Download Chapter 52~53: Population and Community Ecology

Chapter 52~53: Population and Community Ecology
Chapter Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
Define the scope of population ecology
Distinguish between population and density
Explain how ecologists measure species density
Describe conditions which may result in clumped dispersion, random dispersion,
and uniform dispersion of populations
5. Explain how age structure, generation time, and sex structure of populations can
affect population growth
6. Describe the characteristics of populations which exhibit Type I, Type II, and
Type III survivorship curves
7. Explain how carrying capacity of the environment affects the intrinsic rate of
increase of a population
8. Explain how density dependent factors affect population growth
9. Describe how weather and climate can function as density-independent factors in
controlling population growth
10. Explain how density-dependent and density-independent factors may work
together to control a population's growth
11. List the 3 major characteristics of a life history and explain how each affects the
a. number of offspring produced by an individual
b. population's growth
12. Explain how predation can affect life history through natural selection
13. Distinguish between r-selected and K-selected populations
14. Explain how a stressful environment may alter the standard r-selection and Kselection characteristics
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15. Compare and contrast the individualistic hypothesis of H. A. Gleason and the
interactive hypothesis of F. E. Clements with respect to communities
16. Explain the relationship among species richness, relative abundance, and diversity
17. List 4 properties of a community and explain the importance of each
18. Explain how interspecific competition may affect community structure
19. Describe the competitive exclusion principle and explain how competitive
exclusion may affect community structure
20. Distinguish between an organism's fundamental niche and realized niche
21. Explain how resource partitioning can affect species diversity
22. Describe the defense mechanisms evolved by plants to reduce predation by
herbivores
23. Explain how cryptic coloration and aposematic coloration aid an animal in
avoiding predators
24. Distinguish between Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry
25. Describe how predators use mimicry to obtain prey
26. Explain the role of predators in community structure
27. Distinguish among parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism
28. Explain why it is difficult to determine what factor is most important in
structuring a community
29. Distinguish between primary succession and secondary succession
30. Explain how inhibition and facilitation may be involved in succession
31. Describe how natural and human disturbances can affect equilibrium and species
diversity
32. List the factors involved in limiting a species to a particular range
33. Describe the mechanisms which contribute to the global clines in diversity
34. Explain the factors which determine what species eventually inhabit islands.
Chapter 52 Terms
Population
Fecundity
density
death rate
exponential population
growth
carrying capacity
dispersion
generation time
logistic population growth
mark-recapture method
sex ratio
K-selected populations
clumped
life table
equilibrial populations
random
survivorship curve
uniform
life history
biogeography
semelparity
demography
iteroparity
age structure
zero population growth
birth rate
intrinsic rate of increase
r-selected populations
opportunistic populations
intraspecific competition
density-dependent factor
density-independent factor
Cohort
Chapter 53
species richness
Mimicry
resource partitioning
relative abundance
predator
character displacement
species diversity
Batesian mimicry
symbiosis
predation
Mullerian mimicry
symbiont
individualistic
hypothesis
parasite
commensalism
hosts
mutualism
endoparasites
keystone species
ectoparasites
exotic species
interspecific
interactions
interspecific competition
stability
coevolution
interference competition
disturbances
parasitism
exploitative competition
ecological succession
parasitoidism
competitive exclusion
principle
primary succession
interactive hypothesis
secondary succession
herbivory
recruitment
ecological niche
community
fundamental niche
dynamic equilibrium
hypothesis
biogeography
prey
cryptic coloration
realized niche
aposematic coloration
intermediate disturbance
hypothesis