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Name: Period: Regents Review: Theme #1: Change Period of Time Neolithic Revolution: pg. 13-15 When Describe Around 10,000 BCE People learned how to plant seeds, grow food (Agriculture), and domesticate animals. Industrial Revolution: pg. 609-610, 615-620 1750, England (money, man, materials, machine, markets) Means of production of goods shifted from hand tools to machines and from human/animal power to steam power Meiji Restoration: pg. 644, 786-789 1868-1912 Reforms: Modernization, Economics, Industrialization Crusades: pg. 249, 255-260 1095-1291 Reclaim Holy Land from Sejuk Turks. More power to Europe. Forgiveness of sins. Nobles gain land/wealth. Serfs escape from feudal land control. Spread of the Bubonic Plague: pg. 269, 274-275 Mid 1300’s A disease spread by fleas carried by the black rat. The rats infested ships, towns, and even homes. Chinese Communist Revolution: pg. 1005, 1077 1934-1949 Led by Mao Zedong against the Kuomintang (Nationalist) because: Promise of land, overcame corruption, and end of foreign domination. Impact/Effect 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Population increase Permanent settlements New social classes New technology Cultural diffusion 1. Laissez Faire economy (Adam Smith-Wealth of Nations) 2. Rise of big business 3. New class structure 4. Urbanization 5. Improved transportation 6. New technology rapidly developed Led to: 1. Militarism 2. Social change 3. Imperialism (Global Power) 1. Trade increases (Commercial Revolution) 2. Religious toleration 3. Interest in travel 4. Growth of towns 5. Pope more power 6. Feudalism weakened 7. Cultural diffusion 1. Disease spread throughout Europe 2. 1 out of 3 people died 3. Global epidemic 4. Caused social upheaval 5. Economic prosperity decreased 6. Questioned faith and church 1. Transformed into industrialists/collectivized farming (Great leap Forward) 2. Literacy increased 3. Classes eliminated 4. Health care improved 5. One party dictator 6. Denial of human rights Communist government Name: Renaissance: pg. 410-421 Period: 1300-1500’s Rebirth of Europe (New way of thinking) Golden Age: Arts, Literature, and Science. Ideas of the Greeks and Romans. 1. Humanism: Influence on individual achievement. 2. Examination of worldly subjects 3. New Style of Art/architecture 4. Improved literacy (Printing Press) Theme #2: Turning Point Turning Point Fall of Constantinople: pg. 329-330 When/Where 1453- Byzantine Empire Describe - - Columbus Voyage: pg. 449-451, 472473 French Revolution: pg. 570-593 Russian Revolution: pg. 626, 715, 831-732, 839-840 1492- Spain and Americas 1789- France Events: Storming of the Bastille, Tennis Court Oath, Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizens, Reign of Terror, Directory, Rise of Napoleon. 1917- Russia (U.S.S.R) Lost land to the invading armies and had internal struggles (Results of the Crusades) Conquered by Ottoman Turks - Wanted to reach Asia by sailing across the Atlantic (result of the Crusades) - Tripped was financed by Isabella-Ferdinand - Encountered new continent that Spain claimed Overthrow of King Louis XVI: - Government was bankrupt (wars, Palace of Versailles) - Estate System (land and voting) led to unfair taxation - 3rd Peasants (proletariat) were starving - Triggered by success of American Revolution and Enlightenment ideas Vladimir Lenin overthrew the Czar Nicholas II because of poor working conditions and rights like land and speech were being violated. Lenin promised the Peace, Brand, & Land. Effect: 1. Changed to Muslim Trading Empire 2. Preserved culture of Greeks and Romans 3. Gave Russia written language—Cyrillic 4. Introduced/spread Orthodox Christianity 1. Old Imperialism (Encomineda System) 2. African Slave Trade starts 3. Columbian Exchange—plants, animals, people, diseases 4. Competition for Colonies and trade in the “New World” began. 1. Major Nationalism 2. Rise of the middle class (bourgeoisie) 3. Reforms (Napoleon)Napoleonic Code 4. Merit based jobs 5. Sparked the Latin American Independence Movements 1. Worlds 1st communist Government 2. Peasants got communal land 3. Very limited Human rights 4. Dictatorship rom Lenin to Stalin (Totalitarian State) Name: Period: Collapse of Communism in USSR: pg. 844-845, 904-911, 972, 1004-1006 1989-1991—U.S.S.R and Eastern Europe Communism violated human rights such as freedom of speech and right to vote (suffrage) As an economic system it did not work because it put too much emphasis on heavy industry. Also no profit motive. Gorbachev started Glasnost and Perestroika Spain weakened and LA was inspired by American and French Revolution. There were land reforms and social class changes. Early 1800’s –Latin America (Central and South America) Latin American Revolution: pg. 645-650 Magna Carta: pg. 246-247, 250 1. Simon Bolivar 2. Tousaint L’Overture 3. Miguel Hidalgo 4. Jose de San Martin -English rulers clashed with nobles and church over efforts to extend royal power. 1215- England—King John - Nobility rebelled against King John and forced him to sign the charter; placed limits on the king’s power. 1. Formation of CIS (commonwealth of Independent States) 2. Loss role as a superpower 3. End of Cold War 4. Created economic hardship because of struggles with the idea of a free market system 5. Ethnic unrest in Balkans and Chechnya 1. Failed in an attempt to unite all of LA 2. Created a number of smaller nations 3. Long struggle with dictatorships, social equality, and overcoming poverty 1. Start of the evolution of democracy in Great Britain 2. Led to the development of Parliament 3. Eventually gave power to the people over the king. Theme #3: Major Belief Systems (Created to keep mankind in order) Belief Systems Judaism: pg. 57-60, 83 Where/Found/ Sacred Text: List 3 Major Beliefs: Middle East (Torah) 1. 