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Transcript
Bech: Geology • 1. Explain how your life would be different if geology-the study of earth-did not exist. What products and resources in our everyday lives are Earth-based (they come from below ground) • Rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water • WHY: Civilization has always need water for their bodies, farming, and animals. Water is needed for survival. • 4.5 billion years old (plus or minus about 1%) • Scientists know this through studying the earth • Like people, the earth shows age. (Rocks, and other land forms) 1. Heat in the form of volcanoes, geysers, and hotsprings shows us that the interior of the earth is hot. 2. 2. Types of volcanic rock found and examined by geologists 3. 3. Shifting of the plates and rifts that allow for escaping of heat. 4. Minerals found in the Earth’s crust • Crust • Mantle • Outer Core • Inner Core • Pressure affects temperature. • The weight of overlying layers causes pressure and temperature to increase as you go deeper into the Earth. • Different substances require different amounts of pressure or temperature to change states because of the strengths of their molecular bonds. • • • • • Crust- solid Lithosphere-solid Asthenosphere- solid, but plastic Mantle- solid Outer core- liquid Inner Core- solid • Liquid and solid layers in the earth have to do with what they are made out of, heat, pressure. • Evidence: • • • • • • • Mountains Types of Soil Fossils Plants Animals Rocks Shore lines Pangea is the theory of the “supercontinent” The theory is that all the continents were together at one point, then drifted and broke away from each other. • Plate tectonics is the theory that the earth's lithosphere (outer rigid shell) is composed of several dozen "plates", or pieces, that float on a ductile mantle, like slabs of ice on a pond. • A hot spot occurs because of the intense heat of the outer core. • This heat radiates through the mantle bringing hot solid rock upward to the hot spot. • Because of lower pressure in the upper region of the mantle the rock begins to melt. This forms magma which rises inch by inch until it reaches the surface forming a volcano. -When two plates collide and one subducts below the other there is usually a small space that magma can squeeze through, thus creating a volcano -EX: Mount St. Helens and Mount Fuji • Form: Mountains are formed by uplifting of the crust along fault lines/zones • Where: Western USA the Sierra Nevada, White mountains and Rockies • Shield Volcano • form from "gentle" or nonexplosive eruptions of flowing lava. • The lava spreads out and builds up volcanoes with broad, gently sloping sides. • Cinder Cone Volcano • build from lava that is blown violently into the air and breaks into fragments. • smallest volcanoes and are cone-shaped • Composite volcano • largest and form symmetrical cones with steep sides. • develop from repeated explosive and nonexplosive eruptions of tephra • Earthquakes and volcanic activity are common in the area, which is part of the "Ring of Fire" where the Pacific plate of the earth's crust meets other continental plates. • Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument - Flagstaff • Sunset Crater Volcano was born in a series of eruptions sometime between 1040 and 1100. Powerful explosions profoundly affected the lives of local people and forever changed the landscape and ecology of the area. Lava flows and cinders still look as fresh and rugged as the day they formed. But among dramatic geologic features, you'll find trees, wildflowers, and signs of wildlife – life returns. • Caused by a sudden slip on a fault. • Shaking of the ground caused by the sudden breaking and movement of large sections (tectonic plates) • Where are earthquakes common? • Earthquakes are not randomly distributed around the earth. They occur most frequently along plate boundaries. Very large, deep earthquakes occur at convergent boundaries where ocean plates move beneath other plates, at regions called subduction zones. • There are several reasons for the perception that the number of earthquakes, in general, and particularly destructive earthquakes is increasing. 1) A partial explanation may lie in the fact that in the last twenty years, we have definitely had an increase in the number of earthquakes we have been able to locate each year. This is because of the tremendous increase in the number of seismograph stations in the world and the many improvements in global communications. In 1931, there were about 350 stations operating in the world; today, there are more that 4,000 stations and the data now comes in rapidly from these stations by telex, computer and satellite. This increase in the number of stations and the more timely receipt of data has allowed us and other seismological centers to locate many small earthquakes which were undetected in earlier years, and we are able to locate earthquakes more rapidly. The NEIC now locates about 12,000 to 14,000 earthquakes each year or approximately 50 per day. • the surface where when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another Epicenter Focus • The location on the surface of the earth directly above the hypocenter • Point of which the wave originates • These foci of natural earthquakes are found at different depths below the ground surface. • There are three levels, Shallow, Intermediate, and Deep. • Earthquakes produce two main types of waves - the P-wave (a compressional wave), and the S-wave (a shear wave). The Swave is slower but larger than the P-wave and does most of the damage. Scientists have used knowledge of the differences between these and other seismic waves to learn a great deal about the interior of the earth. • We name earthquakes after map locations near epicenters to have a convenient way to refer to them, but this can be misleading. We define the epicenter of an earthquake with the latitude and longitude of a point, but the earthquake is bigger than that point. • The Mercalli intensity scale is a seismic scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake. It measures the effects of an earthquake, and is distinct from the moment magnitude Mw usually reported for an earthquake (sometimes described as the obsolete Richter magnitude), which is a measure of the energy released. The intensity of an earthquake is not totally determined by its magnitude. • The scale quantifies the effects of an earthquake on the Earth's surface, humans, objects of nature, and man-made structures on a scale from I (not felt) to XII (total destruction).