
 two or more things, ideas, or elements of similar type. egShakespeare, Milton, Shelley and Keats are great English poets.
You and I can go together.
 two sentences.
egA. Preety wants to visit London.
+
She wants to visit Rome.
= Preety wants to visit London and Rome.
B. I opened the door.
+
I found you.
= I opened the door and found you.
2.
conjunction of contrast
The conjunctions but, although, though, and still are used to join:
A. The rabbit was fast. +
The tortoise was steady.
= The rabbit was fast but the tortoise was steady.
B. It is raining.
+
The weather is very hot.
= It is raining; still the weather is very hot.
= Though (although) it is raining, the weather is very hot.
3.
conjunction of choice
The conjunctions or and otherwise are used to join:
A. Study well.
+
You will fail if you don‟t.
= Study well otherwise you will fail.
B. This work can be done by you.
+
This work can also be done by me.
= This work can be done by you or me
4.
conjunction of condition
The conjunctions if and unless are used to join:
if for positive sentences
unless for negative sentences
eg-
5.
You‟ll do well in the examinations.
+
You need to study hard for that.
= You‟ll do well in the examination if you study hard.
= You won‟t do well in the examination unless you study hard.
conjunction of reasoning and logical deduction
The conjunctions because, so, and therefore are used to join:
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eg-
I won‟t be able to go to school.
+
I am unwell today.
= I won‟t be able to go to school today as I‟m unwell.
= I won‟t be able to go to school today because I‟m unwell.
= I‟m unwell so I won‟t be able to go to school today.
= I‟m unwell, therefore I won‟t be able to go to school today.
6.
eg-
7.
eg-
8.
eg9.
conjunction of relation
The conjunctions who, whom, whose, which, and that are used to join:
Ram is an intelligent boy who gets always 1st rank in the class. (Ram, He)
Sita is a doctor whose father is teacher.
(Sita‟s , Her)
Laxman is a great brother whom everybody likes.
(Him)
This is the chair which I got yesterday. (It)
The wolf that was man-eater has been killed.
conjunction of oppose
The conjunctions yet, however, and else are used to join:
He is very poor.
+
He is honest. = (He is very poor yet honest)
He is intelligent. +
He is simple. =
(He is intelligent, however he is simple)
A worker must remain disciplined.
+
He will face expulsion.
= (A worker must remain disciplined else he will face expulsion.)
conjunction of time limit
The conjunctions till and until are used to join:
Wait for me here until I come back.
Don‟t leave till I arrive.
conjunction of time, place, method
When
Where
How
What






Wait until the rain stops.
If in the sentence time or time
showing word / clause is
given then use only „when‟
If in the sentence place or
place showing word / clause
is given then use only „where‟
To show method of action or
work.
To ask common things.
The train had gone when I reached the station.
The boys had stand up when the teacher came
This is the village where I was born.
Put it where you found it.
He died where he was born.
I don‟t know how this work has been completed.
I don‟t know what he means to say.
10. other conjunction
Both …… and
(always use plural verb)
Not only ………… but also (use verb according noun / pronoun which is after „but also‟)
Either ………… or (in positive sentence, use verb according noun / pronoun which is after „or‟)
Neither …… nor (in negative sentence, use verb according noun / pronoun which is after „nor‟)
So that (use at the last of first clause and before the second clause)
Too ……… to (in negative sentence, use „too‟ before adjective and „to‟ before verb)
Example –
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Both Ram and Shyam were found guilty.
He is good at both English and Hindi.
Not only Ram but also Mohan got a prize.
Not only December but January is also very cold.
Either you or Ram was sleeping on the bench.
The boy was either reading or doing something.
My brother lost either his purse or pen.
He has neither a TV nor a Radio.
You are neither intelligent nor hard working.
E.
He works hard so that he may succeed.
He often comes to me so that he may seek my help.
F.
He is very old. He can‟t walk.
(He is too old to walk)
He is very proud. He can‟t talk to the poor. (He is too proud to talk to the poor.)
EXERCISE :
Q.1 Connect the following sentences using the connectors given in brackets.
(a) It is very cold. We can‟t go out.
(too ……… to)
________________________________________________________________________________
(b) He is too poor boy to pay his fees. (so that)
________________________________________________________________________________
(c) This mango is big. This mango is sweet. (not only ………… but also)
________________________________________________________________________________
(d) Give me a story book. Give me a newspaper. (either ……… or)
________________________________________________________________________________
(e) He is good in Hindi. He is good in Maths. (both ……… and)
________________________________________________________________________________
(f) I don‟t have a ticket. I don‟t have money to buy a ticket.
(neither …… nor)
________________________________________________________________________________
Q.2 Join the following pairs of sentences with appropriate conjunctions.
(a)
I want to sing. I want to dance.
_________________________________________________________________________________
(b)
Raju is naughty. He is not disobedient.
_________________________________________________________________________________
(c)
Pay attention to what your teacher says. You won‟t understand the lesson
without it.
_________________________________________________________________________________
(d)
I went to your house twice. I was not able to meet you.
_________________________________________________________________________________
(e)
The rain must stop. The whole area will be flooded.
_________________________________________________________________________________
(f)
Mahatma Gandhi was a great national leader. He led a very simple life.
_________________________________________________________________________________
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(g)
I was afraid. It was very dark outside.
_________________________________________________________________________________
(h)
We should all be together. We want to make rapid progress.
_________________________________________________________________________________
(i)
You must not leave the classroom. You must finish your work before you leave.
_________________________________________________________________________________
(j)
You must register online. You won‟t be allowed to take the test.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Q.3 Fill in the blanks with the proper sentence connectors given in brackets:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
We waited under a shady tree ________ the rain stopped. (then / just / until)
The accident took place ________ he was walking along the GT Road.
(then / while / since)
The mice will play ________ the cat is away.
(while / when / before)
I‟ll light the fire ________ it gets cold.
(as / until / when)
I‟ll e-mail you _________ I arrive.
(as soon as / while / as)
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23. PUNCTUATION
Punctuation marks help us read and understand a written passage clearly.
OR
Punctuation marks such as the full stop, comma, quotation marks, capital letters,
etc. , are used in the written language.
The principal punctuation marks that we use for writing are –
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Capitalization
Full stop (.)
Comma (,)
Semicolon (;)
Colon (:)
Capitalization
6.
7.
8.
9.
A sentence begins with a capital letter.
letters.
Interrogation / question mark (?)
Exclamation mark (!)
Single inverted commas ( „ ‟ )
Double inverted commas ( “ ”)
Proper nouns also begin with capital
Full stop
The full stop represents the longest pause.

at the end of an assertive or imperative sentence.

after abbreviations and initials. (but current English usages doesn‟t require full
stops for abbreviations and initials ) egAmit is a skilled mechanic.
M.A.
S.P. Sharma
Mr (mister), Dr (doctor), Mrs (mistress), Ms (miss), St (street and saint),
Pt (pandit)
Comma
The comma indicates the shortest pause.
 to separate three or more words of the same part of speech (nouns, verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs)
eg- Aziz bathed, ate, dressed, and went out.
 to avoid the repetition of a verb
eg- Richa is an engineer and Rishi, a technician.
 to separate the subordinate clause of any kind that comes before the principal
clause
eg- If it rains, the match will have to be cancelled.
 to mark off phrases in apposition
eg- Gandhiji, the Father of the Nation, preached non-violence.
Semicolon
The semicolon indicates a longer pause than the comma. It is usually followed by
conjunction like “and, but, or” .

to separate the clauses of a compound sentence, when they contain a comma
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eg him.

eg -
Our teacher was a simple, modest, unassuming person; but we all respected
to separate sentences which are closely connected in thought, where a full stop
would denote a much longer break
Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
Colon
The colon indicates a much longer pause than the semicolon.

to introduce a quotation, list, explanation
eg Our teacher says: „ Hard work is the key to success.‟
These are the things we need to take with us: a torch, a flask of coffee, some
biscuits, sandwiches and sweets.

Question mark
The question mark is used after a question.
egHave you completed your assignment?
Exclamation mark
eg-
The exclamation mark is used only after real exclamation.
Oh dear!
Alas!
Hello!
What a terrific idea!
Inverted commas
The inverted commas is used to suggest direct speech, that is, to enclose the actual
words of a speaker or a quotation.
egShe said, “I will see what I can do about it.”
Or
She said, „I will see what I can do about it‟
EXERCISE
Q.1 Punctuate the following sentences appropriately.
(a)
what is that father asked miranda in wonder.
_________________________________________________________________________________
(b)
on new year‟s day we went on a picnic to golconda fort.