2. 3. 4. 10 commandments People are responsible for actions Human life worth while Monotheistic Christianity: pg. 83, 167168 Middle East and Europe (Bible) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Monotheistic Jesus the savior Pacifism Reject wealth Forgiveness of sins Mercy for poor and helpless 10 commandments Name: Period: Islam: pg. 83, 306-308 Middle East (Qur’an/Koran) 1. Monotheistic 2. Five pillars of Islam (pray five times a day, give charity, declaration of faith to one god and his name is Allah, must fast during the Month of Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca) 3. Muhammad is the founder and prophet. Hinduism: pg. 83, 76-78 India (Bhegavad Gita and Vedas) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Polytheistic Rigid Caste System Reincarnation Dharma Karma Buddhism: pg. 79-82 India, China, Japan, SE Asia (Tripitaka) 1. 2. 3. 4. Four Noble Truths 8 Fold Path Nirvana Dharma Confucianism: pg. 83, 104, 107, 111 China (Analects) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ancestral Worship Respect for authority Filial piety Five key relationships Group more important than individual Taoism (Daoism): pg. 98, 107, 11, 401 China and South east Asia 1. People live in harmony with nature 2. Important virtues (Yielding and acceptance) 3. Yin/Yang—positive and negative: harmony, peace, and well being Animism: pg. 13, 1167 Africa’s traditional Society (agriculture) 1. Polytheistic 2. Everything has a spirit nature ancestral worship 3. Respect for nature Shintoism: pg. 389, 390, 405, 1167 Japan (Reflected in art and ceremonies) 1. 2. 3. 4. Polytheistic Ancestral worship Spirit lives in nature Emperor sprang from the sun goddess and is a god Name: Period: Theme #4: Geography and Environment Name Egypt: pg. 18, 44-48 Identify River Nile 1. Most of Egypt is desert so the river provides drinking water and irrigation for crops 2. Highways for travel and trade 3. Centralized government (pharaoh) 4. Hieroglyphics (writing system) China: pg. 18, 92-100 Huang He (Yellow River Valley) 1. Most of the population lived along the east coast 2. Floods caused crop damage which led to a strong centralized government 3. Created public works systems to control rivers 4. Isolated (ethnocentrism) South Asia (India Subcontinent) pg. 68-74 Indus River (Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro) Mesopotamia: pg. 30-35 Impact Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (fertile Crescent) 1. 2. 3. 4. Well planned cities (urban) Provided roads Grid like cities Developed textiles industry through cotton 5. Well organized government 6. Sanitation Systems 1. Very good farmland 2. No natural barriers which made it open for migration and invasion 3. Center of the world 4. Shared customs and ideas 5. Hammurabi’s Code 6. Cuneiform (writing system) How did the Chinese influence Japan? (Think Geography) First through Korea. During the 600’s and 700’s Japan modeled the Chinese capital. Nobles adopted Chinese language, food, and style of dress. They also adopted the Chinese tea ceremony, music, dance, and gardens. From the 900’s to 1200’s they changed their style of writing. (Selective borrowing – only took the ideas and aspects of life they thought they would benefit from and left everything else.) Name: Period: Give THREE geographic reasons why the industrial Revolution began in England. (pg. 609620) (Man, materials, machines, money, merchants/markets.) 1. Natural resources, such as coal and iron ore. 2. Natural harbors because it’s an island. 3. Rivers that provide transportation and power for factories. Give THREE lasting geographic effects of the Industrial Revolution. (pg. 609-620) 1. Urbanization: people move from small countryside villages to towns and cities 2. Improved transportation: Roads, canals, railroads, and steam boats. 3. Raised the standard of living: settlement patterns and conditions improved Other effects: 1. Labor Unions and workers’ rights 2. Improved capitalism 3. Marxism and communism developed. Name: Period: Regents Review: Theme #5 (Economic Systems) Directions: For each term define, give examples, and state the date when practiced and where. Major Economic Themes: 1. Traditional Economy/System: (p.31) - p. 4 - 2010-13 eds. [p. 17] A. Define: A system based primarily on farming /traditional lifestyles B. Example: Early civilizations (River valley civilizations, Mesoamerican civilizations) C. Date when practiced: They are still practiced in Less Developed Countries D. Where: All over the world to present 21st century 2. Command Economy or Marxist/Socialist: (p.289) - pp. 200-1 & p. 234- 2010-13 eds. [p.905] A. Define: An economic system where the government makes all the economic decisions (communism) B. Example: Karl Marx (Marxism, Communism—China, U.S.S.R. C. Date when practiced: First practiced in Russia after the revolution in 1917 (Modern day China) D. Where: U.S.S.R and Modern day China 3. Market System/Economy or Capitalist: (p.289) - p. 234- 2010-13 eds. [p.493-4, p. 973] A. Define: The means of production are privately owned and operated for profit B. Example: Started during the Commercial Revolution (After the Crusades) and later associated with Adam Smith and the Industrial Revolution. C. Date when practiced: 1700’s to today D. Where: Industrial Nations—Global North—Europe, United States Name: Period: Specific Economic Examples in History: 4. Manorialism (p.93) - p. 57- 2010-13 eds. [p. 222] A. Define: An economic system structured around a lord’s manor or estate B. Example: Serfs farmed the land and in return the lord provided them with several acres of farm land. The lord also protected them during war times. C. When and where practiced: Medieval Europe during the Middle Ages 5. Mercantilism (p.165-166) - p.125- 2010-13 eds. [p. 494] A. Define: Economic policy to export more than you import to build the nation’s wealth; The colony exists of the purpose of the mother country. B. Example: Colonies supplied raw materials and served as a market for its exports C. When and where practiced: European nations during the 1500-1700’s (Age of Exploration) 6. Laissez-Faire (p.210-211) - pp. 165-166- 2010-13 eds. [p.548] A. Define: Business operate with little or no government interference. Extreme form of capitalism (hands of approach) B. Example: Factories in Great Britain and the United States C. When and where practiced: In Europe and US during the Industrial Revolution 7. Imperialism (p. 220-226) - pp. 173 & 174- 2010-13 eds. [p. 750] A. Define: Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country. B. Example: Britain over India and the scramble for Africa C. When and where practiced: Old 1500’s (Encomienda System) and 1800’s to WWI (New) 8. Cash Crop Economies (p.199) - p. 156- 2010-13 eds. [p.1082] A. Define: The raising and selling of one crop or small number of crops B. Example: Latin America C. When and where practiced: Mid 1800’s to today between L.A., Spain, and Portugal Name: Period: 9. Commercial Revolution (p.121-123) - pp. 84 & 85- 2010-13 eds. [p.492] A. Define: The business revolution that occurred in Europe after the Middle Age (Crusades) B. Example: The formation of guilds and partnerships and joint stock companies (capitalism) C. When and where practiced: In Europe during 1000 to 1300’s Regents Review: Theme #6: Political Systems Directions: For each term define, give examples, and state where and when it was practiced. 1. Monarchy (Absolutism) (p.168) - pp. 126-128- 2010-13 eds. [p. 506] A. Define: Autocratic Rulers had complete authority over govt. & people B. Example: France-Louis XIV (King/Queen rules alone) C. When and where practiced: France in the late 1600s – early 1700s 2. Feudalism (p.92-93) - pp. 56-57- 2010-13 eds. [p.95] A. Define: government in which local lords control their own lands but owe military service and other support to a greater lord (king) B. Example: Weak monarchs and Decentralized governments C. When and where practiced: 800’s-1200’s Western Europe, 1500’s-1700’s Japan 3. Democracy (p.183-185, 280-281) - p. 143-145 & 227 – 2010-13 eds. 3-1 Direct Democracy: (p. 44) - pp. 13 - 14 – 2010-13 eds. [p. 121] A. Define: The people are directly involved in government issues (voting) B. Example: Ancient Athens (Greek city state) C. When and where practiced: 400-500’s BCE (Golden Age of Pericles 460-429) Name: Period: 3-2 Representative/Parliamentary Democracy: (p. 185 & 281) American pp. 144-145 and Japan p. 227– 2010-13 eds. A. Define: The people through elected representatives rule (vote for representatives to handle issues) B. Example: Britain (Magna Carta starts the evolution of democracy) C. When and where practiced Great Britain, Western Europe 20th & 21st century, USA & Japan 4. Totalitarianism (p.250) - p. 200- 2010-13 eds. [p. 901] A. Define: dictatorship where the leader has total control over the people and all aspects of society B. Example: Hitler (Nazi Germany) and Stalin (U.S.S.R) C. When and where practiced: 1st part of 20th century Europe 5. Militarism (p.239 & 262-263) - p.191 and p. 208-209 - 2010-13 eds. [p. 818] A. Define: The glorification of a societies military B. Example: Japan during and before WWII, Germany WWII C. When and where practiced: Japan 1930’s-1940’s 6. Theocracy (p. 312 and notes on M. E.) - p. 253 - 2010-13 eds. [pp. 427, 1036] A. Define: A government based on the sole teachings of religion B. Example: Islamic Fundamentalism C. When and where practiced: Iran 1979—Today; Vatican City, Roman Catholic Church 7. Fascism (p.260-262) - pp. 207-209 - 2010-13 eds. [p. 898-902] A. Define: Totalitarian dictator style of government that is nationalistic, imperialistic, and militaristic B. Example: Hitler (Germany) and Mussolini (Italy) during WWII C. When and where practiced: 1923-1940’s Name: Period: 8. Apartheid (p.304-305) - pp. 246 - 247- 2010-13 eds. [pp.859, 1048] A. Define: South African government called for separation of races (white and black) B. Example: South Africa C. When and where practiced: 1940’s-1991 i. Segregation laws repealed = Nelson Mandela elected as president 9. Communism/Marxist Socialism (p.213, 286) - p. 167, 198-201- 2010-13 eds. [p. 625] A. Define: Form of government/economic system based on teachings of Marxism, where the government controls all aspects of society B. Example: U.S.S.R, Cuba, China, Vietnam, North Korea C. When and where practiced: U.S.S.R 1921-1991, Cuba 1959-Present, China 1949-Present, North KoreaPresent Regents Review: Theme#7 (Cultural and Intellectual Life) Directions: For each of the following civilizations supply dates, and describes 3 achievements/contributions. 1. Ancient Athens: 400’s-500’s BC (p. 43-45) - pp. 13 - 15 – 2010-13 eds. [p. 121] Direct Democracy- Age of Pericles A. Art and Architecture : reflected “Ideal Beauty” in sculptures and buildings B. Literature: Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey; Drama and Poetry had elegance, balance and harmony a. Science: Hippocrates and medicine b. Math: Pythagoras and right triangle and geometry C. Philosophy: Socrates- Questions, Plato-Political Science and we learn through reason, Aristotle- Promoted Plato’s ideas and study all branches of knowledge D. Olympics—Cultural event, nationalism, still used in modern times *“The Greeks were the thinkers and the Romans were the doers”… Name: Period: 2. Roman Civilization Dates: _________ (p.46-47) - pp. 15-17 – 2010-13 eds. [p. 150] A. Language: (Latin & Roman) and Law of the 12 Tables: B. Art and Architecture: Greek style statues and grand buildings C. Engineering: excellent, road systems, bridges for transportation and travel, and aqueducts 3. Gupta