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Chapter III Derivation Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. CHAPTER III DERIVATION 3.1. Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to present the amount of vocabulary grasped by the students, their knowledge in derivation, the problems in this concept, the factors considered as hindrance in their acquiring the knowledge of derivation. The factors studied are gender, board of the study, medium of instruction in school, location of school, boarding status in school, parents‘ education and their involvement with their wards. All these factors and their relationship with students‘ is discussed in this chapter followed by the chapter summary. 3.2. Derivation Definition The formation of a word from an earlier word or base (as by the addition of an affix). Derivative is a word or thing that has been developed or produced from another word or thing : ‗Happiness‘ is a derivative of ‗happy‘. (OXFORD Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary of Current English) In linguistics, derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing word, e.g. happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine. Derivation stands in contrast to the process of inflection, which uses another kind of affix in order to form grammatical variants of the same word, as with determine/ determine-s/determin-ing/determin-ed. Generally speaking, inflection applies to all members of a part of speech (e.g., every English verb has a past-tense form), while derivation applies only to some members of a part of speech (e.g., the nominalizing suffix -ity can be used with the adjectives modern and dense, but not with open or strong). 3.3. Derivational Affixes The knowledge of affixes should be made clear to the learners. The rules for the usage of proper suffix / prefix is to be elaborately discussed before teaching the concept 54 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. of derivation. Also the meaning and the form of the new word after the addition of any suffix / prefix should be understood by the students. For this the meaning of any affix must be understood first. Derivation is the word formation process in which a derivational affix attaches to the base form of a word to create a new word. Although derivational affixes do not necessarily alter the syntactic category, they do change the meaning of the base. In many cases, derivational affixes change both the syntactic category and the meaning: modern → modernize ("to make modern"). The change of meaning is sometimes predictable: Adjective + ness → the state of being (Adjective); (white→ whiteness). Affixes, which include prefixes and suffixes, are bound morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest linguistic unit of a language with semantic meaning. Bound morphemes, unlike free morphemes, cannot stand alone but must attach to another morpheme such as a word. For example, the following two lists provide examples of some common prefixes and suffixes with definitions in English: A prefix- is a group of letters added before a word or base to alter its meaning and form a new word. In contrast, a suffix is a group of letters added after a word or base. 3.3.1. Prefixes: a- – without, not co- – together de- – opposite, negative, removal, separation dis- –opposite, negative en- – cause to be ex- – former, previous, from in- – negative, not non- – absence, not re- – again, repeatedly un- – negative, not, opposite, reversal 55 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. A prefix (write → re-write; lord → over-lord) will rarely change syntactic category in English. The inflectional prefix un- applies to adjectives (healthy → unhealthy) and some verbs (do → undo), but rarely to nouns. A few exceptions are the derivational prefixes en- and be-. En- (em- before labials) is usually used as a transitive marker on verbs, but can also be applied to adjectives and nouns to form transitive verbs: circle (verb) → encircle (verb); but rich (adj) → enrich (verb), large (adj) → enlarge (verb), rapture (noun) → enrapture (verb), slave (noun) → enslave (verb). 3.3.2. Suffixes: A derivational suffix usually applies to words of one syntactic category and changes them into words of another syntactic category. For example, the English derivational suffix -ly changes adjectives into adverbs (slow → slowly). -able – sense of being -er – agent -ful – characterized by -fy – make, become, cause to be -ism – action or practice, state or condition -less – lack of -ly – -like -ology – study, science -ship – condition, character, skill -y – characterized by, inclination, condition Examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes: adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness) adjective-to-verb: -ise (modern → modernise) adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish) adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → personally) 56 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation → recreational) noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify) verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable) verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver → deliverance) verb-to-noun (concrete): -er (write → writer) 3.4. Zero derivation Some derivations can occur without any change of form, for example telephone (noun) and to telephone. This is known as conversion or zero derivation. Some verbs and adjectives in English can be used directly as nouns without the addition of a derivational suffix. Some examples include: Change: I need a change. (change = noun) I will change. (change = verb) Murder: The murder of the man was tragic. (murder = noun) He will murder the man. (murder = verb) In addition to true zero-derivation, English also has a number of words which, depending on subtle changes in pronunciation, are either nouns or verbs. One such type, which is rather pervasive, is the change in stress placement from the final syllable of the word to the first syllable. Progress: Progress is important. (progress = noun) Our plan must progress nicely. (progress = verb) An additional case is seen with the verb use, which has a different pronunciation when used as a noun. 57 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. Use: The use of drugs is dangerous. (use = noun) Use your fork! (use = verb) 3.5. Various kinds of derivatives The derivative can be grouped into two, namely: 3.5.1.The establishment of a verb Example : beauty (noun) + -fy : beautify justice (noun) + - fy : justify quick (adj ) + -en : quicken wide (adj) + -en : widen deep (adj) + -en : deepen broad (adj) + -en : broaden 3.5.2. The establishment of a noun Verb + -ion ; -ment ; -er ; -or ; -ace ; -ist Adjective + -ness ; -ity ; -nce ; -th Derivation may result in new words of the same grammatical form, e.g., noun to noun, or of different grammatical forms, e.g., verb to noun. For example: 3.5.3. Grammatical Form Retaining Derivation verb to verb: appear → disappear noun to noun: friend → friendship adjective to adjective: practical → impractical 3.5.4. Grammatical Form Changing Derivation verb to noun: preserve → preservation verb to adjective: bore → boring noun to verb: code → codify 58 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. noun to adjective: nature → natural adjective to noun: ugly → ugliness adjective to verb: sweet → sweeten adjective to adverb: quick → quickly Although both processes involve the affixation of suffixes, derivation differs from inflection in that inflection results in the creation of a new form of the same word rather than a new word. For example, the addition of the third person singular -s inflectional suffix to verbs creates the third person singular form of verbs, e.g., eat and eats, and the addition of the plural -s inflectional suffix to nouns creates the plural form of nouns, e.g., dog and dogs. Both eats and dogs are new forms of the same word, eat and dog, rather than new words. 3.6. Noun derivation New nouns can be derived from other nouns, from adjectives and from verbs: Adjective to noun With derivational morphology This is a process by which a grammatical expression is turned into a noun phrase. For example, in the sentence "Combine the two chemicals," combine acts as a verb. This can be turned into a noun via the addition of -ation, as in "The experiment involved the combination of the two chemicals." Examples of nouns formed from adjectives: applicability (from applicable) carelessness (from careless) difficulty (from difficult) intensity (from intense) Suffixes – ness – is used to form Noun Suffix – ness is usually put after adjective 59 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. For example : 1. bitter - bitterness 2. bright - brightness 3. conscious – consciousness 4. happy – happiness EXERCISE-VII The following exercises were given to the students in order to identify the problems faced by them in noun derivatives. The informants were asked to give the appropriate noun derivative for the adjective used in each sentence and rewrite the sentence. 1. The scene was so beautiful that it took his breath away. 2. They measured how wide the pitch was. 3. The fact that he was fit impressed the selectors. 4. My sister was cheerful. This made me forget my bad luck. 5. The temple‘s foundations are strong. This stopped it from collapsing in the earthquake. 6. The box is heavy. It slowed my progress. Expected answers for the above mentioned sentences are: 1. The beauty of the scene took his breath away. 2. They measured the width of the pitch. 3. His fitness impressed the selectors. 4. My sister‘s cheerfulness made me forget my bad luck. 5. The strength of the temple‘s foundation stopped it from collapsing in the earthquake. 6. The heaviness of the box slowed my progress. In all the above sentences the informants were asked to use the appropriate noun derivative for the adjective used. The answers obtained from the informants are: 1. The beautiful scene took his breath away. 1. The scene‘s beautiness which took his breath away. 2. They measured the wideness of the pitch. 2. They measured how wide the pitch should be? 60 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. 3. The fact of he fit impressed the selectors. 