_________________________________________________________________________________
(c)
i am sorry i interrupted you said the teacher please go on with your explanation.
_________________________________________________________________________________
(d)
the sun is one of the countless stars in the sky or to put it differently most of the
stars are at least as big as the sun.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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(e)
pt jawharlal nehru the first prime minister of independent india is known as
chacha nehru to children india celebrates his birthday as children‟ day on 14th of
November every year.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
(f)
trees help to support human life by supplying the atmosphere with oxygen
essential for life moreover forest soil has a way of quickly absorbing water this
helps to prevent sudden floods.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________
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24. VOCABULARY
There are different types of words in all languages. Some are similar in meaning,
some have the opposite meaning and some sound similar.
SYNONYMS
Synonyms are different words or phrases in a language
that have a similar meaning.
eg-
Words
Synonyms
Words
Synonyms
Almost
Nearly
Answer
Reply
Arise
Occur
Away
Absent
Awful
Terrible
Backbone
Spine
Brave
Courageous
Comic
Funny
Complete
Finish
Contrary
Opposite
Defective
Faulty
Disclose
Reveal
Dull
Stupid
Eager
Keen
Business
Trade
Chiefly
Mainly
Clever
Intelligent
Collect
Gather
Commence
Begin / Start
Especially
Particularly
Evaluate
Assess
Exactly
Precisely
Fantastic
Great
Question
Enquire
Big
Large
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ANTONYMS
-
Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings.
Antonyms
Words
Antonyms
Words
Polite
Rude
Clean
Dirty
Ugly
Beautiful
Win
Lose
Excellent
Lousy
Left
Right
Hard
Soft
Holy
Unholy
Bad
Good
Liquid
Solid
Up
Down
Right
Wrong
Large / Big
Small
Happy / glad
Sad / sorrow
Light
Dark / Heavy
Gentle
Rough
Wet
Dry
Old
New
Hot
Cold
Foul
Mean / fair
Foolish
Intelligent / dumb
Usual / interesting
Extraordinary / boring
Dead
Alive / lively
Decent
Ugly / indecent
Refuse
Decline / accept
Same
Different
Harmony
Symphony / discord
Crazy
Insane / sane
Day
Night
White
Black
Possible
Impossible
Proper
Improper
Complete
Incomplete
Discipline
Indiscipline
Regular
Irregular
Literate
Illiterate
Understand
Misunderstand
Use
Misuse
Vegetarian
Non-vegetarian
Painful
Painless
Useful
Useless
Obey
Disobey
Like
Dislike
Known
Unknown
Honour
Dishonour
Unusual
Usual
Careful
Careless
Forward
Backward
False
True
Save
Spend
Famous
Notorious
Ahead
Behind
Export
Import
Poor
Rich
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Perfect
Imperfect
Warm
Cool
Healthy
Unhealthy
Come
Go
Buy
Sell
Lend
Borrow
Exhale
Inhale
Masculine
Feminine
Employment
Unemployment
Deposit
Withdrew
Debit
Credit
Loss
Profit
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HOMOPHONES
Homophones are different words which are
pronounced in a similar way / sound. These words may or may not have the
same spellings, but have completely different meanings.
Words
-
Meanings
Aid (V) – to assist
Aide (N) – an assistant
Ail (V) – to be sick
Ale (N) – a type of beer
Ascent (N) – the act of climbing up
Assent (N) – agreement
Ate (V) – past tense of „eat‟
Eight (N) – the number after seven
Bare (Adj) – naked
Bear (N) – a wild animal
Beach (N) – an area of sand along the sea
Beech (N) – a type of tree
Bean (N) – a legume
Been (V) – past tense of „be‟
Be (V) – to exist
Bee (V) – an insect
Bell (N) – an object that makes a ringing sound
Belle (N) – beautiful woman
Berth (N) – a place to sleep on a ship or train
Birth (N) – the process of being born
Blew (V) – past tense of „blow‟
Blue (N) – a colour
Bold (Adj) – brave
Bowled (V) – knocked over
Born (V) – came into being
Borne (V) – past participle of „bear‟
Peace (N) – a situation without violence
Piece (N) – a single item
Doe (N) – a female deer
Dough (N) – a mixture of flour and water
Fair (Adj) – just
Fare (N) – money paid for travel
Find (N) – to locate to have to pay as
Fined (V) – punishment
Incite (V) – to provoke
Insight (N) – understanding
Hear (V) – to listen
Here (Adj) – at this location
Scent (N) – aroma
Sent (V) – dispatched
Hole (N) – a round opening
Whole (Adj) – full or complete
Flew (V) – past tense of „fly‟
Flu (N) – short form of influenza
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Words
-
Meanings
Air (N) – the mixture of gases we breathe
Heir (N) – one who will inherit
Altar (N) – a holy structure found
Alter (V) – in religious places to change
Allowed (V) – permitted
Aloud (Adv) – in a loud voice
Bard (N) – a port
Barred (V) – enclosed with bars or poles
Eye (N) – the organ of sight
I (N) – oneself
Band (N) – a group
Banned (V) – forbidden
Beat (V) – to hit
Beet (N) – an edible red root
Boar (N) – a wild pig
Bore (N) – someone or something interesting
Board (N) – a plank
Bored (Adj) – not interested
Bread (N) – a loaf
Bred (V) – past tense of „breed‟
Broach (V) – to raise a subject
Brooch (N) – an ornament fastened to clothes
Cast (V) – to throw
Caste (N) – social class
Cereal (N) – grains
Serial (Adj) – in sequence
Cite (V) – refer to, Sight (N) – vision
Site (N) – a place or sitting of something
Higher (Adj) – comparative form of „high‟
Hire (V) – to employ
Cue (N) – a signal
Queue (N) – a waiting line
Flea (N) – an insect
Flee (V) – to run away
Foul (Adj) – grossly offensive or bad
Fowl (N) – domestic hen or cock
Cell (N) – a small room
Sell (V) – to exchange something for money
Him (Pronoun) – third person singular, masculine
Hymn (N) – a religious song
Feat (N) – an accomplishment
Feet (N) – the part of the leg below the ankle
Know (V) – to be aware of
No (Adj / Det) – used to show negation
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Made (V) – prepared
Maid (N) – a young woman
Groan (N) – a long, deep sound of anger, pain,
or pleasure
Grown (Adj) – became big
Hart (N) – a deer
Heart (N) – organ in the chest that pumps blood
Heal (V) – to cure a disease
Heel (N) – the back part of the foot
Lead (N) – a heavy metal
Led (V) – guided
Hour (N) – a period of sixty minutes
Our (Det) – possessed by us
Knight (N) – a chivalrous man
Night (N) – the period of darkness between one
day and another
Knot (N) – a fastening in a cord
Not (Adj) – used to show negation
Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
Buy (v) – to purchase
By (Prep) - near
Bye (N) – word used to bid farewell
Meat (N) – flesh of animals
Meet (V) – to come together and talk
One (Det) – the first number
Won (V) – was victorious
Plain (Adj) – not fanciful
Plane (N) – a surface
Holy (Adj) – connected with god or religion
Wholly (Adv) – completely
Mail (N) – letters
Male (Adj) – one who belongs to the masculine
gender
Loan (N) – something borrowed
Lone (Adj) – without others
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GENDERS – These words show to male and female
(One for male and other for female)
Masculine
Gender
Feminine Gender
Masculine
Gender
Feminine Gender
Brother
Sister
Father
Mother
Son
Daughter
Uncle
Aunt
Husband
Wife
King
Queen
Sir
Madam
Gentleman
Lady
Man
Woman
Nephew
Niece
Hero
Heroine
Horse
Mare
Bull
Cow
Dog
Bitch
Actor
Actress
Tiger
Tigress
Hunter
Huntress
Traitor
Traitress
Lion
Lioness
Prince
Princess
Host
Hostess
Poet
Poetess
Emperor
Empress
Master
Mistress
Mr.
Mrs.
God
Goddess
Man-servant
Maid-servant
Grandfather
Grandmother
Landlord
Landlady
Peacock
Peahen
Headman
Headwoman
Hen
Cock
His
Her
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ONE WORDS
1. A person who makes furniture etc.
Carpenter
2. A Person who makes and repairs made of iron.
Blacksmith
3. A person who makes gold ornaments.
Goldsmith
4. A person who robs someone else‟s property.
Robber
5. A person travelling on foot.
Pedestrian
6. A worker whose job needs strength.
Labourer
7. A person who looks after students in a hostel.
Warden
8. A person who is receiving medical treatment.
Patient
9. A person who washes other‟s clothes.
Washerman
10.
A person who hunts wild animals.
Hunter
11.
A person who is in charge of soldiers.