Golden Age Dates: 320-550 AD (p.68-71) - pp. 36-39- 2010-13 eds. [p. 86] A. Mathematics: Concept of zero and the decimal system B. Medicine: herbs and other remedies, plastic surgery, small pox vaccines (1,000 years before Europe. C. Architecture: stone temples for Hindu worship and dome shape shrines. Other: Nepotistic: Hired friends and family for jobs, poor bureaucracy * Additional: Military Technology 4. Islamic Golden Age Dates: 750-1350 AD (p.85-87) - pp. 51-53- 2010-13 eds. [p. 317-22] A. Art: writing/patterns decorate buildings, paint people in non-religious art, preserved Greek and Roman architecture, Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves B. Medicine: required doctors to pass tests, setup hospitals (empirical evidence), studied disease (cataract operations) C. Learning: translate writings, observed earth turning, developed algebra-based on Greek and Indian discoveries *Center for international trade* *Cultural hub* 5. African Civilization Dates: Mid 800’s to mid-1500’s (p.133-134) - pp. 92-96- 2010-13 eds. [p. 340] A. Arts: ivory, bone statues, and jewelry B. Literary: traditions, documented folk tales, and education were valued C. Commerce: thrived through trade, led to cultural diffusion and diversity, Islam spreads along trade routes Name: Period: Ghana: gold and salt trade, women worked in business and government Mali: controlled gold trade, center of learning, Mansa Musa Songhai: controlled salt trade routes and ran an efficient bureaucracy, defeated by gun powder 6. Renaissance Europe Dates: 1300-1600 (p.123-126) - pp. 85-87- 2010-13 eds. [p. 408] A. New Ways of Thinking: humanism, questioning authorities, based on education, experience, and knowledge B. Art: paintings, sculptures, and architecture (Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Donatello) C. Literary: Shakespeare, Machiavelli, Cervantes, and Erasmus 7. Mesoamerica Civilization (p.143-149) - pp. 106-111 - 2010-13 eds. [p. 186] A. Mayas (300-900 Guatemala): architecture, acupuncture, farming methods (slash and burn), storing water, calendar with 365 days, concept of 0, B. Aztecs (1200’s-1400’s-Mexico): science, accurate calendar, architecture (religious temples), medicine, dental, very militaristic, polytheistic, human sacrifice to Gods, used fertilizers. C. Incas (1400’s, Peru): engineering of roads and architecture, agriculture- terrace farming, communication- record keeping, government centralized power 8. Enlightenment Europe Dates: 1600’s to 1700’s (p.180-183) - pp. 142-143- 2010-13 eds. [p.542] A. The idea of natural rights: inspired revolutions, people questioned government authority B. Inspired democracy: freedom of speech and press; nationalism C. form of republic type of government D. Philosophes: Voltaire- freedom of religion, freedom of speech, separation of church and state, Locke—influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, natural rights and civil liberties, Rousseau—social contract, Montesquie—separation of powers, checks and balances Name: Period: 9. Classical Chinese Civilization Dates: (p.39-41) - pp. 9-11 - 2010-13 eds. [p.66] A. Zhou: (1046-256 BC first books, astronomers studied planet movement and eclipses, accurate calendar, silk from cocoons of silkworms (Silk Road) B. Qin: (220-206 BC) centralized government, standardized measurements, created national coins, uniformity in writing, repaired canals and bridges, Great Wall C. Han: (Golden Age): (206 BC- 220 AD) civil service exam: based on Confucius. The better you did on the exam the better the job acquired. Technology: paper out of wood pulp, wheel barrow, fishing reel, rudder. Science: acupuncture and anesthesia Regents Review: Theme #8 (Nationalism as a Unifying Tie) Define Nationalism: _______________________________________________________________________ NATION: LEADER: TIME: England: [p.516] Elizabeth I 1558-1603 Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815 France: (p.186-191) SPECIFICS: 1. 30 years of healing peace, England was her love. 2. Defeated the Spanish Armada. 3. Unified Protestants and Catholics. - Military victories - Free education - Infrastructure - Code of Napoleon pp. 148-1502010-13 eds. - Legion of Honor [p.511] - Bank of France Name: Period: Otto von Bismarck 1862-1890 Germany: (p.203-204) - Blood and Iron (Machiavelli) - Wars with Denmark, Austria, and France - Industrialized - Persecution of Catholics and Jews pp. 159-1602010-13 eds. (Kulturkampf—way to try and reduce the influence of the Roman Catholic Church in [p. 692] Germany) *Ho Chi Minh (North) 19th Century until - 1975 Vietnam: (p.305-306) p. 247-82010-13 eds. - First colonized by France/invaded by Japanese/Divide d by the French/South assisted by USA - 1954 Geneva conference led to the division into communist north and non-communist south Viet Cong, a group of communist rebels supported by Minh War lasted from 1959-1975 when USA withdrew forces Country reunited under communist control [p. 992] Mohandas Gandhi India: (p.205 & 257-258) pp. 205-2062010-13 eds. [p. 865] 1920-1947 - Used civil disobedience, passive resistance, and non-violence - Mass protests: salt march, cloth boycott, hunger strike - Won independence from Great Britain - Indian National Congress - Rights for untouchables -Partitioned into India and Pakistan (After Gandhi’s death major turmoil between the two nations developed.) Name: Kenya: (p.303 review book) (p.926 textbook) Period: Jomo Kenyatta 1940’s-1960’s - p. 244 2010-13 eds. Asked Great Britain to return central Highlands Wrote book on Kikuyu Inspired Mau Mau Rebel Imprisoned by Great Britain Became Kenya’s first president Nationalized foreign owned businesses [p. 1028] Regents Review: Theme #8 (Nationalism as a Dividing Wall) REGION/ NATION: Time: 1867-1914 Austro-Hungarian Empire (Balkan Powder Keg) (p.240-241) Until