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Comm 1312: Writing and Research Section # 202, Dr. Runna Alghazo Name: Areej Al_dhamin ID: 201201910 Major: Interior Design Assignment’#3: Literature Review Hepatitis Introduction: Hepatitis is a wide range of clinical situations associated with the occurrence of pathological changes affecting the liver. Pathological changes are caused by exposure to many pathogens and viruses, which represents the bulk of them. Hepatitis is process characterized by varying degrees of liver infiltration by inflammatory cells of the immune system. According to the standards of clinical and chemical hepatitis is split to two types acute and chronic. Bacterial hepatitis, viral hepatitis, protozoal hepatitis, toxic hepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis are caused acute hepatitis. When symptoms persist for more than six months is called chronic hepatitis (Ahmed, 2012). Half of people are unaware of hepatitis infection. It's known as silent epidemic because some people are living with chronic hepatitis without having to suffer from any symptoms. Despite the lack of symptoms, but the virus silently damages the liver. Hepatitis may turn into a chronic disease that leads to cirrhosis of the liver cancer or injury in the event of non-treated. It is a serious disease that can pose a threat to human life in the event of non- processed in a timely manner. Hepatitis occurs prevalent in poor communities, nurseries and infirm (Mary, 2009). There is no specific treatment, but the patient is usually advised to rest and not stress with good sleep. The doctor may also advise not to eat certain medications and stop the use temporarily until the improvement of the liver, such as pills, In addition to the need to avoid alcohol. The importance of the liver: Liver is the largest organ in the human body. It's including at least five thousand jobs are important for the continuation of life. The liver produces bile and transported to the intestine via the bile ducts deployed there. It is produces many proteins, hormones and enzymes that lead to the regularity of the work of the human body. The liver produces the necessary energy to the human body, as they are also through metabolic processes. In addition, liver adjust the rate of sugar to the human body, through some sort of hormones. The virus infects the liver hepatic cell then cannot perform its functions and attic is healthy cells remaining bulk of the work required jobs (Ahmed, 2014). Infection: Hepatitis infection is more than HIV, which causes AIDS. Become infected between 3 and 4 million new people every year, and increase the percentage of transmission of the disease because some people do not show any symptoms and are unaware that they are infected with the virus. There are several reasons for hepatitis, which is not limited to viruses such as medications that can cause inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis can be transmitted through false medical practiced such as transfusions of contaminated blood, use of contaminated needles and by injection the drug into a vein. In addition, hepatitis spreads by eating foods and drinks contaminated with the virus. The most important method of transmission hepatitis is drug addiction by injection because the use of needless and circulation among injection drug addicts. Moreover, patients with renal failure who are in the process of dialysis are at risk of infection with hepatitis. The future of blood is at risk of infection with hepatitis. Infection occurs also among people for unknown reasons. Some people are more susceptible than others because of the nature of their work especially who come into contact with blood in their jobs such as working in the field of medical care. About five percent of adults and ninety percent of newborn infected with hepatitis and cannot get rid of the virus and thus become carries of this virus. The carrier of the virus usually does not occur to him any signs or symptoms of the disease and the liver enzymes has to be natural, but it remains infected for many years or perhaps a lifetime and be able to transmit the virus to others(Charlene, 2013). Symptoms: Symptoms that are caused by different viral infections of the liver and this depends on the fact that these viral infections, either acute or chronic. The largest number of acute infections is usually simple to the point that the patient does not show signs of a distinctive. In some cases symptoms of hepatitis flu-like symptoms include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite and mild nausea. About one percent of people are suffering with severe symptoms, while the body tries to eliminate the virus. Severe symptoms are including vomiting, jaundice and abdominal distension and suddenly appear this case which is a fatal if the patient did not get immediate medical care. Symptoms persist for more than four weeks. Often evolve into a chronic condition, especially when the person is exposed to infection at an early age. Acute hepatitis caused by the virus is endemic in the liver and breeding rapidly, resulting in a bulge and rupture the cell walls of hepatic. A cute hepatitis often does not lead to chronic damage as chronic hepatitis (National Center for Diseases Control, 2014). Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based mainly on laboratory tests in addition to the clinical examination. Laboratory tests are expected to vary according to virus infection. There is a general analysis on suspicion of injury to any of the viruses such as blood tests reagents for autoimmune disease, analysis of liver enzymes and functions, Analysis of the components of a complete blood and analysis of blood sedimentation speed. The incubation period ranges between two weeks and 9 weeks. The people between 15-40 years are more prone to infection (Adham, 2013). Disease prevention: Vaccinations should be given to children and adolescents less than 18 years old who did not take the vaccine before. People who belong to groups at high risk should also be vaccinated such as travelers to countries where there is an inflammatory disease of the liver and people in need of blood. Avoid sharing tools potentially contaminated and can penetrate the skin, such as injections, toothbrushes, razors is important for the prevention of disease (Wjdan, 2013). Conclusion: In the United States there are 1.25 million chronically infected human injuries and a large percentage of them do not have symptoms. For the Arab world, there are more than a million people living with the virus in Saudi Arabia alone. Fortunately, it is possible to prevent infection with the virus vaccination to take protective of it and following the methods of prevention. After infection with the immune system to rid the body of the virus when ninety five percent of adults and thus their recovery within a few months it will not be infected again due to the formation of antibodies to the virus, which can be detected by a blood test called HBS( Ahmed, 2007).