3. The fact that he is fit impress the selectors. 4. My sister was cheerful which made me forget my bad luck. 4. My sisters‘ cheerful made me forget my bad luck. 5. The temple‘s strong foundations stopped it from collapsing in the earthquake. 5. The temple‘s foundations are strong which stopped it from collapsing in the earthquake. 6. The box is heavy which slowed my progress. 6. The heavy box slowed my progress. Error analysis By the answers obtained by the informants it is clear that the students are confused with the concept of derivation. The informants were asked to give the noun form of the adjective used in the sentence. Whereas 38% of the informants used the same adjective given in the sentence and the sentence was rewritten. Instead of using the noun form the informants have given the same adjectives, like; Table XII Expected noun form Adjective reproduced Beauty Beautiful, Beautiness Width Wide Fitness Fit Cheerfulness Cheerful Strength Strong Heaviness Heavy The table above shows that the informants have considered adjective words as noun, they don‘t know the noun form of the adjective word and moreover they don‘t know the parts of speech. Further it indicates that the topic ‗derivation‘ is not clearly grasped by the informants. All these made them give incorrect answers. This also gives us the idea that not only the concept but the basics of grammar is not at all clear to the informants. 61 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. The errors in derivations are mainly intralingual. The influence of vernacularism is seen in the pattern used by the informants in the answering of the exercise given to them. For instance, in Tamil the word ‗strong‘ is ‗balam‘, which is used as the verb form as well as the adjective form. 3.7. Verb-Noun Derivation In English, the affixation of the suffixes -er, -or, and -ar to verbs creates nouns. The -er, -or, and -ar are referred to as agentive suffixes because their affixation to action verbs produces agent nouns, or nouns that identify the person or other entity performing the action. In other words, agent nouns are usually names for people. For example, affixing -er to the base form of the verb learn results in the noun learner, meaning someone who learns, and affixing -or to the base form of the verb interrogate results in the noun interrogator, meaning someone who interrogates. A derivative noun derives from a verb form. Certain suffixes (-tion, -sion, -ence, -ance, and others), when added to verbs, produce derivative nouns. Examples include conclusion, statement, pertinence, and scores of others. Derivation may result in new words of the same grammatical form, e.g., noun to noun, or of different grammatical forms, e.g., verb to noun. For example: Derivative noun -Verb form acceptance-accept, application-apply, approval-approve, assumption-assume, calculationcalculate, certification-certify, complaint-complain, conservation-conserve, considerationconsider, contribution-contribute, decision-decide, deduction-deduct, delivery-deliver, disclosure-disclose, discovery-discover, disposal/ disposition-dispose, distribute, education-educate, investigation-investigate, enforcement-enforce, movement-move, filing-file, objection-object, distribution- inclusion-include, prevention-prevent, qualification-qualify, reaction-react, reliance-rely, specification-specific, statement-state, submission-submit. Examples of verb to noun bake – baker, clean – cleaner, dance – dancer, employ – employer, farm – farmer, garden – gardener, lead – leader, listen – listener, manage – manager, mourn – mourner, observe 62 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. – observer, paint – painter, publish – publisher, read – reader, research – researcher, sell – seller, teach – teacher, travel – traveler, use – user, write – writer, act – actor, administrate – administrator, advise – advisor, animate – animator, audit – auditor, conduct – conductor, decorate – decorator, direct – director, edit – editor, educate – educator, govern – governor, instruct – instructor, invent – inventor, investigate – investigator, negotiate – negotiator, operate – operator, possess – possessor, sail – sailor, supervise – supervisor, visit – visitor. EXERCISE – VII Study the cartoons below: 63 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. The informants were asked to look at the pictures and perceive what are the people trying to say? Further they were asked to study the first example and then complete the rest of the sentences using the same pattern with appropriate derivative). 1. They are protesting against cutting down of trees. 2. They are demanding…………………………………. 3. The boss insists on everyone…………………………………. 4. They are worried about…………………………………. 5. The women are demanding …………………………………. 6. They want the government to put a ban on…………………………………. Expected answer for the pictures: 2. They are demanding for the reduction in working hours. 3. The boss insists on everyone‘s punctuality. 4. They are worried about losing their job. 5. The women are demanding safer work environment. 