Download Hydrocarbons

An Introduction to Organic
Compounds
Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and
Representation of Structure
Chapter 2
1
Counting to Ten in Organic
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01 = meth
02 = eth
03 = prop
04 = but
05 = pent
06 = hex
07 = hept
08 = oct
09 = non
10 = dec
Mother
Enjoys
Peanut
BUTter
PENTagon
HEXagon or HEX nut
HEPTember (Roman sept is Greek hept)
OCTober
NONember (Roman nov is Greek non)
DECember
Chapter 2
2
Alkanes
Structures with only single bonds between
the carbons
Ethane
Chapter 2
3
Alkanes
Chapter 2
4
Properties of alkanes
Light and flammable: watch the demo!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIPQpVNG6uk
Chapter 2
5
Alkenes
Structures with at least one double bonded carbon pair:
Pentene
Ethene
Chapter 2
6
Alkynes
Structrures with at least one triple bonded carbon pair
Ethyne
Hexyne
Chapter 2
7
Saturated vs Unsaturated
Chapter 2
8
Polyunsaturated
Chapter 2
9
Cis and Trans
Polyunsaturated
Chapter 2
10
IUPAC Systematic
Nomenclature - Alkanes
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Determine longest continuous chain (i.e. parent
hydrocarbon)
Cite the name of substituent before the name of
the parent hydrocarbon along with the number
of the carbon to which it is attached
Chapter 2
11
IUPAC Systematic
Nomenclature - Alkanes
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Number in the direction that gives the
lower number for the lowest-numbered
substituent. Substituents are listed in
alphabetical order – neglecting
prefixes such as di- tri- tert- etc.
Chapter 2
12
IUPAC Systematic
Nomenclature - Alkanes
When both directions
yield the same lower
number for the lowest
numbered substituent,
select the direction that
yields the lower number
for the next lowest
numbered substituent
Chapter 2
13
IUPAC Systematic
Nomenclature - Alkanes
•
If same substituent numbers are
obtained in either direction, number in
direction giving lowest number to the
first named substituent
Chapter 2
14
IUPAC Systematic
Nomenclature - Alkanes
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If compound has two or more chains of
the same length, parent hydrocarbon is
chain with greatest number of
substituents
Chapter 2
15
Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
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Cycloalkanes generally are shown as skeletal
structures
Chapter 2
16
Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
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Ring is the parent hydrocarbon unless the
alkyl substituent has more carbons; in that
case the substituent becomes the parent
hydrocarbon
If only one substituent, no need to give it a
number
Chapter 2
17
Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
•
If the ring has 2 substituents, list in
alphabetical order and give number 1 to
first named group
Chapter 2
18
Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
•
If there is more than one substituent, list in
alphabetical order; one substituent is given
the position number 1; number either
clockwise or counterclockwise - lowest
numbers
Chapter 2
19
Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides
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IUPAC name - The halogen is treated
as a substituent
Chapter 2
20
Nomenclature of Ethers
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IUPAC name - The smaller alkyl group
is converted to an “alkoxy” name and
used as a substituent
Chapter 2
21
Nomenclature of Alcohols
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IUPAC name - The OH group is a site of
reactivity (a functional group)
Functional group is denoted by the suffix, “ol”
CH3OH
CH3CH2OH
methanol
ethanol
Chapter 2
22
Nomenclature of Amines
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IUPAC name - The NH2 group is a site of
reactivity (a functional group)
Functional group is denoted by the suffix,
“amine”
Final “e” of longest alkane group replaced
by suffix “amine” (don’t run vowels
together) CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2
1-butanamine
butan-1-amine
Chapter 2
23
IUPAC Nomenclature of
Amines
• Find the longest chain bonded to the
nitrogen
• Final “e” is replaced with “amine”
• Number the carbon to which nitrogen is
bonded
• Number any substituents on the alkyl
chain
• Use italicized N- for each additional
substituent(s) on the nitrogen
Chapter 2
24
It’s a Family Thing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAjrnZ
-znkY
Chapter 2
25