WWI p. 192- 2010-13 eds. From what nation did they break away? Or into? It broke up into: - Poland - Austria - Hungary - Czechoslovkia - Yugoslavia SPECIFICS: - Carved up by the treaty after WWI - 14 points Wilson, Self determination [p.706-8] 1921-1991 It broke up into: - Russia -Belarus -Moldova -Ukriane -Latvia -Lithuania -Estonia 1980’s and It Broke up into: - Serbia -Bosnia -Croatia -Slovenia -Herzegovina -Kosovo -Macedonia -Montenegro U.S.S.R. (p.315-317) p.257 - 2010-13 eds. [p. 1003, 1045] Balkans (Former Yugoslavia): (p.318 & 338) p. 283- 2010-13 eds. [p. 1046] 1990’s - Glasnost (freedom- right to vote, end corruption) -Baltic Republics split -Perestroika (economic restructuring, some capitalist ideas) -disarmament -Result: Ethnic unrest -CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States -Communist dictatorship under Tito, 1980 -Muslims/Catholics/Orthodox -Ethnic cleansing and genocide Name: Period: 1994 Rwanda: (p.304) Fighting between the Hutus and Tutsis. Main ethnic groups in Rwanda, which is determined by appearance - Belgium carved up the tribes in the 19th century and 20th centuries favored the Tutsis Hutus killed approx. 500,000 Tutsi in 100 days (genocide) p. 246- 2010-13 eds. [p. 1051] Regents Review: Theme #9 (Imperialism) Directions: Define the following terms. (pg. 220-226) - pp. 173-8 – 2010-13 eds. [pp. 750-761,767-771] 1. Imperialism: The domination of a stronger nation over a weaker nation for political, social, and economic reasons (Old 1500-1800) (New 1800-1914). 2. List 4 causes of imperialism: (pg. 221 – 222) - p. 174 – 2010-13 eds. [p. 750] A. nationalistic- promote superiority, wants to gain power and prestige B. military- colonies were important bases for re-supply of ships C. economic- raw materials for industrialization and desire for markets D. missionary- spread western ideas, customs, and religions to LDC 3. The Sepoy Mutiny: (pg. 222) - p. 174 – 2010-13 eds. [p. 768] A. Reaction to imperialism and British insensitivity the Hindus and Muslims revolted against injustice against religion (India) 4. List 3 good and 3 bad effects of British rule in India: (pg. 226) - p. 175 – 2010-13 eds. [p. 769] A. Good: new roads and railroads link parts of India B. Good: telegraphs and postal systems unite people C. Good: irrigation systems improved farming i. LEGACY OF DEMOCRACY D. Bad: Indian resources go to Britain Name: Period: E. Bad: Indians are treated as inferiors F. Bad: Britain tries to replace Indian culture with western ways The Scramble for Africa (p. 222-224) - p. 175-176 – 2010-13 eds. [p. 756-761] 5. What was the scramble for Africa? A scramble among European nations to establish their presence/colonies on the continent of Africa. 6. What was the significance of the Berlin Conference? In 1884, to avoid conflict among themselves, European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to setup rules for colonizing Africa. 7. Who was Shaka of the Zulu and what did he do? He helped unite many tribes into the Zulu nation, where he became a great leader. The Zulus were one of the most powerful tribes in Africa. He led them to one victory against the British in 1879. But soon afterward, however, the superior weaponry of the British crushed the Zulu resistance. 8. The Boer War: In the late 1800’s Britain decided to annex the Boer Republics, but they resisted. After heavy losses from 1899 to 1902 the British finally won. (minor setback for the domination fo the area) Imperialism in China (p. 224-225) - p. 176-178 – 2010-13 eds. [pp. 773-777] 9. Opium War: Britain vs. China to prevent the sale of Opium in China. China tried to outlaw it. Britain won war which resulted in the Treaty of Nanjing—Favorable balance of trade. 10. Treaty of Nanjing: In 1842, Britain forced China to agree to harsh terms of paying for Britain’s war costs, open ports, and give up Hong Kong to Great Britain. 11. Spheres of Influence: Area in which an outside power claimed exclusive trade privileges. 12. Describe two (2) Chinese reactions to imperialism: Remember: NO FOREIGNERS! A. The Taiping Rebellion: Chinese peasants rose up against the Qing dynasty. From 1850 to 1864, Chinese peasants, angry at that poverty and at the corrupt Qing officials, rose up in a Name: Period: revolt. This resulted in millions of Chinese deaths and weakened China. (Internal Struggle and conflict) B. Boxer Rebellion: The boxers assaulted foreign communities in China. In 1900, a group known to westerners as the boxers assaulted foreign communities across China. Armies from Japan and the west however crushed the uprising and forced China to grant more concessions. 13. Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen): Leader of the Chinese Revolution (1911-1912) A. President of the Chinese Republic 14. What were the 3 goals of Sun Yixian? A. to end foreign domination B. to form a representative government C. to create economic security for the Chinese people What happened in 1911? What position did Sun assume? He led the movement to overthrow and replace the Qing dynasty. Explain 3 negative effects of imperialism on the Colonies: (pg. 226) - p. 178 – 2010-13 eds. A. a large number of Asians/Africans fell under foreign rule B. individuals/groups resisted European domination C. traditional political units were disrupted or destroyed 15. Explain 3 positive effects of imperialism on the Colonies: (pg. 226) - p. 178 – 2010-13 eds. A. Western culture influenced much of world education B. improved medical care C. economics became based on cash crops for export 16. Explain 3 effects of imperialism on Europe and the World: (pg. 226) - p. 178 – 2010-13 eds. A. west gained new crops, foods, and other products Name: Period: B. competition for new colonies led to conflict and wars with European Nationalists C. industrialized nations controlled a new global economy Regents Review: Theme # 10: (Diversity and Interdependence) Byzantine Empire: (p. 282-288, 284, 311) 1. Where was the Byzantine Empire located? It covered an area from Rome through southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, down to Egypt and across North Africa. Even a portion of southern Spain was once part of the empire. 