Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Drugs and Emerging Trends Doug Dorley Special Agent Kansas City District Office 1 The BIG 3 • Cocaine – Schedule II (indicates some medical use has been approved for this substance) • Methamphetamine – Schedule I (no medical use approved) • Marijuana – Schedule I (currently no medical use approved) • On the rise – Heroin, Synthetics, Vaporizers, Prescription Drugs, LSD, PCP, and designer drugs 2 Cocaine 3 1 Cocaine • Schedule II Controlled Substance (meaning it has legitimately recognized medical use) • Stimulant, extracted from the leaves of the coca plant. Plant is grown primarily in Central and South America • An extremely potent brain stimulant and one of the most powerfully addictive drugs • Most commonly snorted, but can be smoked and injected intravenously 4 Cocaine • Powerful and Highly Addictive Stimulant • Abused for over 100 years • Stimulant in many early tonics and elixirs (Coca-Cola) • Some medical uses • Illicit product cut with many inert products • The Coca plant is broken down into cocaine hydrochloride through a process using potassium carbonate, kerosene, ammonia, acetone, ethanol, hydrochloric acid, and ether. • Crack cocaine also contains baking soda 5 Cocaine • Causes blurred vision, tremors, twitching, chest pain / pressure, increased blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, & body temperature which can all lead to… • Heart attacks, strokes, respiratory failure, & brain seizures • Reduction of the body’s ability to resist & combat infections • Needle usage increases risk of AIDS & Hepatitis • Use of crack cocaine, cocaine’s smokeable form, causes quicker and more intense effects • Not water soluble, must be smoked • Long term damage to lungs and / or nasal passages Increased use & availability due to new Pseudo laws 6 2 Cocaine Effects • Short Term – increase in blood pressure, increase in energy, dilated pupils, sense of feeling “alive.” • Long Term – Addiction, paranoia, disturbed moods, restlessness, auditory hallucinations or “hearing things” • Overdose signs – intense chest pain, rapid breathing, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, extreme rapid pulse, signs of hallucinations 7 Cocaine paraphernalia • • • • • Straws (normal width, cut small) Pocket mirrors / make up mirrors Razor blades (used to section out a dose) Small spoons Lighters • Inositol Powder and Milk Sugar are commonly used cutting agents. • Side effects of Inositol Powder – nausea, fatigue, headaches, dizziness ****Worsening of bi-polar disorders**** • Cocaine seized is on average 90% pure 8 Cocaine Abuse 9 3 Crack cocaine • Highly addictive form of cocaine • Chemically changed and enhanced to provide a significantly stronger high • Addiction to crack is worse, effects on the body are worse, chemical dependence is worse 10 Crack Cocaine Abuse 11 Methamphetamine 12 4 Methamphetamine • A HIGHLY addictive stimulant that strongly activates systems in the brain • Cocaine vs Meth: Cocaine use pours dopamine into your brain. Once use subsides, brain activity starts to return to normal and brain will start to reproduce and package dopamine. • Meth: Pours dopamine into your brain. However, meth causes your brain receptors to destroy any extra dopamine in your system. That causes addiction almost immediately, because you have less dopamine producing availability in the brain after using meth. • Meth causes significant brain damage and classified as a neuro-toxic. 13 Methamphetamine • Can be taken orally, smoked, snorted, or injected • Commonly smoked in a crystalline form, but can be snorted in powder form. Powder form is also used for injections and also to put in pills for digestion • Due to methamphetamines strong addictive properties, almost all users of meth become addicted after only one use 14 Body effects of meth • Increased alertness, increased aggressive/violent behavior, insomnia, hallucinations, twitching/jerking, impaired speech • Dry and itchy skin, facial acne and sores, irritableness • Long term effects: confusion, paranoia, brain damage, dry mouth, tremors/seizures, 15 5 Methamphetamine manufacture • Nazi Dope method • Red P method • One pot method ***MOST POPULAR**** No matter which method is used, methamphetamine CAN NOT be manufactured without ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. 