Commander
12.
A person who brings our letters.
Postman
13.
The place where things are bought and sold.
Market
14.
One who travels by bus/train/aero plane. Passenger
15.
A person who grows crops.
Farmer
16.
The person who lives near one‟s house.
Neighbours
17.
The person who treats patients.
Doctor
18.
One who cannot see.
Blind
19.
One who cannot hear.
Deaf
20.
One who cannot speak.
Dumb
21.
A place where Hindus go to worship.
Temple
22.
A place where Muslims go for worship.
Mosque
23.
A place where kings and queens live.
Palace
24.
A garden with a lot of fruit trees in it.
Orchard
25.
The son of a king.
Prince
26.
The daughter of a king.
Princess
27.
The art of using the bow and arrows. Archery
28.
The mark to be shot at.
Target
29.
Showing readiness to give help, money etc.
Generosity
30.
A member of an army.
Soldier
31.
One who steals something. Thief
32.
A strong rope for beating.
Whip
33.
Mother and father.
Parents
34.
A place where aeroplanes can land and take off.
Airport
35.
A place where traveller‟s belongings are searched when leaving of entering a
country.
Customs
36.
A motor vehicle for carrying the sick or the wounded people especially to a
hospital.
Ambulance
37.
An area of water by a coast to shelter ships safely.
Harbor
38.
A person who works on a telephone switchboard.
Telephone operator
39.
A person employed to carry traveller‟s bags at railway stations, airports etc.
Porter
Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
E-mail - [email protected]
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40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
A violent man, especially a criminal.
Terrorist
An entertainer who performs magic tricks.
Magician
A person who selects articles for the newspaper.
Editor
A person who collects news items and sends them to the editor.
Correspondent
The head of the country.
President
A person who works in a science.
Scientist
A small group of trees.
Grove
A tool with a curving blade to cut grain or grass.
Scythe
The place where patients are treated.
Hospital
A place where tourists can stay and take meal.
Hotel
Unwanted or unpleasant sound that causes discomfort.
Noise
An instrument for showing direction.
Compass
An instrument to see distant things.
Binoculars
Famous and admired.
Eminent
A path across rough country made by passing of people or animals. Trail
Land that is soft and wet.
Marsh
A place where dead persons and buried.
Graveyard
A small restaurant where light meals and drinks are served.
Café
Hard portion at the end of legs of animals.
Hoof
An infectious disease causing fever and red spots on the body.
Measles
A large tightly tied mass of soft material.
Bale
Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
E-mail - [email protected]
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 PHRASAL VERB - (Phrasal verb is made by adding preposition after verb)
PHRASAL VERB
1- BREAK
Break-down
Break-off
Break-out
Break-into
Break-with
Break-in
Break-up
Break-away
2- BRING
Bring-about
Bring-down
Bring-out
Bring-in
Bring-up
Bring-forth
Bring-forward
Bring-round
Bring-on
Bring-over
Bring-under
3- CARRY
Carry-on
Carry-off
Carry-out
Carry-over
Carry-away
Carry-through
4- COME
Come-along
Come-about
Come-across
Come-off
Come-out
Come-round
Come-at
Come-in for
Come-into
Come-to
Come-by
Come-up
Come-up to
Come-upon
5- GET
Get-along
Get-up
Get-on
Get-away
MEAN
HINDI MEAN
To be defected
To stop suddenly
To circulate suddenly
To enter with forcedly
To break relation
To discipline
To disperse, to dissolve
To flee
[kjkc gks tkuk
vpkud #d tkuk
vpkud QSyuk
tcjnLrh ?kqluk
LakcaÄ rksMuk
vuq’kklu cukuk
lekIr gksuk
Hkkxuk
To make, to happen
To abate, to lose power
To appear, to launch a new product
To earn
To look-after, to care
To produce, to give birth to
To bring in notice
To convert to thought
To lead, help to produce
To bring in favour
To subdue
cukuk ?kfVr gksuk
de djuk
izxV gksuk
dekuk
ykyu ikyu djuk
mRiUu djuk tUe nsuk
tkudkjh esa ysuk
lksp cnyuk
iSnk djuk
i{k es ykuk
neu djuk ’kks"k.k djuk
To keep regular, to continue
To take away with forcedly
To work according guideline
To stop
To charm, to attract
To complete, to support to the end
tkjh j[kuk
cyiwoZd ys tkuk
funsZ’kkuqlkj dk;Z djuk
LFkfxr djuk
yqHkkuk
iwjk djuk
To come with
To happen
To meet sudden
To be, belong to
To declare result, to come out
To improve to disease
To reach
To receive, to get
To inherit
Amount to, to regain consciousness
To get
To raise
According to, to be equal to
To find by chance
fdlh ds lkFk vkuk
/kfVr gksuk
vpkud feyuk
gksuk
ifj.kke fudyuk ckgj vkuk
chekjh ls Bhd gksuk
igq¡puk
izkIr djuk
mrjkfÄdkj ds #i esa izkIr djuk
ds cjkcj gksuk gks’k esa vkuk
izkIr djuk
mBuk
ds vuqlkj
la;ksx ls
To live with
To awake, to stand up
To do manage
To run
lkFk jguk
tkxuk [kMk gksuk
O;oLFkk djuk
Hkkxuk
Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
E-mail - [email protected]
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Get-by
Get-through
Get-over
Get-on with
Get-about
Get-at / get-to
Get-into
Get-down / get-off
Get-out
Get-out of
6- PUT
Put-on
Put-off
Put-out
Put-up/ Put-away
Put-down
Put-in
Put-by
Put-into
Put-up with
Put-forth
7- TURN
Turn-away
Turn-down
Turn-on
Turn-off
Turn-out
Turn-to
Turn-up
Turn-about
Turn-aside
8- GIVE
Give-away
Give-up
Give over/ give out
Give up on
9- Take
Take on
Take against
Take away(from)
Take down
Take off
Take out
Take over
To get
To get success
To get health
To live as friendship
To move about, to walk
To reach
To be involved in
Alight
To remove
Escape from
izkIr djuk
lQyrk izkIr djuk
fBd gksuk
fe=rk iwoZd jguk
pyuk
igq¡puk
Qal tkuk
mrjuk
gVkuk nwj djuk
cp fudyuk
To wear, to dress
To remove cloths, to stop
To douse
To put, to adduce
To nip
To invest money
To save
To drag into
To endure
To abstract, to experiment
iguuk
mrkjuk fLFkfxr djuk
cq>kuk
izLrqr djuk j[kuk
nck nsuk
Äu yxkuk
cpkuk
/klhVuk
lgu djuk
fudyuk iz;ksx esa ykuk
To send back
To neglect, not to accept
To open, to depend
To close
To prove, to involve
To attention
To come
To move back side
To deviate
okil Hkstuk
vLohdkj djuk
[kksyuk fuHkZj djuk
can djuk
fl) djuk ’kkfey djuk
?;ku nsuk
vkuk
foijhr ?kqeuk
fopfyr gksuk
To distribute
To leave
To stop doing something
To stop having faith or belief in
ckVuk
NksMuk
jksduk
fo’okl mBuk
Become very upset
Begin to dislike
Detract from/ to carry
Write down spoken words
Become successful
Kill, destroy, disable
Assume control of, responsibility for
ijs’kku gksuk
ukilan djuk
ys tkuk
fy[kuk
lQy gksuk
u"V djuk
ftEesnkjh ysuk
Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
E-mail - [email protected]
Page 83
25 SUFFIX AND PREFIX
A prefix is a group of letters added before a word and a suffix is a group of letters
added after a word. When we add a prefix or suffix to a word the meaning of the word
change.