2. When did it begin? 330 When did it end? 1453 Define the following terms: Justinian: (p. 283.285) - Byzantine emperor who reigned from 527-565 Autocrat: (p. 285) – A single ruler with complete authority (Absolute Monarch) Justinian’s Code: (p. 283, 285) – Code of laws organized by the Byzantine emperor Justinian in the 500’s Patriarch: (p. 286) – The highest church official in the Orthodox Christian church Schism: (p. 270) – A permanent split (1054 Orthodox Christian and Roman Catholic) List and describe four achievements of the Byzantine Empire: (p. 282-288) a. Justinian’s Code of Laws: organized the ancient laws of Rome b. Engineering and Architecture: made Constantinople a city built on infrastructure. a. Aqueducts, roads, bridges, dome shaped buildings, the use of columns c. Art: icons which are holy images and mosaics which are pictures Name: Period: What was the religion of the Byzantine Empire: Eastern Orthodox Christianity What were three differences between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholics? d. Orthodox priests could marry, Catholics could not i. Orthodox people could get a divorce, Catholics could not e. Greek not Latin was the language for the Orthodox Christian Church f. The Orthodox Church recognized the Emperor as the highest authority, while the Catholics recognized the Pope as the highest authority. How was the Byzantine Empire able to preserve and spread Greek and Roman culture/knowledge? 1. Justinian’s code preserved Roman law, and the accomplishments of Roman engineers were preserved and extended in Byzantine architecture. Furthermore, Byzantine culture was strongly rooted in Greece. The Byzantine Empire preserved Hellenistic (Greek) science, philosophy, art, and literature. a. Hellenistic Culture =’s Alexander the Great List four ways the Byzantine Empire impacted Russia and Eastern Europe: 1. Written language: the Cyrillic alphabet 2. Orthodox Christianity: Carried to Russia and countries in Europe by missionaries. 3. Autocratic Government: In Russia they were called Czars 4. Art and Architecture: Byzantine domes were transformed into the onion domes Who conquered the Byzantine Empire? The Ottoman Empire in 1453 What religion were the conquerors? The Ottomans were Muslim (Islam) Name: Period: Interdependence: (p. 1100-1102): whatever happens in one part of the world has an effect on other areas. Definition: dependence of countries on each other for goods, resources, knowledge, and labor from other parts of the world. Examples: 1. Dependence on oil—prices affect economies all over the world (our gas prices) 2. Global banking and financial markets: loans/debts, IMF (international Monetary Fund) 3. Multinational corporations – businesses that operate in many different countries-- IBM Regional Corporation: Where many regions/nations have linked their economies to achieve prosperity and improve regional self-reliance. Examples: 1. ASEAN—Association of Southeast Asian Nations 2. NAFTA—North American Free Trade Agreement 3. EU—European Union (Euro) Regents Review: Theme #11: Justice and Human Rights Name When Where What Code of 1700 b.c.e Babylon (Mesopotamia) This was the first major collection of laws in history. Although these laws favored higher classes over lower ones, they established standards of justice for all classes. *Division of social classes* Hammurabi (p. 36-37) Name: English Bill of Period: 1689 England -A set of acts passed by parliament to ensure its Rights: superiority over the (p. 521, 524, 584) monarchy and guarantee certain rights to citizens -Result: Limited Monarchy; Inspired American colonists to fight Twelve Tables: 450 B.C.E Rome The laws of the plebeians that were inscribed on (p. 152-153) twelve tablets, and displayed in the marketplace. **Codified by Justinian and basis of Western law… Justinian’s Code: 529-534 Byzantine Empire Code of laws that included Roman laws, (p. 281, 283, 285) legal writings, and even a student handbook. It became the “body of civil law/Western law”. Magna Carta: (p. 246-247, 250, 1071) 1215 England A charter signed by the English King John that placed limits on the king’s power. Eventually leads to a Parliament Begins the evolution of democracy in Great Britain… Name: Period: Violations of Human Rights Name When Where What Armenian Massacre 1915-1918 Ottoman Empire When Armenians protested oppressive Ottoman policies, the Turks unleashed a massacre on the Armenians. First genocide of the 20th century. 1845-1849 Ireland Holocaust: (p. 936- During WWII—1941- Europe 937, 952, 1033) 1945 A disease destroyed the Irish potato crop which was the main food crop. Because of this famine 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, and Millions of others moved to the United States and Canada. Did British economic policies cause? An act of genocide by the Nazis during World War II in which more than 6 million Jews died and approx. 6 million others…. Tiananmen Square: May 1989 Beijing, China 1948-1961 South Africa (genocide): (764, 781, 826-827) The Irish Potato Famine: (p. 730) (p. 1076-1077) Apartheid: (p. 859, 879, 1048-1050) When demonstrators in Beijing occupied Tiananmen Square, demanding more rights and freedoms and challenging government censorship. The government sent in troops and tanks to make them disperse. Thousands of Chinese were killed or wounded. Students protested for democratic rights… South African government policy calling for separation of the races. Economic Sanctions helped to end apartheid in SA. Key Leaders: Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk, and Archbishop Desmond Tutu Name: Khmer Rouge (Pol Period: 1975-1979 Cambodia This is the Cambodian communist guerrillas, who took control of the government, under the leadership of Pol Pot. They killed more than a million Cambodians and committed an act of genocide. 