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Transcript
Chapter 52~53: Population and Community Ecology Chapter Objectives 1. 2. 3. 4. Define the scope of population ecology Distinguish between population and density Explain how ecologists measure species density Describe conditions which may result in clumped dispersion, random dispersion, and uniform dispersion of populations 5. Explain how age structure, generation time, and sex structure of populations can affect population growth 6. Describe the characteristics of populations which exhibit Type I, Type II, and Type III survivorship curves 7. Explain how carrying capacity of the environment affects the intrinsic rate of increase of a population 8. Explain how density dependent factors affect population growth 9. Describe how weather and climate can function as density-independent factors in controlling population growth 10. Explain how density-dependent and density-independent factors may work together to control a population's growth 11. List the 3 major characteristics of a life history and explain how each affects the a. number of offspring produced by an individual b. population's growth 12. Explain how predation can affect life history through natural selection 13. Distinguish between r-selected and K-selected populations 14. Explain how a stressful environment may alter the standard r-selection and Kselection characteristics ********* 15. Compare and contrast the individualistic hypothesis of H. A. Gleason and the interactive hypothesis of F. E. Clements with respect to communities 16. Explain the relationship among species richness, relative abundance, and diversity 17. List 4 properties of a community and explain the importance of each 18. Explain how interspecific competition may affect community structure 19. Describe the competitive exclusion principle and explain how competitive exclusion may affect community structure 20. Distinguish between an organism's fundamental niche and realized niche 21. Explain how resource partitioning can affect species diversity 22. Describe the defense mechanisms evolved by plants to reduce predation by herbivores 23. Explain how cryptic coloration and aposematic coloration aid an animal in avoiding predators 24. Distinguish between Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry 25. Describe how predators use mimicry to obtain prey 26. Explain the role of predators in community structure 27. Distinguish among parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism 28. Explain why it is difficult to determine what factor is most important in structuring a community 29. Distinguish between primary succession and secondary succession 30. Explain how inhibition and facilitation may be involved in succession 31. Describe how natural and human disturbances can affect equilibrium and species diversity 32. List the factors involved in limiting a species to a particular range 33. Describe the mechanisms which contribute to the global clines in diversity 34. Explain the factors which determine what species eventually inhabit islands. Chapter 52 Terms Population Fecundity density death rate exponential population growth carrying capacity dispersion generation time logistic population growth mark-recapture method sex ratio K-selected populations clumped life table equilibrial populations random survivorship curve uniform life history biogeography semelparity demography iteroparity age structure zero population growth birth rate intrinsic rate of increase r-selected populations opportunistic populations intraspecific competition density-dependent factor density-independent factor Cohort Chapter 53 species richness Mimicry resource partitioning relative abundance predator character displacement species diversity Batesian mimicry symbiosis predation Mullerian mimicry symbiont individualistic hypothesis parasite commensalism hosts mutualism endoparasites keystone species ectoparasites exotic species interspecific interactions interspecific competition stability coevolution interference competition disturbances parasitism exploitative competition ecological succession parasitoidism competitive exclusion principle primary succession interactive hypothesis secondary succession herbivory recruitment ecological niche community fundamental niche dynamic equilibrium hypothesis biogeography prey cryptic coloration realized niche aposematic coloration intermediate disturbance hypothesis