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Classification
Species of
Organisms
There are 13 billion known species of
organisms
This is only 5% of all organisms that
ever lived!!!!!
New organisms are still being found
and identified
What is Classification?
Classification is the arrangement
of organisms into orderly groups
based on their similarities
Classification is also known as
taxonomy
Taxonomists are scientists that
identify and name organisms
Benefits of Classifying
Sea “horse ?
Accurately & uniformly
names organisms
Prevents misnomers such as
starfish and jellyfish that
aren’t really fish
Uses same language (Latin
or some Greek) for all
names
Confusion in Using Different
Languages for Naming…
Latin Names are Understood by
ALL Scientists
Early Taxonomists
2000 years ago,
Aristotle was the
first taxonomist
He subdivided
organisms by their
habitat—land, sea,
or air dwellers
Early Taxonomists
John Ray, a
botanist, was the
first to use Latin for
naming
His names were very
long descriptions
telling everything
about the plant
Carolus Linnaeus
(1701- 1778)
18th century
taxonomist
Classified organisms
by their structure
Developed the
naming system
that we use today
Carolus Linnaeus
(1701- 1778)
Called the “Father of
Taxonomy”
Developed the modern system
of naming known as
binomial nomenclature
Two-word name (Genus &
species)
Standardized Naming
Binomial nomenclature
used
Genus species (Latin or Greek)
Italicized in print
Capitalize genus, but NOT
species
Underline when writing
Standardized Naming
Binomial
nomenclature used
Genus species (Latin
or Greek)
Italicized in print
Capitalize genus, but
NOT species
Underline when writing
Turdus migratorius
American Robin
Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related??
Classification Groups
Taxon (taxa-plural) is a category
into which related organisms are
placed
There is a hierarchy of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most
specific
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, Species
Hierarchy - Taxonomic Groups
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Broadest Taxon
Most
specific
taxon
Hierarchy - Taxonomic Groups
Dumb
King
Philip
Came
Over
For
Grape
Soda
Classification of Humans
The Diversity of Living
Things
Archaea and
Bacteria
Archaea
Archaea and bacteria have several
features in common, but they are
not closely related
They are microscopic, unicellar,
usually have cell walls, and
reproduce asexually
They lack nuclei
Archaea are often found in
extreme places like hot springs
Bacteria are very common and can
be found in soil and animal
bodies
Bacteria
Bacteria and the
Environment
Some bacteria break down the
remains and wastes of other
organisms to return nutrients to the
soil
Others recycle nutrients, such as
nitrogen and phosphorus
Bacteria also allow organisms, like
humans, to extract certain nutrients
from their food
E. coli, a bacterium found in the
intestines of humans and other
animals helps digest food and
release vitamins that humans need
Fungi
A fungus is an organism
whose cells have nuclei
and cell walls
A mushroom is the
reproductive structure of a
fungus
The rest of the fungus is
an underground network
of fibers that absorb food
from decaying organisms
in the soil
Fungi get food by
releasing chemicals that
break down organic matter,
absorbing the nutrients
Fungi
Bodies of most fungi are
a huge network of
threads that grow through
soil, dead wood, or other
material on which they
feed
Fungi also play an
important role in the
environment by breaking
down dead organisms
Some fungi cause
diseases, such as athlete’s
foot
Other fungi add flavor to
food
Protists
Protists are a diverse group of
both unicellular and multicellular organisms
Some, such as amoebas, are
animal-like
Others, like kelp and diatoms are
plantlike
Most protists are unicellular
Algae are important protists
They can make their own food
using the sun’s energy
Green pond “scum” and seaweed
are examples of algae
Plants
Plants are multicellular, have cell walls,
and make their own food using energy
from the sun
Most plants live on land
They have roots that get water and
nutrients from soil and leaves that
collect light and gases from the air
Leaves and roots are connected by
vascular tissue (conducting tissue that
transports water and food)
Vascular tissue has thick cell walls to
support the plant
Plants with no vascular tissue are called
nonvascular plants
Because nonvascular plants lack
specialized conducting tissues, water
must move from the environment and
throughout the plant.
As a result, nonvascular plants, such as
mosses, live in damp places
Gymnosperms
Pine trees and other evergreens with
needle-like leaves are gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are woody plants
They produce seeds that are not
enclosed in fruits
Some, such as pine trees are also
called conifers because their seeds
are inside cones
They have adaptations that allow
them to live in dry conditions
They produce pollen, which protects
and moves sperm between plants
They also produce seeds, which
protect developing plants from
drying out
A conifer’s needle-like leaves lose
little water
Most land plants today are
angiosperms (flowering plants
that produce seeds in fruit)
The flower is the reproductive
structure of the plant
Some angiosperms, such as
grasses, have small flowers that
produce pollen, carried by the
wind
Others have large flowers that
attract insects or birds to carry
their pollen to other plants
Most land animals could not
survive without flowering plants
Most of the food humans eat,
such as wheat, rice, beans,
oranges, and lettuce, comes from
flowering plants
Angiosperms
Animals
Animals cannot make their own food like plants
can
They have to take in food from their
environment
Animal cells have no cell walls, so animals’
bodies are soft and flexible
Some animals have evolved hard skeletons
against which their muscles can pull to move
their bodies
Animals are more mobile than plants
Invertebrates
Animals that lack backbones
Many live attached to hard surfaces in the ocean and
filter their food out of the water
These organisms only move around when they are larvae
Examples: corals, various worms, and mollusks such as
clams and oysters
Others, including squid and insects, move around
actively to find food
There are more insects than any other type of animal
Many insects and plants depend on each other to survive
Insects carry pollen from male parts to female parts of
flowers
With-out insect pollinators, we would not have tomatoes,
cucumbers, apples, etc.
Bloodsucking insects transmit human diseases, such as
malaria, sleeping sickness, and West Nile virus.
Insects also eat crops
Vertebrates
Animals that have backbones
The first vertebrates were fish
Amphibians, which include toads, frogs,
and salamanders, are partially aquatic
The first to complete their entire
life cycle on land were the reptiles
(turtles, lizards, snakes, and
crocodiles)
These animals have an almost
waterproof egg, which allows the
egg to hatch on land
Birds are warm-blooded with
feathers
Bird eggs have hard shells
Mammals are warm-blooded and
have fur and feed their young milk
The ability to maintain a high body
temperature allows birds and
mammals to live in cold areas
Taxons
Most genera contain a
number of similar species
The genus Homo is an
exception (only contains
modern humans)
Classification is based on
evolutionary relationships
Basis for Modern Taxonomy
Homologous structures
(same structure, different
function)
Similar embryo development
Molecular similarity in
DNA, RNA, or amino acid
sequence of proteins
Homologous Structures
Bones in
forelimbs
shows
similarities
in
mammals
Similarities in Vertebrate
Embryos
Cladogram
Diagram
showing how
organisms are
related based
on shared,
derived
characterist
ics such as
feathers, hair,
or scales
Primate Cladogram
Dichotomous Key
Used to identify organisms
Characteristics given in pairs
Read both characteristics
and either go to another set of
characteristics OR identify the
organism
Example of a Dichotomous Key
1a Black and white with spots - Dalmation
1b Not black and white with spots - Go to 2
2a Long hair - Go to 3
2b Short hair - Go to 4
3a Golden hair - Afghan hound
3b Black and white hair - Bearded collie
4a Long ears - Basset hound
4b Don’t have long ears - bulldog