Root, Prefix or
Suffix
Meaning
Examples
a, ac, ad,
to, toward, near, in addition to,
by
aside, accompany, adjust, adverb, apolitical,
atheist
-able, -ible
Adjective: worth, ability
solvable, incredible
acu
sharp
acute, acupuncture, accurate
-acy, -cy
Noun: state or quality
privacy, infancy, adequacy, intimacy,
supremacy
-age
Noun: activity, or result of action
courage, suffrage, shrinkage, tonnage
-ance, -ence
Noun: action, state, quality or
process
resistance, independence, extravagance,
fraudulence, reference, eminence
-ancy, -ency
Noun: state, quality or capacity
vacancy, agency, truancy, latency,
emergency
anti, ant
against, opposite
antisocial, antiseptic, antithesis, antibody,
antinomies, antifreeze, antipathy, antigroup,
antibiotic
-ation
Noun: action, resulting state
specialization, aggravation, alternation
aut, auto
self
automobile, automatic, automotive,
autograph, autonomous, autoimmune
cent
hundred
centennial, century, centipede
com, con
fully
complete, compel, conscious, condense,
confess, confirm
dis
not, opposite of, reverse,
separate, deprive of, away
dismiss, disallow, disperse, dissuade,
disconnect, disproportion, disrespect,
distemper, disarray
eco-
household, environment,
relating to ecology or economy
ecology, economize, ecospheres,
ecomanagement
-ed
Verb: past tense
dressed, faded, patted, closed, introduced
-en
Verb: to cause to become,
Adjective: material, to make
verb from the noun
lengthen, moisten, sharpen, golden, woolen,
silken, encircle, enrichment,
end-
inside, within
endorse, endocardial, endergonic,
endoskeleton, endoscope, endogenous
-er, -ier, -or
Noun: person or thing that does
something
flyer, reporter, player, member, fryer,
collector, concentrator, happier
-es, -ies
Noun: plural of most nouns
ending in -ch, -s, -sh, -o and -z
and some in -f and -y
passes, glasses, ladies, heroes
-ess
female
actress, goddess, poetess
-est, -iest
Adjective or Adverb: superlative
latest, strongest, luckiest, lyingest
ex-
out of, away from, lacking,
exit, exhale, exclusive, exceed, explosion, ex-
Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
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Page 84
former
mayor
for, fore
before
forecast, fortune, foresee
-ful
Noun: an amount or quantity
that fills, Adjective: having,
giving, marked by
Mouthful, fanciful, meaningful, beautiful
-fy, -ify
make, form into
falsify, dandify, classify, indentify
-gon
birth, race, produce
Pentagon, polygon, octagon
hyper
over, above
hyperactive, hypertensive, hyperbolic,
hypersensitive, hyperventilate, hyperkinetic
in, im, il, ir
not
illegible, irresolute, inaction, inviolate,
innocuous, intractable, innocent,
impregnable, impossible, imposter
-ing
Noun: material made for,
activity, result of an activity, to
make gerunds
flooring, swimming, building, depicting,
cohering
inter
between, among
international, intercept, interject,
intermission, internal, intermittent,
-ity, ty
Noun: state or quality
lucidity, novelty, naughty, acidity
-less
Adjective: without, missing
motiveless
-ly
Adverb: in the manner of
fluently
main
strength, foremost
mainstream, mainsail, domain, remain
mega
great, million
megaphone, megaton, megaflop,
megalomaniac, megabyte, megalopolis
ment
mind
mental, mention, management,
Mid
In Centre
Midway, midnight, midwife, etc
micro
small, millionth
microscope, microfilm, microcard,
microwave, micrometer, microvolt
mill, kilo, milli
Thousand, thousandth
millennium, kilobyte, kiloton, millisecond,
milligram
mis
wrong, bad, badly
misconduct, misinform, misinterpret,
mispronounce, misnomer, mistake,
misogynist
multi
many, much
multifold, multilingual, multiped, multiply,
multitude, multipurpose, multinational
mono
one
monopoly, monotype, monologue,
mononucleosis, monorail, monotheist,
-ness
Noun: state, condition, quality
kindness
non
not
nonferrous, nonsense, nonabrasive,
nondescript
per
through, intensive
persecute, permit, perspire, perforate,
persuade
photo
light
photograph, photoelectric, photogenic,
photosynthesis, photon
post
after, behind
postpone, postdate, postman
re
back, again
report, realign, retract, revise, regain, reuse,
reduce, recycle, recover
Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
E-mail - [email protected]
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scope
see, watch
telescope, microscope, kaleidoscope,
periscope, stethoscope
semi
half, partial
semifinal, semiconscious, semiannual,
semimonthly, semicircle
sub
under, below, from, secretly,
instead of
submerge, submarine, substandard,
subnormal, subvert
super
over, above
superior, suprarenal, superscript,
supernatural, superimpose, supercede,
superman
-wise
Adverb: in the manner of, with
regard to
timewise, clockwise, bitwise
with
against
withhold, without, withdraw, forthwith
trans
across, beyond, change
transform, transoceanic, transmit,
transportation, transducer, transplant,
transport, translate
tele
distance, far, from afar
telephone, telegraph, telegram, telescope,
television, telephoto, telecast, telepathy,
telepathy
EXERCISE –
Q.1
Find the suffix or prefix from the following wordsRegiment monopoly flooring , incredible disobey richest useful
wisdom really played readmission
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Q.2 Define to the suffix and prefix giving examples.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Q.3 Make five - five words using “anti, sub, re, post, end, dis, in, a” prefix.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
E-mail - [email protected]
Page 86
Q.4 Make five – five words using “able, acy, ance, ful, ify, less, ness, ly, wise”
suffix.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
E-mail - [email protected]
Page 87
26. WRITING - COMPOSITION
NOTE :1.
½ Mark is deducted if the student exceeds / crosses the word limit.
2. ½ Mark is deducted if grammatical, spellings, or punctuation mistake are
made by student.
3. ½ Mark is deducted or awarded for writing scale.
4. 1 Mark is award for format.
5. Remain marks are awarded for content.
26-A NOTICE
A Notice is a very short piece of writing which is formal in style and is used by
individuals and organizations to announce events and celebration, inaugurations, or
sales, to issue public instructions and to make appeals as well as to extend invitations.
AN EFFECTIVE NOTICE –
An effective notice includes the following points –
 Draw a box for 50 words.
 Name of the Organization or Institution or Office in capital letter.
 Date of issuing the notice.
 „NOTICE‟
 A suitable heading in capital letter.
 Purpose of writing the notice, i.e., meeting or appeal etc.
 In case the notice is about an event the details of schedule like – date, time,
venue, program, duration etc. are given.
 Signature, name and designation of the person issuing the notice.
 Style and tone of the language, i.e. formal or informal.
 Ensure the word limit and check grammar and language.
EXERCISE –
Q.1
Suppose you are Arpit Goel, the Head Boy Scout of Alien Children‟s Academy,
Mahalan. The Scout leader wants to hold a meeting of all the Boy Scouts in order to
give them important instructions for the Boy Scout Camp to be held next month. Write
the notice in not more than 50 words and put it in a box. (MEETING)
ALIEN CHILDREN‟S ACADEMY – MAHALAN
NOTICE
July 20, 20xx
MEETING OF BOY SCOUTS
All the Boy Scouts are informed that a meeting of Boy Scouts will be held on 1st August
20xx, during the break period at the Assembly Hall. The Scout leader will give important
instructions for the Boy Scout Camp to be held next month.
Attendance is compulsory
Arpit Goel (ARPIT GOEL, Head Boy Scout)
Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
E-mail - [email protected]
Page 88
Q.2
Suppose you are Ghanshyam Sharma, the Head Alien Children‟s Academy,
Mahalan. In the memory of a great poet, Wordsworth, your school is organizing a
Poem Recitation Competition, for the students of classes VI to VIII. Invite the students
to take part in the competition. Draft a notice. (EVENT)
ALIEN CHILDREN‟S ACADEMY – MAHALAN
NOTICE
July 20, 20xx
POEM RECITATION
In memory of the great poet Wordsworth, a Poem Recitation Competition will be held for
the students of Classes VI to VIII on 25th July in the School Auditorium from 9.30 a.m. to
12.30 p.m. Budding poets, willing to participate may submit their names, to their class
monitors latest by 22th July 20xx. The winners will be given awards by our esteemed Hindi
Poet, Dr Ashok Chakardhar. Don‟t miss the golden opportunity.
Shakshi Mahajan (SHAKSHI MAHAJAN, Head Girl)
Q.3
You are Amit, the Head Boy of Alien Children‟s Academy, Mahalan. Your school is
organizing a Science – Exhibition. Write a notice not exceeding 50 words inviting the
students of classes VI to VIII to take part in the exhibition. (TOUR / FAIR /
EXHIBITION)
ALIEN CHILDREN‟S ACADEMY – MAHALAN
NOTICE
July 20, 20xx
SCIENCE EXHIBITIN
You will be pleased to know that our school is organizing a Science Exhibition on
28th August 20xx. The students interested in participation are requested to submit
their names to the respective subject teachers, latest by 25th July 20xx along with
the topics of your modals and projects.
The best work will be awarded.
Amit (AMIT KHOJI, Head Boy)
Q.4
Niharika is a student of class VII in Alien Children‟s Academy, Mahalan. She
attended a meeting with the Principal and teachers at which it was decided to collect
donations for orphans. Later, she decides to write a notice for the school notice
board asking students to donate liberally for this cause. Write the notice. (APPEAL)
ALIEN CHILDREN‟S ACADEMY – MAHALAN
NOTICE
July 20, 20XX
APPEAL FOR DONATION
Our school has decided to help orphans who are cared by some organizations.