16 Nazi Method 17 Red P Method 18 6 One Pot Method • • • • Ephedrine / Pseudoephedrine Lithium Strips Solvents Sodium Hydroxide 19 One Pot / Shake n Bake 20 Anti-Energy Drinks • Copy-cat of “Purple Drank”. • Commercial bottlers have now produced non-codeine based legal drinks like Sippin Syrup and other anti-energy drinks (e.g. Drank, Unwind, Mary Janes Relaxation Soda), which are sold at convenience stores and are advertised as an “Extreme Relaxation Beverage”. • These products contain sedating-type ingredients, such as melatonin, valerian root extract, and kava kava. • Sold as a dietary supplement rather than a beverage since ingredients like melatonin and kava kava aren’t FDA approved food additives. 21 7 Neknominate • Thought to have originated in Australia, now sweeping the world. • At least five men aged under 30 have died after drinking deadly cocktails (no deaths in U.S.). • There appears to be no limit to the type of drinks that are consumed (alcohol, motor oil, dead mouse, etc). • Variations seen in U.S. on social media sites. 22 Palcohol 23 Palcohol • Recently approved by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) • COMPLETELY LEGAL • Currently available in four flavors: vodka, rum, cosmopolitan, and powderita • One packet, mixed with 6 ounces of water, is the equivalent to a standard mixed drink • How hard would it be for students to bring into a school??? 24 8 E-Cigarettes • Smokeless, battery operated devices designed to deliver nicotine with flavorings or other chemicals to the lungs of users without burning tobacco. • Delivers highly addictive nicotine, which has a variety of negative health effects, and may even promote the growth of some cancers. • FDA analysis of some e-cigarette products found low levels of nitrosamines, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol, all associated with cancer and other health risks, as well as potentially toxic metal nanoparticles from the vaporizing mechanism. • Still unclear how “safe” they are. 25 E-Cigarettes and THC 26 Vaporizers • Heats marijuana below combustion point. • It is perceived to be a "cleaner" way of smoking. • Devices have also been shown to release ammonia which, when inhaled, can cause irritation and central nervous system effects, as well as asthma and bronchial spasms. 27 9 How are Rx Drugs Abused? • Taking a medication that has been prescribed for somebody else. • Most teenagers who abuse prescription drugs are given them for free by a friend or relative. • Taking a drug in a higher quantity or in another manner than prescribed. • Taking a drug for another purpose than prescribed. • ADHD drugs like Adderall are also often abused by students seeking to improve their academic performance. However, although they may boost alertness, there is little evidence they improve cognitive functioning for those without a medical condition. 28 Ecstasy 29 MDMA (Ecstacy or Molly) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine • Central nervous system stimulant. • Ecstasy produces stimulant effects like amphetamine and mild hallucinogenic effects. • MDMA was initially popular among White adolescents and young adults in the nightclub scene or at “raves” (long dance parties), but the drug now affects a broader range of users and ethnicities. • Risks- Dehydration, increased heart rate/body temperature/blood pressure, teeth grinding, heat stroke, heart failure, kidney failure, stroke, brain damage, death. - Massive release of dopamine and serotonin leading to potential destruction of neuronal tissue. 30 10 Ecstasy paraphernalia • • • • • • Baby pacifiers Light sticks / glow sticks Lollipops Candy necklaces Mentholated rubs Surgical masks ***ANY RAVE MUSIC!!!!! ONLY PEOPLE HIGH ON DRUGS WOULD LISTEN TO HOURS OF RAVE MUSIC*** 31 Inhalants • Known as “huffing” , “sniffing” or “bagging.” It is the abuse of common petroleum or household chemicals for the sole purpose of attempting to get “high.” The “high” is actually the loss of oxygen to the brain. • Inhalants cause lung congestion, congestive heart failure, and swelling of the fatty tissues of the brain, thus causing brain hemorrhaging. 