Download Ch 14-2 Battle Chart Notes TPS The Allied Response

Ch 14-2 Battle Chart Notes T-P-S
The Allied Response
Main Idea
The early years of World War II went poorly for the Allies. But after the
United States joined the war, the Allies soon recovered and began
making gains against the Axis.
**Hitler Overextends himself**
Review 14-1 Battle of Britain and Invasion of Russia
Content Statement:
Explain how the consequences of World War I and the
worldwide depression set the stage for the rise of
totalitarianism, aggressive Axis expansion and the policy of
appeasement which in turn led to World War II.
German Expansion
German Expansion
German Expansion
German Expansion
German Expansion
German Expansion
EUROPE UNDER AXIS CONTROL
Early American Involvement
The Battle of the Atlantic Oct.1941-1943
• Control of the ocean important
• 1940-1941- German “happy time”. In the span of a few months
Germans sank 360 U.S. ships while losing only 8 U-boats off of U.S.
coast
• Food and equipment for England and Soviet Union shipped by sea
• Germany relied on U-boats
• Inflicted great damage to shipping
• SS City of Cairo sunk 1942 w/100 tons silver= $50 million. CNN 4/2015
• U.S. offered military aid
• Provided ships and military escorts for British convoys
• October 1941—USS Reuben James; first U.S. Navy ship sunk by
Germany
Winning the Atlantic
With U.S. officially at war, German U-boats in American waters
• Tried to destroy American merchant ships
– Hundreds of ships lost to German subs
– After 1943, Allies able to fight back more effectively
• Allied factories at full production **U.S. Manufacturing**
– Large numbers of ships and planes
– More firepower helped locate and destroy U-boats. Convoy
system. Use of sonar technology.
– Key German code system broken
• Losses dropped sharply
– Vital supply line to Great Britain and Soviet Union kept open
– Atlantic belonged to Allies
– By war’s end 70% of Germans who served on submarines
were dead. Atlantic belonged to Allies.
HMS pathfinder 143 sunk U-162 September 3, 1942
American Home Front
• U.S. entered war two months later
• Enormous task of mobilization; men and women volunteered
for service
• Factories converted; “victory gardens” planted; scrap drives
and recycling to collect materials
• Some negative effects of patriotism
• Japanese Americans placed in internment camps during the
war
War in North Africa and Italy
Italian and British forces battled for control of North Africa. The Suez Canal and the oil
fields of the Middle East were essential to the British war effort. After Italian forces
failed against the British, Hitler was forced to send German troops to support the
Italians.
Back-and-forth fighting
Americans join the battle
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Afrika Korps led by Erwin Rommel
Pushed British back into Egypt
Traded blows for two years
1942—Battle of El Alamein
British victory under Gen. Bernard
Montgomery
• Axis power lessened in North Africa
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Soviets wanted European front
Invasion of western North Africa
Dwight D. Eisenhower led troops
Operation Torch
Rommel caught between forces in east
and west
• Supply problems worsened
• May 1943—surrendered to Allies.
Allies stronghold for base of attack on
Italy. Force Mussolini from power July
1943
Nearly 250,000 Axis soldiers taken prisoner; with surrender, all of North Africa in Allied
hands
Fighting in Italy
Next Allied goal: Italy itself
• July 1943, Allied soldiers landed on the island of Sicily
– Weak Italian resistance
– Benito Mussolini forced from power
• Allies capture Sicily
– Made plans to invade the Italian mainland
– Hitler tried to protect against the Allied march through Italy
• September 1943
– Allies move into southern Italy
– Strong German resistance as troops moved north
– Bloody fighting continued for months
A Turning Point in the Soviet Union
• 1941 German invasion halted with winter
• German equipment failed in bitter cold
• Poorly equipped troops suffered greatly
Leningrad
• Citizens under siege in Hitler’s attempt to force a surrender.
• Siege is a military blockade of city.
• Winter of 1941—1942,
• thousands starved to death daily
• Siege of Leningrad cost 1 million civilian lives
• Ends in Early 1944
• 3,000-4,000 a day starve to death.
• Stalin wants 2nd European Front. Millions dying. Increase
tension amongst Allies
• Tension after WWII: buffer zone: Cold War
Battle of Stalingrad: Spring 1942-February 1943
In the spring of 1942, Hitler ordered renewed assaults on the
Soviet Union. He assembled troops from Italy, Romania, and
Hungary. Even with fuel shortages, Axis forces fought well
initially.
On the Volga River
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Germans poised to take Stalingrad
Key industrial city for Soviets
Factories supplied Soviet armies
Ports shipped grain, oil, and other products throughout
country
Battle of Stalingrad
Brutal battle
Final victory
•City bombed into rubble;
German troops moved in
•Hold city at all costs
•Georgy Zhukov led Soviet
counterattack: Broke through
Axis forces and surrounded
250,000 Axis soldiers
•Axis soldiers with no food or
ammunition
•Hitler—“Surrender is
forbidden” captured 90,000
half dead Axis survivors
• German officers
surrendered early February
1943
• 1 million Soviet dead
• Crushing defeat for Hitler;
once invincible German
army in retreat
• Battle of Stalingrad turning
point in war
• NOW CAN PUSH INTO
EUROPE!!
A Turning Point in the Pacific
The attack on Pearl Harbor was an enormous success for Japan.
The damage took time to overcome; U.S. ability to strike back was limited.
• Three Pacific Fleet aircraft carriers undamaged
– Air power provided support for Allied ground and naval forces
– Japanese navy still ruled the seas
– Allies focused on Europe
• Vital territory fell to Japanese
– Singapore, Hong Kong, Burma, and strategic islands
– Target —U.S.-held Philippines
– U.S. general Douglas MacArthur led doomed defense
– Americans surrendered in April 1942
• Bataan Death March
– Forced march of 70,000 American and Filipino prisoners
– Brutal violence, tropical heat, and lack of food or water
– Many survivors perished in inhumane prison camps
Carrier Battles
Battle of the Coral Sea
Battle of Midway
• First carrier battle—May 1942
• June 1942—high seas battle
• Off northeast coast of Australia
• Midway a strategic island—home to
U.S. military base
• Japanese forces tried to take Port
Moresby on island of New Guinea
• Japanese advantage—more ships and
carriers
• Allied vessels tried to block attack
• Each side lost a carrier in battle
• A Japanese advance had been stopped
• U.S. advantage—Japanese secret code
broken
• Admiral Chester Nimitz responsible for
Allied victory; Japan’s navy suffered
terrible blow
Island Hopping
Balance of power changed
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Japanese lost sea advantage after Midway
Allies developed island-hopping strategy
Skipped over strongholds and captured weaker targets
Captured islands used as bases for next attacks
Bypassed Japanese strongholds cut off from outside supplies
Guadalcanal
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Allied invasion of island late 1942
Six months of brutal battle
Each side won small victories
Battle of Guadalcanal ended with
Japanese troops fleeing the island
• Japanese continued to fight to the
death
• Kamikazes
Leyte Gulf
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Allies captured more islands
By 1944 back at Philippines
Largest naval battle
First major use of kamikazes
Battle of Leyte Gulf—Allied victory
Japan’s naval power virtually
destroyed