We appeal to the students to donate generously for this noble cause. Please
deposit your contribution with Miss Rekha Jain in the School Reading Room from
9:00 am to 5:30 pm. Don‟t miss the golden opportunity to get blessings.
Niharika (NIHARIKA ARORA, Head Girl)
Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
E-mail - [email protected]
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Q.5
You are Chirag Mathur, the Head Boy of Alien Children‟s School, Mahalan. You
have been asked to draft a notice announcing that a boy of class VI has lost his
spectacles somewhere in the school premises. Put the notice on the Lost Found
notice board of your school, requesting the finder to return the same to him.(LOST)
ALIEN CHILDREN‟S ACADEMY – MAHALAN
NOTICE
July 20, 20XX
SPECTACLES LOST
A brand new spectacles were lost in the school premises on 18th July i.e.
Tuesday. The frame is silver and the glass lenses are of „esslor‟ company. They are
safely kept in a plastic – case, and the words „vision care‟ is written on the box. If
found please return them to the undersigned.
Chirag (CHIRAG MATHUR, Head Boy)
Q.6
You are Pallavi Ghosh, the Head Girl of Alien Children‟s Academy, Mahalan. You
have been asked to write a notice informing that an umbrella was found in the school
bus. (FOUND)
ALIEN CHILDREN‟S ACADEMY – MAHALAN
NOTICE
July 20, 20XX
AN UMBRELLA FOUND
An umbrella has been found lying unclaimed in the school bus. Anyone who has lost
it or left it by mistake can identify and claim it from the „Lost Property Room‟ during
the activity period within ten days of this notice.
Pallavi (PALLAVI GHOSH, Head Girl)
Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
E-mail - [email protected]
Page 90
26-B MESSAGE
Message is a short piece of information, news, or request meant for someone.
It can be verbal or written. The reader is provided with such a conversation. He / she is
expected to read, understand and interpret the conversation and convert it into a
message for a third person. The main points of the conversation should be expressed
accurately and precisely.
AN EFFECTIVE MESSAGE –
An effective message includes the following points –
 MESSAGE
 A brief salutation is given, i.e., Sir / Madam / Dear…
 Time and Date are mentioned.
 Name of the person for whom the message is written may be written at the top.
 Entire content should be put in a box.
 Only the important points should be written.
 Put the Senders Name / Signature at the end of the message.
 Abbreviations, symbols and contracted forms can be written.
 The message should not exceed 50 words.
 Message should be written in a box.
EXERCISE –
Q.1 Compose a message by help conversation between Ashu and Riya (Ashish‟s Sister).
Ashu to Riya : “Would you mind giving a message to Ashish. Actually, I wanted to
request him to bring my science report tomorrow, which he had borrowed last Tuesday. I
have to show it to the science teacher tomorrow.”
MESSAGE
July 21, 20XX
4:30 PM
ASHISH
Riya called up to ask for his science report, which you had borrowed last
Tuesday. He needs it urgently for he has to show it to the science teacher
tomorrow, definitely.
Ashu
Q.2 Compose a message by help conversation between Nitin and Akshay (Arjun‟s
Brother).
Nitin to Akshay : “Please tell Arjun that, I have got two tickets for the World Cup
Cricket Series Test. There is a flight on Monday morning and we are going to Hyderabad. I
already have booked the air bus seats and a room in a hotel there. So, please don‟t forget
and get prepare for the flight.”
Composed by HEMRAJ JANGID
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26-C SMS (Text Message)
Text messages are necessarily the most abbreviated form of communication; most
mobile-phone networks restrict users to around 160 characters per message and the
handset does not facilitate the composing of lengthy messages. Although many users
develop their own codes, there are basic principles that govern the formation of
abbreviations:
 Certain words or syllables can be represented by letters or numbers that sound the same but
take up less space. For example, „U‟ sounds the same as „you‟ and „C‟ sounds the same as
„see‟ (e.g. CU = see you), while the number „8‟ can be substituted wherever the sound /-ayt/
occurs in a word (e.g. GR8 = great, L8R = later)
 Words are shortened by simply omitting certain letters, especially vowels (e.g.MSG =
message)
 Abbreviations are formed from the initial letters of familiar fixed phrases, such as BFN „bye for
now‟ or TTYL „talk to you later‟. These principles, and the abbreviations themselves, are also
found to a lesser extent in conversations in chat rooms and in email. A fuller list of SMS
abbreviations is given below.
 There are some of the more established abbreviations used in all types of electronic
communication are listed below :
AFAIK - as far as I know
AFK - away from the keyboard
ASL - age, sex, location
ATB - all the best
B - be
BAK - back at the keyboard
BBL - be back late(r)
BCNU - be seeing you
BFN - bye for now
B4 - before
BRB - be right back
BTW - by the way
C - see
CUL8R - see you later
F2F - face to face
F2T - free to talk
FWIW - for what it‟s worth
FYI - for your information
GAL - get a life
GR8 - great
HAND - have a nice day
H8 - hate
HSIK - how should I know?
HTH - hope this helps
IANAL - I am not a lawyer, but (as a
disclaimer)
IMHO - in my humble opinion
KWIM - know what I mean?
L8R - later
LOL - lots of luck/laughing out loud
MOB - mobile
MSG - message
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TTYL - talk to you later
TX - thanks
U - you
WAN2 - want to
W/ - with
WKND - weekend
WU - what‟s up?
X - kiss
XLNT - excellent
XOXOX - hugs and kisses
YMMV - your mileage may vary (i.e. your
experience may differ)
YR - your
2 - to, too
2DAY - today
2MORO - tomorrow
2NITE - tonight
3SUM - threesome
4 - for
M – am
F9 – fine
IMU – I miss you
GM – good morning
GE – good evening
GN – good night
GD – good day
V – we
PPL - people
R - are
ROTF(L) - rolling on the floor (laughing)
SIT - stay in touch
SOM1 - someone
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MYOB - mind your own business
NE - any
NE1 - anyone
IMO - in my opinion
IOW - in other words
JIC - just in case
JK - just kidding
KIT - keep in touch
NOYB - none of your business
NO1 - no one
OTOH - on the other hand
SPK – speak
PCM - please call me
PLS - please
EXERCISE : Q.1 Write short sms to your friend about 50 characters telling him congratulation on his
great success.
Congratulation frnd on your gr8 success. It is result of your hardworking
and regular study. Now u‟ve to achieve your goal. GM
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26-D E-MAIL
E-mail or electronic mail is the process of exchanging messages electronically
using computers or mobile. E-mails allow users to communicate with each other in less
time and at nominal costs. Any form of data like text, graphics, sound, or video can be
sent through e-mail.
E-MAIL ADDRESS –
An e-mail address is divided into two part, namely the username or the user ID and
the identity of the mail server. The two parts are separated by the @. The Structure of
an e-mail address is given below –
[email protected]
For examples [email protected]
[email protected]
E-MAIL FORMAT –
E-mail Format
Date : ……………………………………………………………………………………
From : ……………………………………………………………………………………
To : ……………………………………………………………………………………
Subject : ……………………………………………………………………………………
Attachment : …………………………………………………… (browsing file)
Message Box :
send
save
The e-mail is immediately sent to the specified address and a message is displayed
informing that your e-mail has been sent.
EXERCISE –
Q.1 You have just read a news in a newspaper that the state Government is planning
to reduce the fees in the University. Write an e-mail to your friend who lives in Delhi
and is planning to do B.Ed. after his graduation. Your friend‟s e-mail address is
„[email protected]‟ .
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E-mail Format
Date : ……………… 19-12-20XX …………………………
From : ……… [email protected] ……………
To : ……… [email protected] ………
Subject : ……… A good chance to continue your education ……
Attachment : …… Newspaper cutting image …… (browsing file)
Message Box :
Dear Ramanuj
You told me that you‟re interested in doing B.Ed. from Rajasthan. You‟ll be glad to know
that State Government is planning to reduce the fees in the University. There are about 38
Universities in Rajasthan out of which 15 Universities. You can easily get into any of these
Universities. In this way you can continue your education and even your dream to do your
B.Ed. can easily be fulfilled. The Government has plans to encourage number of students to get
their education to fulfill the dreams and brighten their future by providing them better-equipped
and quality education. I hope you will consider it.
Raj Sinha
send
save
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26-E DIARY
Diary entry is very personal form of writing having no hard or fast rules. It
reflects our creativity, imaginations, expression etc.
AN EFFECTIVE DIARY –
An effective diary includes the followings points:
 Day, date, and time of entry.
 Descriptive heading.
 Expressive beginning.