20th & 21st century All over the world. The deliberate use of unpredictable violence, especially against civilians, to gain revenge or achieve political goals. Terrorism affects the security and stability of all nations. Defeating terrorism will require a lengthy effort and cooperation among nations. Pot): (p. 997) International Terrorism: Northern Ireland, Balkans, Ukraine, Middle East, South & South East Asia Ukraine (Kulaks) 1932-1933 Ukraine (U.S.S.R) Disruption caused by collectivization and the resistance of the kulaks worsened conditions during the Great Famine of 19321933. 4 million died because of grain acquisitions and being sent to prison labor camps. -Stalin Rwanda: (p.454) 1994 (100 days) Rwanda (Africa) Hutu extremists, supported by government officials, launched a murderous campaign against the Tutsis. More than 500,000 people were killed in just a few months. Bosnia/Kosovo 1990-1998 Bosnia (Balkans) Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic, a Serb, used the Yugoslav army to prevent nonSerbs from becoming independent. He mounted a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing (genocide) against Bosnian, Croats and Muslim Kosovars. (Genocide): p. 909 (Balkans) (p. 1044) Name: Period: Regents Review: Theme #12: Movement of People and Goods 1. What regions were impacted by the spread of Islam? (p. 762-766) Middle East, North Africa, Spain and Sicily, India, and Southeast Asia. 2. Why was the spreading of Islam successful? (p. 762-766) Arabs were strong fighters. They were also successful because the Byzantine and Persian empires were weak from fighting wars against each other. Muslims were united by their belief in Islam. Lastly Muslim rulers often treat conquered people fairly. 3. What can cause immigration of peoples? Social Mobility, Treatment of Conquered Peoples, Slavery, and Status of Women 4. Explain the silk road: (p. 104) A. Cause: Looking for a route to link China to the Middle East the Silk Road was created. It stretched as far west as Mesopotamia. B. Effect: Trade flourished, products such as gunpowder and porcelain, as well as technology such as papermaking and the use of windmills, flowed west. 5. Why were the Mongols successful in expanding their empire? (p. 291-292) Because they were skillful riders and fierce fighters and raiders who had a very strong leader in Genghis Khan. Where did they conquer? Most of Asia from Korea in the east to the Caspian Sea in the west. They also invaded Eastern Europe. Name: Period: What was the impact of the Mongol rule? The conquered were allowed to continue their own ways of life. Mongol rule provided a period of stability and economic growth. They also increased trade and movement of goods, ideas, and technology between East and West. 6. How have the Crusades impacted the movement of people and goods? (p. 255-260, 287, 296, 316) The Crusades helped increase trade, encouraged learning, created changes in the church, changed the Feudal System, and Cultural Diffusion. 7. Explain the movement of peoples and goods in Africa. (p. 340-341) Africa’s geography encouraged the formation of separate kingdoms. Much of the movement was linked to trade. Africa’s gold, salt, iron, copper, and other minerals were important goods in early trade networks. Regents Review: Theme #13: Science and Technology 1. What was the impact of the printing press? (p. 418, 426, 441, 443, 465) Books became more available, literacy increased, and it help spread ideas rapidly, (Protestant Reformation - J. Gutenberg 1456) 2. What was the impact of the steam engine on the Industrial Revolution? (p. 662-665) The steam engine became an important power source for machines. It led to factories and new models of transportation. Name: Period: 3. How did the scientific discoveries of the late 1800’s and early 1900’s change the way people live? (p. 434-438) People lived longer (Pop. Explosion), New Energy production, Communications, transportation and new discoveries about the universe. 4. What impact did technology have on standard of living in the 1800’s and 1900’s? (p. 1126) It helped create better wages and working conditions, better housing, and improved sanitation. 5. How did science and technology change life in the last half of the 20th century? (p. 1158-1161) It brought increased food production, information, space travel, and improves in medicine. 6. How has society been impacted (both benefits and limits) by the computer revolution? (p. 1122) It allows people to obtain process and distribute information quickly. Internet connects the world but widens gap between the global North and global South. Name: Period: Regents Review: Theme #14: Conflict Religious Ethnic: Why? (Reasons for conflict) Who? (Group) Protestant North Catholic South (IRA-vs.