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CHAPTER
Page 216
Review
14
Summary
WHAT IS SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY?
p.202
• Social psychology examines how the thoughts,
actions, and behaviour of individuals influence and are influenced
by groups.
WHAT COGNITIVE PROCESSES
UNDERLIE SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR?
p.203
• Social cognition focuses on the underlying
processes, such as attention and memory, that
make social behaviour possible. Biological structures and processes in the brain help us navigate our social
environment.
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•
•
•
•
The fusiform face area of the brain allows us to recognize faces.
The amygdala is involved in social category processing.
The superior temporal sulcus processes biological motions.
HOW DOES SOCIAL INFLUENCE
AFFECT OUR THOUGHTS AND
ACTIONS? p.204
• Through social pressure, social influence can lead
people to conform, obey, and mimic others.
• Social influence affects performance and plays a
role in persuasion.
HOW ARE SOCIAL RELATIONS
INFLUENCED BY PSYCHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA? p.211
• Fear and anger can affect social relations through
prejudice, stereotyping, and conflict.
• Self-conscious emotions such as guilt can lead
to social repair.
• Group relations can be improved through co-operation and
altruism.
Mirror neurons in the inferior frontal gyrus help us feel empathy.
Test Your Understanding
1. Jane is waiting in line at the grocery store when another woman
bumps into her, does not apologize, and then steps in line in front
of her. According to the theory of the fundamental attribution
error, which of the following is most likely to be Jane’s reaction?
a. That woman must be in a hurry for some reason.
b. That woman must not have been able to see me well.
c. That woman must be incredibly rude and thoughtless.
d. That woman must not be used to shopping in large stores.
2. Elijah believes that he failed to land a job because the hiring manager was in a bad mood on the day of his interview. Which of the
following is most likely affecting Elijah’s reasoning?
a. a baby-face bias
b. a self-serving bias
c. an attractiveness bias
d. a pre-existing schema
3. Which of the following statements about social cognition is
NOT true?
a. Theories of social cognition attempt to explain the relationship
between attention, memory, and social behaviour.
b. Theories of social cognition generally acknowledge the importance of biological processes in social behaviour.
c. According to social cognitive theory, our ability to recognize
faces can be traced to specific structures in the brain.
d. According to social cognitive theory, our social interactions are
guided almost entirely by external, environmental factors.
4. What do neurological findings about racial biases suggest about
the nature of prejudice?
a. Our prejudices are impossible to change.
b. Everyone grows up without racial biases.
c. It is difficult for us to unlearn old prejudices.
d. Prejudice is determined entirely by genetics.
5. A person who buys a lottery ticket is acting in response to the:
a. hedonic motive
b. approval motive
c. accuracy motive
d. chameleon effect
6. In a discussion about who to vote for in the federal election,
which of the following conditions would most likely facilitate
conformity?
a. a discussion among several people in a crowded restaurant
b. a discussion between a Liberal and a Conservative
c. a discussion between a woman and a man
d. a discussion that takes place in a private home
7. Which of the following is a primary explanation for the existence
of the bystander effect?
a. People are too busy to help others in need.
b. People in a group relinquish personal responsibility.
c. People tend to pay attention only to their own problems.
d. People in a group are easily distracted by other group members.
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8. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the findings of Milgram’s experiments?
a. People are inherently immoral.
b. People enjoy inflicting pain on others.
c. People prefer not to think for themselves.
d. People tend to obey others under certain conditions.
9. Why are Milgram’s findings limited in their ability to explain realworld phenomena?
c. The two groups participate in Implicit Association Tests.
d. The two groups compete against each other in an athletic
contest.
17. Which of the following statements about aggression is supported
by research findings?
a. Genetics likely play no significant role in aggression.
b. Aggression is a quality that likely developed from our need
to belong.
a. Milgram performed his experiments on naturally violent people.
b. Milgram’s experiments were not considered ethical by today’s
c. Large limbic structures in the brain are associated with lack of
standards.
c. The experimental conditions did not simulate a plausible realworld experience.
d. Real-world phenomena can never be explained by experimental results.
d. Frontal lobe damage may compromise an individual’s ability to
10. Which of the following best accounts for how false information
from tabloids sometimes becomes accepted as fact?
a. persuasion
b. implicit attitudes
c. the sleeper effect
d. cognitive dissonance
11. Karimah, who is usually shy and reserved, dances and sings loudly
at a crowded rock concert. Karimah’s actions serve as an example
of:
12. How might self-conscious emotions serve a social function?
13. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is true?
a. Stereotypes serve no useful purpose.
b. Stereotypes are hard to disprove due to minority influence.
c. Stereotypes are often supported by the confirmation bias.
d. Stereotypes have become significantly less powerful over
18. Which of the following behaviours best illustrates the frustrationaggression hypothesis?
a. arguing after drinking too much
b. competing for a promotion at work
c. conducting an armed robbery at a bank
d. yelling after being put on hold on the phone
19. Faizah volunteers to help his professor with administrative tasks
because he wants to get on his professor’s good side and
receive a better grade in class. Faizah’s behaviour is an
example of:
a. altruism
b. egoism
c. collectivism
d. principlism
20. Phoebe is an advertiser who has created several ads in order to
convince people to buy a new brand of toothpaste. Which of the
following ad concepts best illustrates Phoebe’s use of the peripheral route to persuasion?
a. a picture of a popular celebrity holding a tube of toothpaste
b. a diagram that illustrates how the toothpaste removes plaque
c. a local dentist’s explanation of the toothpaste’s proven health
benefits
d. a price comparison chart that shows people how affordable
the toothpaste is
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the years.
14. Results from Implicit Association Tests about race reveal that:
a. people think racism is socially acceptable
b. people are often unaware of their biases
c. racial prejudice has decreased over the years
d. racist attitudes can only be accessed implicitly
15. Given that Mika’s opinion about homelessness is affected by the
just-world phenomenon, which statement most likely reflects
Mika’s opinion?
a. “If I ignore homelessness, I’ll be happier.”
b. “Helping the homeless is not very important to me.”
c. “It’s not fair that so many people should be homeless.”
d. “Only bad people who don’t work hard end up homeless.”
effectively reduce prejudice between two groups of people?
a. Members of both groups live near each other.
b. Members of both groups work together to solve a puzzle.
Answers: 1) c; 2) b; 3) d; 4) c; 5) a; 6) a; 7) b; 8) d; 9) c; 10) c; 11) b;
12) c; 13) c; 14) b; 15) d; 16) b; 17) d; 18) d; 19) b; 20) a
16. Which of the following scenarios would be most likely to
Social Psychology
a. They can reduce groupthink.
b. They can increase social loafing.
c. They can lead to relationship repair.
d. They can hinder minority influence.
control aggression.
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a. groupthink
b. deindividuation
c. group polarization
d. minority influence
aggression in humans.