 Contents of the diary entry – your thoughts and feelings.
EXERCISE –
Q.1 You have topped in your school in the final Examinations and feel happy and excited.
Write a page in your diary expressing and sharing your feelings.
Monday,
15th March, 20XX,
9:30 p.m.
Topped in Final Examinations
Today was the happiest day in my life. My result was declared early in the morning for which I
was anxiously waiting. What a jump!
The Final Examination results were declared today, in the morning. I topped the list of successful
candidates in the school. I am the luckiest student in the school to have achieved full marks in all
the subjects. No doubt I have done very well in the examination and such a superb achievement
was beyond my expectations.
How jubilant I felt today when the Principal along with the entire staff congratulated me. They
said that they were proud of the Honour I had brought. My family was very happy. Today‟s
memories will never, never fade from my mind.
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26-F LETTER
A letter is a written message the writer sends others through post / couriers / e-mail.
Letters enable us to communicate thoughts, needs, feelings and information to
others when we can‟t express them verbally or directly. Personal letters help us to be
in touch with our friends, relatives and dear ones. Official letters are written to
convey official requests or suggestions as well as to serve as a record.
CLASSIFICATION –
LETTER WRITING
FORMAL
INFORMAL
(Official - Business)
(Personal)
(a)
Includes letters and applications
to the editor of newspaper, official
letters, letters from and to
companies, government
departments.
(b)
Language and Tone is objective,
business-like to communicate
message.
(a)
Personal / informal letters
are written to relatives and
friends.
(b)
Language and Tone is easy,
relaxed and conversational
style.
LAYOUT OR LETTER FORMAT –
 FOR INFORMAL LETTERS -
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Sender‟s address
Date
Salutations (never use Dear Friend. always write a name)
(Body of the letter)
(This space is for the body of the letter containing all the information the sender wants to convey
)
Closing of the letter (leave taking expression)
(eg- convey my best regards to …… and love to ……
See you.
Bye)
Subscription (yours sincerely, your loving …… ,)
Name of the person writing the letter
N.B. – In personal letters, we don‟t write the recipient‟s address in the letter but on
the envelope.
Subscription for personal letter –
1. Yours ever
2. Yours lovingly
3. Yours affectionately
4. Yours

FOR FORMAL LETTERS -
Sender‟s address
Date
Receiver‟s name, address, designation
The theme (Subject)
Salutations (Sir)
(Body of the letter)
(Body of the formal letter divide into three parts: )
[PARA – I (who you are and why are you writing)]
[PARA – II (body of the letter, detail of the issue / topic)]
[PARA – III (what would you like the reader to do)]
Closing of the letter (Thank you!)
Subscription (yours truly)
Sender Signature, Name and Designation
Subscription for official letter – 1. Yours faithfully 2. Yours sincerely
3. Yours obediently
4. Yours truly
5. Sincerely
EXERCISE –
(a)
You are suffering from flu. You can‟t go to school for the next few days. You need
to inform the principal of your school about your illness and ask for leave of
absence from the school.
(b)
You have received a wonderful watch as your birthday gift from your uncle who
lives in Gohati. You feel very happy that your uncle remembered your birthday as
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much as he remembered how much you wanted to buy that watch. You want to
thank him for the gift.
(c)
Poor water and electricity supply have created problems in your area. You
strongly feel that students like you can bring the attention of the city government
towards such problems. Write a letter to the Editor of the Hindustan Times
highlighting the problem and appealing to the government to pay attention.
(d)
You are Anne, a student of VIII standard of Alien Children‟s Academy, Mahalan.
Write a letter / application to the class teacher requesting him / her to issue you a
duplicate ID card as you have lost the original one.
(e)
You are Pradeep, living in hostel of your school, Alien Children‟s Academy. Write
a letter to your father telling him your hostel life.
(f)
Your friend has got 1st rank in secondary board examination. Write a letter to
your friend congratulating him / her on his / her great success.
OR
Your cousin took part in the NCC flying selection wing in Jaipur and was selected as
the best cadet. Write a letter congratulating him / her on his/her achievement.
(g)
You are wholesaler. You have shorted some books of Mathematics. Write a letter
to Oxford Press Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, to send short books as soon as possible.
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26-G NEWSPAPER REPORTS
It is an authentic account of an event, which is precise and specific in details and
objective in style.
METHOD OF WRITING A NEWS REPORT –
 Write a report in a practical and business manner providing necessary
information clearly.
 Most relevant information is included in the report.
 The heading should be clear and factual.
 Well-structured report begins with a heading and runs into small paragraphs.
NEWS REPORT FORMAT –
Heading
(By ……………………………………………, ……… designation …………)
…… Location …… , …… date …… , ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Contents) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXERCISE –
(a)
Suppose you are Neha Arha, the Staff Correspondent of The Hindustan Times,
Jaipur. You have been asked to cover an accident which took place at Harmada
near Jaipur. On reaching the spot, you have gathered the following information:
Location : Harmada near, Jaipur Date / Time : Friday, August 18, 20xx , 9:00pm
Killed (5) : Sheetal, Anisha, Anne, Firoj, and Kasim
Injured : 12
Tempo – Trax : Proceeding to Laxmangarh from Jaipur Bus : From opposite direction
5 KILLED, 12 INJURED IN ROAD ACCIDENT NEAR JAIPUR
(By Neha Arha, Staff Correspondent)
Jaipur, August 18, 20xx, Five Persons were killed and 12 other, including two
children, injured when the vehicle in which they were travelling collided head on
with a private bus at Harmada near the state capital, police said.
All the victims were travelling in Tempo – Trax and they were proceeding to
Laxmangarh from Jaipur to pay obeisance at the „Baba‟s Mosque‟ near Sikar when
the bus approaching from the opposite direction collided with it.
The deceased have been identified as Sheetal, Anisha, Anne, Firoj, and Kasim.
Immediately, the police rushed the injured persons to the SMS Hospital in Jaipur.
The condition of two of the injured is stated to be serious.
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(b)
Such as another exercise on –
1. A house on fire. 2. A serious train accident.
4. Serial bomb blast in Jaipur.
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3. Bank robbery
5. Attack on white house
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26-H POSTER WRITING
A poster is a very useful means of making an announcement, issuing a notice,
advertising a product or bringing about awareness on any issue of public interest. A
poster is always easily readable and is visually attractive. Posters are mainly used by
political parties, film maker, advertisement agencies, different government
departments etc.
AN EFECTIVE POSTER –
 Is prepared with a particular audience in mind.
 Mentions the theme of the notice.
 Appeals for awareness, a warning or a caution.
 Takes the form of an invitation for sales, fashion shows exhibitions etc.
FORMAT –
A poster has no fixed format. But it incorporates the various points like theme
/ event, occasion, date, time and place, a message of appeal or caution or warning,
slogans and captions and the name of the organization issuing it.
Visuals enhance the impact of a poster. Ideally one full page should be used
for writing a poster. The poster is prepared in about 50 words and is put in a box.
EXERCISE –
(a)
Create a thought provoking poster in about 50 words inspiring people to grow
more trees. Put the poster in a box.
(b)
Design a poster announcing a POLIO DROP weak in your city, encouraging
people to bring their children to the camp „arranged in their locality‟, organized by
the „Health Ministry‟. Put the poster in the box.
(c)
Such as another exercise on –
1. BLOOD DANATION CAMP
2. FREE MADICALE CHECK UP CAMP
3. OPPOSE RALLY
4. BENEFIT OF SOLAR ENERGY
5. WATER HARVESTING
6. CONSERVATION OF NATURE
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26- I PARAGRAPH / ESSAY WRITING



MORNING WALK
Morning time is the golden time of the day. It is the best and light form of
exercise. It is a natural tonic. There is saying- “ Early to bed and early to rise, makes
a man healthy, wealthy and wise” and “ A healthy mind in a healthy body”
It is equally good for the old, young and children. It is easy but valueable. It
keeps the body healthy and strong. It refreshes our mind and makes us smart. It
makes our lungs and heart strong and keeps away illness. In the morning time, we
come into close touch with nature. The air is cool and pleasant. Noble(good) ideas
come to our mind.
I get up early in the morning to go on a morning walk. Nature is full of peace
and beauty. I see that birds are singing. I forget my worries. I feel that God is really
a big artist. The scene of rising sun has its own charm(beauty). Looking at the rising
sun improves our eye-sight. It gives us the wealth of health. In short I can say that
morning walk is a boon. So I like morning walk.
MY HOBBY
Hobby is a work which we do in our leisure for our pleasure. It is a tonic to our
dull and dry life. Different people have different hobbies. Photography, swimming,
games, singing, dancing, painting, hunting, reading, fishing, boating, gardening are
some of popular common hobbies. My hobby is gardening.
