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Plate Tectonic Theory Alfred Wegener is the man who studied this • All continents used to fit together like puzzle pieces (called it Pangaea) The continents a long time ago The continents now See the Continents & oceans are on top of plates that are STILL drifting (Get it?- Continental drifting) • Plates movingmountainsHow can cause volcano eruptions, earthquakes, plates move- Plate • Boundaries – look at the arrows to see which way the plates are moving Continental Drift Theory Evidence W egener also prop osed that continental drift theory could be supported by the following eviden ce: S imilar fossils on neighb oring coastlines S imilar rock laye rs on neighb oring coastlines Mat ching of coastline sh apes Rock Layer Evidence • That rock layers and geological features on now distant continents match up where they were once joined. Matching of coastline shapes Evidence • That the continents are shaped in ways that could have once fit together. • Notice the similarities in the rock layers. Fossil Evidence • Pay close attention to the fossil remains of the organisms. On which continents are the same types of fossils found? Convection currents If something like air or magma is heated it rises and when it cools it sinks. LOOK for these arrows TO LET YOU KNOW IT’S CONVECTION CURRENTS This is called a rising and sinking action that happens inside Earth’s mantle when magma is heated inside Earth’s HOT core and it rises and sinks when it cools. Convection currents cause PLATE MOVEMENT!!! C onvergent boundary of two continental plates. F orms H imalayas a ______ folded mountain range. Examples: ___________, Appalachians A lps, ______________ Convergent boundary of two oceanic plates. Creates an island ________ arc and a trench _____. Example: _____ Japan Divergent boundary of two continental plates. Creates a __________. Example: _____________ rift valley East African Rift Transform-fault boundary where the North American and Pacific plates are moving ____ past each other. San Andreas Fault in California Example: ________________ Convection Currents Curre nts These c onvec tion c urrents are resp onsible for plate mov ement Pla Platte eB Bo ound unda aries ries • D ive rg e n t Bo u n d a ry – m o vin g a_p_art ___ to ge • C on ve rg e n t B ou n d a ry – m o vin g __ _ _th_e_r_ _ • T ra n sfo rm F a ult B ou n d a ry – m o ving e r_ _ _ _ _ _ _s_ide __w_a_ys _ _p_as __t e_a_ch _ _oth __ _ ROCK LAYERS- Just remember if the layers are NOT disturbed, the oldest layers will be at the bottom, Younger layers are at the top. This is the Law of Superposition. In this diagram, glacial deposits-youngest, Granite- oldest If the layers are disturbed, they kind of shift around a bit. You might see layers that overlap because of plate folding and faulting. These rock layers are look like this because of folding and faulting due to plate tectonics (plates moving around) TYPES OF ROCK 3 MAJOR TYPES All come from IGNEOUS ROCK- rock that comes from cooled magma Sedimentary Rockigneous rock that erodes or weathers because of wind and water. The sediment (broken down rock) washes away and ends up at the bottom of lakes, streams, and oceans. Metamorphic rock- this kind of rock forms because igneous and sedimentary rock get put under a lot of heat and pressure and changes its form. Marble is a type of metamporhic rock A pretty cool diagram that shows you how all 3 rock types are formed. Pay attention to “A” as you see it pushing through the other rock layers. “A” will usually be the YOUNGEST layer. (This is an igneous INTRUSION) Look at layers D, E, F, G, and H. These layers are not the same across because they have been “broken” due to the rock layers FAULTING The Four Layers of Earth The Earth is composed of four different layers: The crust is the layer that you live on. The mantle is much hotter and has the ability to flow. The outer core and inner core are even hotter with very great pressures! Hot spots are places in the earth’s mantle where the hot rock or magma, continually rises and melts through a plate.. You won’t find a hot spot between the boundary of 2 different plates. You find hot spots breaking through the middle of a plate, whether that is in the middle of a continental plate like Yellowstone or in the middle of an oceanic plate like Hawaii • If a hot spot is below the ocean floor, it may create a volcanic island. Ex. Hawaiian islands • The hot spot doesn’t move. The PLATES are moving so that means the hot spot in Hawaii changes as it continues to make new islands. • This is a picture of a GEYSER in Yellowstone National Park (in United States). There are more than 500 geysers in Yellowstone national park. • GEYSERS are water sources over hot spots that become heated and periodically shoot HOT water and steam into the air. Big Bang Theory This is just a theory they came up with to explain how the universe was formed over 13.7 billion yrs ago (theories can be proven wrong if somebody finds some more information) Says there was this big explosion from some tiny little particles that came together…BOOM!...we get the start of the universe o Everything in the universe started from the Big Bang…stars, planets, galaxies o Red Shift-everything is expanding or getting bigger (this is what the universe is doing) Blue Shift- things are coming inward or getting smaller Formation of Stars Gravity pulls hydrogen gas and dust into a single spinning cloud. As the particles crash into each other, the matter heats up….about 15 million degrees- that’s really