-British) Northern Ireland: (p. 892, 1045, 1116) India: (South Asia) (p. check index) Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs Republic of Ireland created in 1922 Northern Ireland remained under British control with Protestant-majority and Catholic minority IRA has desire to reunite Ireland *can be used with international terrorist acts (Human Rights theme) Both Muslims and Sikhs believe they are discriminated against by India’s Hindu majority Sikhs in the Punjab Muslims in Kashmir On Sri Lanks -Tamils (Hindus) are in minority v. the Buddhist Middle East (ArabIsraeli Conflict): (p.959, 1034, 10541057) Jews, Muslims and Christians R.A.I.L. This conflict is over land and religion. Palestinian people want their own homeland PLO/Arafat/PA Crusades: (p.249, 255-260, 287, 296, 316) Seljuk Turks (Muslims) and Christians People wanted to free the Holy Land (Palestine) from Turks Many people want to get rich and gain new land Some people want to see new places Effects: Military failure… leads to rise of kings, Renaissance, Age of Exploration… Martin Luther Protestant Reformation: (p.423-427, 428-431, 440-441) (1517: 95 Theses) John Calvin Catholic Church: (Counter–Reformation) Attacked the sale of indulgences Only reach heaven through faith in God Priest do not have special powers People are born sinners Preached predestination (predetermined who would gain salvation) Effects: END OF RELIGIOUS UNITY IN EUROPE Name: Political: Period: People: Causes: French Revolution: (p.547,571, 579,605, 572-573,589-590, 587, 588) Louis XVI Robespierre Napoleon Russian Revolution: (p.626, 715, 831832, 839-840, 842843) Czar Nicholas II Lenin Bolsheviks/ Communists Chinese Communist Revolution: (China) (p.985-987) Mao (Communist) Jiang (Chiang Ki Shek) (Nationalist/ Guomindang) 1949 Iranian Revolution: (p.644, 1036) The Ayatollah and Shah Pahlavi Absolute Monarchy Estate System Enlightenment Economic injustices Effects: Promoted Democratic Ideas Nationalism Ended in Dictatorship Rise of the Middle Class Abdication and murder of Czar First communist nation Dictatorship: Stalin People wanted land Peasants followed Communists Corruption with Nationalists Foreign influence-ended Communist Nation Dictatorship:Mao People’s Republic of China (PRC) Westernization Modernization Absolute Monarch Islamic Fundamentalist government (strict interpretation of the Koran) Theocracy No Westernization Defeat in 1904 war Poverty Working conditions Corruption Bloody Sunday WWI Name: Period: War: WW I: (p.816-820, 834-838, 878) Cause: Effect: (MAIN) Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Militarism Extreme Nationalism Imperialism Appeasement Vindictive Treaty of Versailles against Germany League of Nations(failure) Huge loss of life Machine gun Tanks Submarines Airplanes Poison gas Gas mask Yalta Conference Atomic bomb Holocaust Nuclear Age Cold War Sonar Radar Aircraft carriers Atomic weapons WWII: (p.927, 930938, 944-947, 952-956, 958) Iraq: (p. 261, 862863, 10321033, 10581060) 1980-88 - Seized control of disputed border with Iran Extreme hardship for both nations 1990 - Invaded Kuwait and seized its oil fields Trade embargo; 1991 Persian Gulf War; US and allies won; Kuwait liberated; Hussein remained in power 2003- US and other nations claimed Iraq had weapons of mass destruction (WMDs); cited Hussein’s human rights abuses against Kurds US and other nations invaded; quick defeat of Iraqi military; capture and execution of Hussein; Iraqi insurgency; conflicts between Sunni and Shia and al-Qaeda operations Dictator: Saddam Hussein Technology: US Technique of “Shock and Awe” Torture and Poison gas No evidence found of WMDs Terrorism: bombings both civilian and military targets Name: Period: Afghanistan: (p. 968, 1002, 1008, 1018, 1119) 1990s Taliban imposed extreme form of Islam Harbored Osama bin Laden leader of the terrorist group al Qaeda, responsible for 9/11/2001 attacks on US 2001 US attacked and drove Taliban from power US supports new government although charges of corruption Taliban resurgence has led to violence in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Cold War: (pp. 972-973, 973-974, 976980) Differences in political and economic thinking between the U.S.A. and USSR (Superpowers) Continued state of tensions and hostility between the US and USSR War of Words Never direct confrontation Threat of WWIII Terrorism: bombings both civilian and military targets Space Race Arms Race: Ballistic Weapons Nuclear Weapons COLD WAR: (972-973, 973-974, 976-980) 1. Cold War: a continual state of tension and hostility between the US and USSR. 2. US policy: Containment, Truman Doctrine (Economic and Military Aid Program), Marshall Plan (Aid Package), Berlin Airlift and NATO 3. USSR policy: Berlin Blockade, Berlin Wall, Iron Curtain, Satellites, Warsaw Pact, Breschnev Doctrine 4. Conflicts around the world: Korea 1950’s, Vietnam 1960’s & 70’s, Cuba 1959-1960’s, Congo/Angola 1970’s, and Nicaragua 1980’s Name: Period: Regents Review: Theme #15: Modern Global Connections and Interactions 1. Explain what is meant by environmental cooperation and give an example. a. Environmental cooperation is when nations work together to resolve environmental issues that our global community faces. (global warming) 2. Describe the movement of global migration. (p. 1108-1109) The gap between the rich and poor nations continues to grow. We have seen a movement (migration) of people from poor regions to wealthier regions in search of economic opportunities and political freedom. 3. What impact international terrorism had on the world? (p. 1118) International Terrorism has spreads fear throughout the world, and may lead to more violence and retaliation. 4. What is the role of the United Nations? (p. 1102-1103) The United Nations was created in 1945, to promote global peace and security as well as economic and social well-being. Economic development, human rights, international law, international security. 5. Where has the UN stepped in as a peacekeeper? Iraq-1990, Haiti-early 1990’s, Bosnia-through the 1990’s, Kosovo-1998-today (UNMIK), Iraq- today, Rwanda 1994, Afghanistan today. 6. What has been the main difference between the UN and League of Nations? (check index) The UN has US backing and support. 7. How do environmental issues—both problems and solutions—demonstrate the interdependence of the modern world? (check index) World Summits sponsored by the UN. 1997: Kyoto Treaty: meeting on global warming and Rio Pact: Earth Summit on deforestation.