It teaches is to work hard with our own hands. In gardening me study “The
Book of Nature”. We learn about plant life. It gives us mental peace. Gardening
adds to the beauty of the house.
I have always a love for nature. I have made a small garden behind my house.
I have planted some fruit plants, flower plants and grow vegetables. I work my
garden for one hour. It saves money because we do not have to buy vegetables.
Gardening is not a costly hobby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF NEWSPAPERS
Newspaper is a mirror which reflects the political, the economics and the
social conditions. Newspaper tries to give us the latest news about the country and
the world. We can know how things are going on. The government programs and
policies are made public through newspapers.
Everybody wants to read a newspaper. They are published in English, Hindi,
Urdu and in almost all other regional languages in great number. Newspapers are
eyes and ears of the government and politicians. They can know the public opinion.
They ring awakening among people against social, economic and political ills.
There are separate sections for business, sports and local news. It is a link between
the people and the government.
There are many advertisements. They help trade and business. They bring
the sellers and the buyers closer. They increase our general knowledge. They have
educational value.
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



AN EDUCATIONAL TOUR
Students get bored by doing the same king of study. So it is necessary to
break the daily routine by doing something different. An educational tour one of the
way of bringing some change in the students life.
Our school decided to go an educational tour during Deepawali holidays.
About eighty students of my school were ready to go. We were to go to Mount Abu.
At about 11 am, we started for tour. We were in a happy mood on the way. On the
way some friends were talking, singing and laughing loudly. Our teachers guided
us. We reached there at 11pm at night. We went to a inn and got comfortable room.
In the morning we got ready and went to see important places. We stayed
there for two days. Then we want to Udaipur and saw important places and lakes
there we came back to our home happily. We were tried but our hearts were happy.
A PICNIC
We get bored by doing the same kind of work daily. So it is necessary to
break the daily routine by doing something different. Picnic is one of the way of
bringing some change in the daily routine.
Last Sunday it was a rainy day. My friends came to me and we decided to go
on a picnic. At keoladev Ghana birds sanctuary. The weather was very fine. The sky
was covered (filled) with dark clouds and the air was cool. At about 11a.m. we
started for picnic. We were in a happy mood. On the way some friends were talking,
singing and laughing loudly.
We reached there at 9 o‟clock. Chirping of birds welcomed us. Most of
migratory birds had come. We started visiting the place. We spread our carpet by
the bank of a lake and took our lunch. After lunch and rest we started on our visit
again. At about 6 p.m. we came back to our home happily. We were tried but our
hearts were happy.
A VISIT TO A HISTORICAL PLACE
There are many famous historical places in India. Such as Chittorgarh fort,
Tajmahal, Haldi Ghati etc. They gives us knowledge of history.
Last Sunday my father took us to Agra. My father bought five tickets and we
entered the Taj-Mahal and visited the Taj-Mahal. The Taj- the crown of the world-is
at the Yamuna in Agra. Shah Jehan, the great Muslim emperor, got it built. It is made
of white marble on the grave of his dear wife Mumtaz. He loved her very much. It is a
token of love and sorrow of a great emperor.
It was built about three hundred years ago. It was built in about twenty one
years. The gateway is made of red stone. There are green lawns and beautiful
flower beds. Flower plants add to its beauty. There is a very big platform made of
marble. The main building is made on it. There is the Hall of Death. Sayings from the
Holy Quran are written almost on every wall. There are four big „minars‟. Really it is
a wonderful building.
A VISIT TO A ZOO
Zoo is a practical means to increase our knowledge. Books give us the
second-hand knowledge while a zoo gives us first-hand knowledge.
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Last Sunday my father took us to the zoo. My father bought five tickets and
we entered the zoo. It has two sections-„Animal Section‟ and „Bird Section‟. First of
all we saw the animal section. We saw elephants, giraffe, zebra, lions, tigers, bears,
stags, deer, rabbits, chimpanzee, alligators, rhinoceroses etc. In bird section we
saw swallow, owl, wood-pecker, pigeon, raven, eagle, vulture, bat, dove, drake,
ostrich, crane, parrot, swan, falcon etc.
At last we talked to animal keepers. They gave us interesting information that
increases our knowledge. Thus, this visit gave us amusement and education.
 IMPORTANCE OF TREES –
We can‟t live without trees. Trees is a great gift of nature to man. No living being
can exist on this earth if there are no trees.
Trees give us the vital gas oxygen for breathing. Threes absorb the harmful
gases like carbon dioxide, which we breathe out. Trees maintain the gases balance
and moderate our climate. Trees control the pollution. Trees help in rain. Trees stop
soil erosion. Trees maintain up the level of soil water. Forests are also shelter for
birds and animals. Forests protect the wild animals. They also give us fader fuel,
timber, rubber, drugs, spices fruits, gums etc.
In short we can say that benefits of trees are endless. Trees give us direct and
indirect benefits. So we should save trees and stop cutting of trees.
 A VILLAGE FAIR –
Fair is a large crowded of people that come there to buy, to sell something and to
enjoy. Fair is a memorable of folk God, God or Goddess and people worship them. It
is way to meet to each other. In Rajasthan many fairs fall such Baba Ramdev, Tejaji,
Khatushyam Ji, Pushkar, Dashehara, Jugal Ji etc.
I live in a village. There are three words for villagers that describe their life –
simple, pure, and fresh. Last Sunday I went to see the fair of Jugal Ji with my family.
Hundreds of men, women and children were there. People were going and coming
here and there in groups. Some singers were singing songs. There were many stalls
of toys, clothes, sweets, juice and many other things. There were some magic show
and chakries. There were some scouts and police men to help the people.
We went into the temple. There was a long queue of people. After some time we
had „Dharshan‟ of Jugal Ji. Then we came back to our house. I was very happy. I
cann‟t forget this fair.
 WONDERS OF SCIENCE –
We live in the age of science. Science has given us many wonders. Science is a
blessing. Science has given legs to the lame and eyes to the blind.
X-ray is a window through which we can see inside the body. X-ray has done
much in finding out many diseases. Vaccination has almost rooted out small pox,
cholera etc. Plastic surgery is the latest development in surgery. Now germs die,
men live. Today man can live a longer and healthier life. Now man flies in sky like a
bird and swim in oceans like a fish. Ships, aeroplanes, trains, motors have been
invented. Electricity is another wonder. In the field of industry machines are very
important. Cinemas, radios, television give us recreation. Computer and robots are
wonders. Man has reached the moon.
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Science has given birth to many evils. It has invented various war weapons.
Atom and hydrogen bombs, rockets, missiles, are the examples. Science has shaken
our faith in God, religion and nature. Science has given us wealth but not happiness.
MY FAVOURITE FESTIVAL –
India is a country of festivals. There are many festivals fall in a year such Deepawali,
Holi, Onam, Eid, Mohram, Rakshabandhan, Teej, Dashehara, Janmashtmi, Christmas
etc. There are some festivals for Hindus, some for Muslims and some for others. My
favourite festival is Deepawali.
Deepawali generally falls in last week of October or first week of November and
Hindi month it falls on Amavshiya of Kartik month. It is called light of festival. This
festival to be celebrates on grove of Lord Rama. On this day Lord Rama returned to
Ayodhiya from forest after fourteen years. This festival is victory of light on dark.
Before week people clean white wash and paint their houses and shops. They
decorate them. On this day people put on (wear) new dresses and say each other
„Happy Diwali‟. They worship Laxmi – goddess of wealth. Children and grownups
burnt fire crackers. All are very happy.
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27 COMPREHENSION







HOW TO SOLVE THE PASSAGE IN BEST (METHOD TO SOLVE THE
PASSAGE) Read the passage carefully least three times.
Try to understand the passage message / theme / body.
Try to understand the meaning of every word that is given in passage.
Find the VOCABULARY of important words such as Antonyms(opposite),
Homophones(same sound word / rhyming word), Synonyms(similar word, same
meaning word), Gender, One word.
Read the question carefully and understand what question is asking you.
Now answer the question.
 EXERCISE –
Q.1
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questionsWhen Namita went into her room, she saw a strange man was fast asleep in
an armchair. She left the house immediately and went to the police station. She
soon returned home in a police jeep with six policemen. But it was now too late. The
man had disappeared. She went to her dressing table. She smiled with relief when
she saw that the only thing the man had taken was an imitation diamond necklace
which she had purchased for twenty rupees.