hot! This is called Fusion….. The mass begins to shine brightly. A star is born! ……a brand new star….notice the color Hydrogen in stars FUSES together and releases HUGE amounts of ENERGY. This is called FUSION! Stars contain hydrogen that fuse together to release huge amounts of energy (FUSION) Age and Temperature of Stars The Color of a Star can tell you a couple of things about a star: 1. the relative age 2. the temperature Stars Blue stars are the youngest and hottest Yellow stars are middle age and medium temperature (Our Sun is a middle aged star) Red stars are the oldest stars and are cool in temperature Colors a nd Temperatures Blue Hottest Yellow Medium tem pera tu re Su n Red Coolest What happens when a star gets old? The fuel runs out, no more fusion can take place, gravity collapses the core of the star How long will a star live? Our sun, a medium sized star, will live about 10 billion years. Small stars will live about 100 billion years. Large stars will only live a few billion years.. The iron core absorbs energy instead of releasing it…. The star breaks apart in a massive EXPLOSION!!! The star is now a SUPERNOVA! Convection Currents and Tornadoes (Over LAND) What is a tornado? A tornado is a violent whirling wind that moves across the ground in a narrow path. How a re Tornadoes formed? Late in the day , when earth’s surf ace is very warm, con vectio n (The f low of h ea t thro ug h a materia l, ca using ho t pa rts to rise a nd co oler parts to sin k.) can get very stro ng. This ca n lead to a to rnado . Where Do Tornadoes Happen? Tornadoes happen where dry, cold air masses mix with warm, moist air masses. More tornadoes occur in the United States than in any other country, especially in the area known as TORNADO ALLEY. A tornado can flatten and destroy ANYTHING in its path! Here are pictures of the devastating aftermath of the tornado that just hit Lake Township,Ohio… Tornadoes Tornadoes form when warm moist air meets cool dry air. When the 2 air masses meet, they create an unstable atmosphere with strong and violent winds. ConvectionCurrents and HURRICANES!(Over Water) Development of Hurricanes They develop most often in the late summer when water temperatures are warm enough to provide the necessary heat and moisture to the air. The StepsinHurricane Formation 1. Warm air above the water rises and cools to form clouds. 2. More warm air comes in from all sides to replace the air that was rising. (This inward wind rotates . This is why hurricanes look like pin-wheels) 3. Hurricanes use energy from the warm ocean water to grow stronger. As long as it has warm water a hurricane will continue to grow. Hurricane Katrina Different Termsfor aHurricane • Hurricanes are called by different names in the different regions of the world –In In the Atlantic or Eastern Pacific Ocean • They are called..."hurricanes called..."hurricanes" hurricanes" – Western North Pacific and Philippines • called "typhoons "typhoons“ typhoons“ – Indian and South Pacific Ocean •They They are called… "cyclones "cyclones" cyclones" Lake Effect Snow How is lake-effect snow formed? As the cold air flows over the warm lake water, the warm water heats the air's bottom layer as lake moisture evaporates into the cold air. Since warm air is lighter or less dense than cold air, the heated air rises and begins to cool. As the air cools, the moisture that evaporated into it condenses and forms clouds and snow begins falling from the cloud if the air is humid enough. Cold air moves over warm water and is warmed from below. Moisture Warm moist air rises downwind of lakes and forms evaporates in the air. heavy snow. Lake Effect Snow You’ll more than likely be asked to know this! This is when you have VERY cold dry air moving over a lake that is warmer…the air picks up the moisture from the lake and then dumps off that extra moisture it picked up as a whole lot of SNOW on whatever poor city is sitting next to that lake!! They like to give you OHIO and ask you what city will get more lake effect snow. ALWAYS pick the city that is closest to the lake and more to the east of the lake (that would be the right side) Take a look at the storm system (in green) moving across the lake. Which city IN OHIO do you think is going to get hit the worst with snow? Tsunami (Soo-Na-Mee) EARTHQUAKE UNDER WATER CAUSING A HUGE WAVE! What Causes a Tsunami? Tsunami means "harbor wave" in Japanese. A tsunami is formed in the sea. It is triggered by a disturbance in the ocean floor. Most tsunamis are caused by earthquakes. Arid Means something is dry Deserts are called ARID because IT GETS VERY LITTLE PRECIPITATION (any form of water). Droughts can cause arid conditions because there is little to no rain. Erosion Erosion happens when materials in the landscape are moved from one place to another. Farmers will plant “cover crops” like this one to stop their soil from eroding or washing away before they can plant their next crop wash This cliff can have wind and water erosion. You’ll have pieces of the cliff erode or away. The Ozone Layer This is a layer that surrounds our Earth and protects us from the Ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun. Too much UV from the sun can cause skin cancer and just make you sick! We must stop using things that destroy the ozone layer. If we keep tearing up (DEPLETING) our ozone layer we won’t be protected from the UV rays. NO CFCs!!!! These are bad!!! A GIANT UMBRELLA OVER THE EARTH We can protect ourselves from the harmful UV rays by wearing sunblock and the right protective clothing.