[1][2] Values depend upon the distance to the earthquake, with the highest intensities being around the epicentral area. Data gathered from people who have experienced the quake are used to determine an intensity value for their location. The Mercalli (Intensity) scale originated with the widely-used simple ten-degree Rossi-Forel scale, which was revised by Italian vulcanologist Giuseppe Mercalli in 1884 and 1906. • When the ocean floor is disturbed, it creates a huge wave that is know as a Tsunamis. • A Japanese word which means “Harbor wave” • Triggered by: • • • • Land slides Earthquakes Volcanoes Asteroids • Shaking of the ground can cause gas pipes to burst and electric lines to fall down. • EX: Lit candle falling over as the ground moves or something flammable falling over. • Fires can also occur afterwards by way of Earthquake aftershocks, as these too can cause significant movement in the ground • Radon ( /ˈreɪdɒn/ RAY-don) is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as the decay product of uranium or thorium. Its most stable isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days. Radon is one of the densest substances that remains a gas under normal conditions and is considered a health hazard due to its radioactivity. Intense radioactivity also hindered chemical studies of radon and only a few compounds are known. • Why:Radon is responsible for the majority of the public exposure to ionizing radiation. It is often the single largest contributor to an individual's background radiation dose, and is the most variable from location to location. Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings, especially in confined areas such as attics and basements. It can also be found in some spring waters and hot springs.[3] • The first step is to test your home for radon, and have it fixed if it is at or above EPA's Action Level of 4 picocuries per liter. You may want to take action if the levels are in the range of 2-4 picocuries per liter. Generally, levels can be brought below 2 pCi/l fairly simply. • The best method for reducing radon in your home will depend on how radon enters your home and the design of your home. For example, sealing cracks in floors and walls may help to reduce radon, but is not sufficient. There are also systems that remove radon from the crawl space or from beneath the concrete floor or basement slab that are effective at keeping radon from entering your home. These systems are simple and don't require major changes to your home. Other methods may be necessary. • People who have private wells should test their well water to ensure that radon levels meet EPA's proposed standard. • Layers of snow build up and slide down the mountain • Certain weather conditions like wind and rain • A rock or a piece of ice can shake the snow to slide down the mountain • Water under the snow could make the snow slide • The water table is the surface where the water pressure head is equal to the atmospheric pressure (where gauge pressure = 0). It may be conveniently visualized as the 'surface' of the subsurface materials that are saturated with groundwater in a given vicinity • There are multiple threats to the quality of the nation’s groundwater including: septic systems, nitrates, acid mine drainage, pesticides, and waste disposal. In many counties, one of the biggest contributors to groundwater pollution is leaking underground storage tanks (UST's). What is it? • crude oil is a fossil fuel • classified as a fossil fuel • non-renewable energy source How is it formed? • when sea plants and animals die, and the remains become buried under several thousand feet of silt, sand or mud. • formed by hydrocarbons • Soil is important for plants because it holds roots that provide support for plants and stores nutrients. • Plant-eating animals, including humans, would starve. Life as we know it would cease to exist. 1 Mechanical weathering Thermal stress Frost weathering Pressure release Hydraulic action Salt-crystal growth Biological weathering Chemical weathering • Dissolution / Carbonation • Hydrolysis on silicates and carbonates • Oxidation • Biological weathering • One of the main components that make up good vs. bad soil is its p • Garden soil will benefit from additives, • you find earth worms in it • breaks apart easy when you make a fist with some,but holds until you do • • • • • • • Hot springs spring characterized by a discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by a vapor phase exist in only a few places on Earth Jet-like eruptions Near by volcanoes • Geysers any geothermal spring a spring with water temperatures above its surroundings People have been seriously burned and even killed by accidentally or intentionally entering these springs. Near by volcanoes • • • • • • • Asia Africa North America South America Antarctica Europe Australia • Avalanches • Earthquakes • Volcanic eruptions • 2.1 Floods • 2.2 Limnic eruptions • 2.3 Tsunamis • 3.6 Tornadoes • World's First National Park • 2,219,789 acres (Larger than Rhode Island and Delaware combined) • largest (132 sq. mi.) high altitude (7,732') lake in north america. • located in 3 states— Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho (LAST QUESTION) • Little pieces of our earth have been eroded/broken down and worn away by wind and water. • little bits of our earth are washed downstream where they settle to the bottom of the rivers, lakes, and oceans • layers are pressed down more and more through time, until the bottom layers slowly turn into rock. • Called fire rocks and are formed either underground or above ground • formed when the melted rock, called magma, deep within the earth becomes trapped in small pockets • form deep in the earth where high temperature, great pressure, and chemical reactions cause one type of rock to change into another type of rock • Metamorphic rocks begin to form at 12-16 kilometers beneath the earth's surface