(a) What thing had the man taken from the house?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
(b) How many police men came with Namita?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
(c) Find the word from the passage that mean Came back ………………………
Bought ……………………………
Q.2
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questionsTrees help conserve soil and water. In open country, trees act as wind breaks
and keep the wind from blowing away top soil. Their roots prevent soil from being
washed away by heavy rains. Trees roots also help store water in the ground. In
mountain regions, forests prevent sliding snow from causing avalanches. Forests
also provide shelter for wild life and recreation areas for vacationists. Trees help
preserve the balance of gases in the atmosphere.
(a) In which regions do forests prevent sliding snow from causing avalanches?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
(b) Who maintain the balance of gases in the atmosphere?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
(c) Find the word from the passage that opposite is Top ………………………
Light ……………………
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Q.3
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questionsIt was late evening when he wrote the first letter. He did not have postage
stamps and time was late. He went to bed and could not post the letter.
(a) When did he write the first letter?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
(b) Why could he not post the letter?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
(c) Find the word from the passage that opposite isMorning ………………………
Last ……………………………
Q.4
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questionsThe Ganga is a holy river to the Hindus. The Hindus call it „Mother Ganga‟. Every
Hindu wishes to die on the banks of the holy Ganga so that he may reach heaven. It is one
of the biggest rivers in India – about sixteen hundred miles in length. It rises in the
Gangotri mountains in the Himalayas. At Haridwar, it leaves the mountains and enters the
plains. Its speed is slower in the plains. At Allahabad, the Jamuna also joins it and the
confluence is known as Triveni. After flowing through Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar
and West Bengal, it flows into the Bay of Bengal.
The Ganga is very useful for the country. It brings with it rich soil from the
mountains and spreads it on the land to make it very fertile. The fields in this area produce
two crops a year. The Ganga is also very useful in other ways. Many saints and holy
persons live on its banks and we can learn much from their teachings and wisdom.
(a) In which Indian states does the Ganga flow through?
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
(b) How is the Ganga useful for our country?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(c) Pick out from the passage the word which is the opposite of –
Barren ______________________
Hell _______________________
Q.5
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questionsAt school, pupils are helped at every step by their teachers. At the university, the
students listen to lectures and read books and they have to make notes for themselves. In
order to take notes in the classroom, it is necessary to have a good ear, a quick mind and
mastery over the written language. A good ear helps the students hear what the lecturer
says. If the student has a quick mind, he can decide what the important points in the
lecture are. Mastery over the written language enables him to take down notes while
attending to the lectures. To make notes from books, it is necessary to have an
understanding of the subject and the ability to decide what important is. In doing this, the
student doesn‟t have to worry about time. He can read a page again. Most students find
that the making notes from books help them make their own ideas clear and understand
the subject better.
(a) What is necessary to understand the subject?
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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(b) How can one make one‟s ideas clear?
____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(c)
Pick out from the passage the word which is–
Unnecessary (opposite of) _______________
Write (similar spelling of) _________________
Q.6
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questionsOne day George Washington was riding along a road. On his way, he saw some
soldiers trying to lift a heavy beam. The corporal was giving them orders. The beam
was too heavy to move without help. They needed only one man more. The corporal,
however, would not help them. He thought, he was too big an officer to come down to
the level of the soldiers.
Washington watched for a minute and then asked the corporal why he didn‟t
help the soldiers. The corporal at once turned round and said, “Don‟t you know sir,
that I am an officer?” Washington replied, “I beg your pardon, Mr Corporal, I didn‟t
know that you were such a great man.” Then he at once dismounted, took off his coat,
rolled up his sleeves and pulled at the beam with all his might. The beam came up at
once. Washington then mounted his horse again and said to the office, “Mr corporal, if
in future you need the help of another man, send for your General.” Washington, the
first President of America was a great man, indeed.
(a) What did Washington see along the road?
____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(b) How many persons did they need for their help?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(c) Find out from the passage the word which means –
Climbed down ____________________
Really __________________
Q.7
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questionsHelen Keller was aged two when an illness took away her sight and hearing.
Since she was deaf, she also lost the ability to speak, for we learn to speak by
imitating what we hear. So as a child she lived in a dark and silent world. At first it
seemed impossible that he would even understand others or be understood by them.
Hers was thus a very lonely world. She was helped by a wonderful teacher called Miss
Sullivan who had herself been blind as a child but recovered her sight after an
operation. Miss Sullivan volunteered to help Helen and taught her to speak, read and
write. Helen, later, went to a university and even gained a degree. She then spent the
rest of her life working to help the blind and the deaf. She has written many books.
Her own book „The Story of My Life‟ is very famous.
(a) What was impossible for Helen Keller at first?
____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(b) What did Helen Keller do in the rest of her life?
____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(c) Pick out from the passage the word which is the antonym of –
Noisy __________________________
Possible __________________________
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Q.8
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questionsIt is very easy to acquire bad habits, such as eating too many sweets or too much food
or drinking wine or smoking. The more we do a thing the more we like doing it. If we do not
continue to do it, we feel unhappy. This is called the „force of habit‟ and this force of habit
should be fought against. Things may be very good, when only done from time to time. But
these too become very harmful when we do them too often and too much. This applies
even to such good things as work or rest. Some people form a habit of too much rest,
while others form a habit of too much work. But „excess of everything is bad‟. In India, use
of wine is not at all necessary and should be given up. Its regular use creates mischief in
the various organs of the body. It affects the liver and weakness the mental power.
(a)
How does a man become used to bad habits?
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(b)
When do good habits change into bad habits?
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(c)
Pick out from the passage the word which is the opposite of –
Harmless ________________
Acquire _________________
Q.9
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questionsThe ornament of woman is her character, her purity. Metal and stones can never be
real ornaments. The names of women like Sita and Damayantri have become sacred to us
for their unsullied virtue, never for their jewellery, if they wore any. Several sisters have
told me that they feel all the better on getting rid of their jewels. I have called this an act of
merit in more ways than one. No man of woman is entitled to the possession of wealth,
unless he or she has given a fair share of it to the poor and the helpless. It is a social and
religious obligation and has been called a sacrifice by the Bhagavad Gita. He who does
not offer this sacrifice has been called a thief. The Gita has enumerated many forms of
sacrifice, but what greater sacrifice can there be than to serve the poor and the needy.
For us, today, there can be no sacrifice higher than to forget the distinctions of the high
and the low and to realize the equality of all men.
(a) What is a social and religious obligation?
_______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(b) What is the real ornament of a woman?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(c) Pick out from the passage the word which is opposite of –
Remember __________________
Distinction
__________________
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PRONUNCIATIONS
Pronunciations are not given for ordinary, everyday words such as bake, baby, beach,
bewilder, boastful, or budget, since it is assumed that native speakers of English do not,
as a rule, have problems with the pronunciation of such words. In the Concise Oxford
English Dictionary, the principle followed is that pronunciations are given only where they
are likely to cause problems for the native speaker of English, in particular for foreign
words, scientific and other technical terms, rare words, words with unusual stress
patterns, and words in which the standard pronunciation is disputed. For example, full
pronunciations are given for the following words: baba ganoush, baccalaureate, beatific,
bijouterie, bucolic, and buddleia.
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is used in representing the standard accent of
English as spoken in the south of England (sometimes called Received Pronunciation or
RP). It is recognized that, although the English of southern England is the pronunciation
given, many variations are heard in standard speech in other parts of the Englishspeaking world.
The symbols used for English words, with their values, are given below.
Consonants
The following have their usual English values: b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, and z.
Other symbols are used as follows:
g get x loch D this j yes
tS chip N ring S she
dZ jar T thin Z decision
introduction
Vowels
short vowels long vowels diphthongs triphthongs
(; indicates length)
a cat A; arm VI my VI@ fire
E bed E; hair aU how aU@ sour
@ ago @; her eI day
I sit i; see @U no
i cosy O; saw I@ near
Q hot u; too OI boy
V run U@ poor
U put
(@) before /l/, /m/, or /n/ indicates that the syllable may be realized
with a syllabic l, m, or n, rather than with a vowel and a consonant,
e.g. /"bVt(@)n/ rather than /"bVt@n/.
(r) indicates an r that is sometimes sounded when a vowel follows, as
in drawer, cha-chaing.
Stress
The mark " before a syllable indicates that it is stressed. Secondary stress is
shown by the mark % before a syllable.
Foreign pronunciations
Foreign words and phrases, whether naturalized or not, are always given an
anglicized pronunciation. The anglicized pronunciation represents the normal
pronunciation used by native speakers of standard English when using the
word in an English context. However, it is difficult to show the typical
pronunciation of some commonly used French words by means of standard
English vowel symbols, and for that reason the following nasalized vowels
have been used:
ë au gratin
í bouffant
ì chanson
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ï frisson
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