32 Inhalants • Ordinary household products people inhale to get high, such as: nail polish remover, glue, hairspray, computer keyboard cleaner, lighter fluid, cooking spray, paint thinner, paint (certain colors get you higher) 33 11 Inhalants • Inhalants can be: • Sniffed • Snorted • Bagged (sniffing or inhaling fumes from substances sprayed or deposited inside a paper bag or plastic bag) • Huffed from an inhalant soaked rag stuffed in the mouth • Mainly inhalant users inhale their drugs directly from the inhalant containers (meaning paraphernalia signs might not be readily available or evident) 34 Inhalants paraphernalia • • • • • • Rags used for sniffing Empty spray cans Tubes of glue Plastic bags Balloons Empty bottles or cans with hardened glue, paint, or chemical odors inside of them Obvious clue – kid showing up with paint around his mouth or nose. Hands/fingers covered in paint…common sense, most painters don’t have hands submerged in paint 35 Heroin 36 12 Heroin 37 Heroin • Highly addictive drug derived from Morphine, a clinical strength pain reliever • Affects the brain’s pleasure systems • Forms include: • White powder • Brown powder • Brown/black tar like substance, looks similar to pine tar Can be injected, snorted, or sniffed 38 Heroin paraphernalia • • • • • • • Hypodermic needles Cotton balls Spoons Tourniquets Razor blades Pipes Straws Most common form of use: Injection 39 13 Krokodil • Used as a cheap heroin substitute in poor rural areas of Russia. • DEA has not yet confirmed any Krokodil in this country. • Synthetic form of a heroin-like drug called desomorphine that is made by combining codeine tablets with iodine, gasoline, paint thinner, hydrochloric acid, lighter fluid and red phosphorus. • Gets its name from the scaly, graygreen dead skin that forms at the site of an injection. • The flesh destroyed by krokodil becomes gangrenous, and, in some cases, limb amputation has been necessary to save a user’s life. 40 Kratom • Derived from the Mitragyna Speciosa plant indigenous to Southeast Asia, primarily in Thailand. • Plant consists of a psychotropic molecule called Mitragynine that’s been reported to produce both stimulant and sedative effects, depending on the dosage. • With higher doses, Kratom mimics an opiate with sedative effects and euphoria. • Negative side effects include nausea, sweating, itching, dry mouth and constipation. • Long-term use can potentially result in anorexia, insomnia, weight loss and in some cases psychotic episodes, such as confusion, delusions and hallucinations. • DEA’s Office of Diversion Control states Kratom is a drug and chemical of concern with no legitimate medical use, but it remains legal to sell and use. 41 Hallucinogens • Alter perception and mood • Common types include: • • • • • LSD PCP Psilocybin mushrooms Mescaline (peyote) Dextromethorphan or DXM (cough and cold medications) Can be taken orally or smoked 42 14 LSD 43 Hallucinogen Paraphernalia • LSD: Blotter paper, gelatin, sugar cubes • PCP: Foil or paper packets, stamps, needles, and cigarettes or smoking devices 44 N-bomb • 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe are three synthetic substances recently encountered on the designer drug market. • These substances have been encountered as powders, liquid solutions, laced on edible items, and soaked onto blotter papers. • Being sold as legal substitutes for LSD or mescaline. 45 15 Synthetic THC • Also known as Spice or K2, synthetic marijuana refers to herbal mixtures laced with synthetic cannabinoids, chemicals that act in the brain similarly to THC, the main active ingredient in marijuana. • Can cause agitation, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia (fast, racing heartbeat), elevated blood pressure, tremor, seizures, hallucinations, and paranoid behavior. 46 “Bath Salts” • Products often contain amphetamine-like chemicals which are typically administered in one of four ways: orally, inhalation and/or snorting, injection, intravenous. • Can cause extreme paranoia, hallucinations, suicidal thoughts, chest pains, soaring blood pressure, and rapid heartbeat. 47 16