6. They want the government to put a ban on poaching of animals. Answers given by the informants were2. They are demanding to reduce the working hours. 3. The boss insists on everybody to be punctual. 4. They are worried about loosing their jobs. 5. Women are demanding for their safety at work. 6. They want the government to put a ban on poach of animals. Observation Table XIII Expected derivative Incorrect words given Reduction Reduce Punctuality Punctual Cheerfulness Cheerful Losing Loosing Safer Safety Poaching Poach 64 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. In sentence (4), the informants have given a word with wrong spelling ―loosing‖ instead of ―losing‖. The above errors clearly state that the informants lack knowledge in not only derivation but also in spellings. This is because of the habit of selective reading as the informants skip hard words which appear in their text. Because of the above stated reasons the informants don‘t know the different forms of words. 3.8. Agent Nouns Agent nouns are the root words (nouns) which is added with affixes (either suffix or prefix) to form a new word of either the same form or the different form. For verbs spelled with a final consonant preceded by either two vowels or additional consonants or with a vowel preceded by a consonant, simply add the agent suffix: act – actor design – designer ski – skier teach – teacher For verbs spelled with a final w, x, or y preceded by a vowel, simply add the agent suffix: box – boxer brew – brewer play – player survey – surveyor For verbs spelled with a final "silent" e preceded by a consonant, remove the e and then add the agent suffix: drive – driver love – lover observe – observer supervise – supervisor 65 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. For verbs spelled with a final y preceded by a consonant, change the y to i and then add the agent suffix: cry – crier fly – flier supply – supplier worry – worrier For two-syllable verbs spelled with a final le, remove the e and then add the agent suffix: cobble – cobbler handle – handler meddle – meddler tumble – tumbler For two-syllable verbs spelled with a final er, simply add the agent suffix: discover – discoverer gather – gatherer murder – murderer suffer – sufferer For one-syllable verbs that end in a single vowel followed by a single consonant other than w, x, or y, double the final consonant and then add the agent suffix: beg – beggar drum – drummer jog – jogger plan – planner For two-syllable verbs that end in a single vowel followed by a single consonant other than w, x, or y, double the final consonant and then add the agent suffix: 66 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. begin – beginner format – formatter For verbs that end with the letter c, add the letter k after the c and then add the agent suffix: frolic – frolicker mimic - mimicker picnic – picnicker traffic – trafficker The following exercises were given to the students in order to identify the problems faced by them in noun derivatives. The informants were asked to combine the given pair of sentences giving appropriate noun derivative for the verb used in each sentence and rewrite the sentence. Exercise IX The informants were asked to combine the following sentences by nominalizing the first verb into its noun derivative: 1. There has been a rise in the crime rate in the last two years. The police are very concerned. 2. Thousands of people participated in the charity walk. This helped Cancer Aid Society to raise funds for treatment of cancer patients. 3. The number of young people consuming drugs are growing. This has become an issue of social concern. 4. Vinod presented his project very effectively. He was able to bag the multimillion dollar order. 5. He committed a series of cold blooded murders. He was awarded the death penalty. Expected answer – 1. The very concern of the police is the rise in crime rate in the last two years. 2. The participation of the people in the charity walk helped Cancer Aid Society raise funds for treatment of cancer patients. 67 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. 3. The consumption of drugs by growing number of young people has become an issue of social concern. 4. Vinod‘s effective presentation of his project helped him to bag the multimillion dollar order. 5. He was awarded the death penalty for his commitment in a series of cold blooded murders. Answer obtained from the informants1. The police are concerned in the rise in crime rate in the last two years. 2. The participating of the people in the charity walk helped Cancer Aid Society raise funds for treatment of cancer patients. 3. The consuming of drugs by growing number of young people has become an issue of social concern. 4. Vinod presented his project effectively which helped him to bag the multimillion dollar order. 5. He was awarded the death penalty because he committed a series of cold blooded murders. Error analysis Table XIV Expected noun form verb reproduced Concern Concerned Participation Participating Cheerfulness Cheerful Consumption Consuming Presentation Presented Commitment Committed The table given above clearly states that instead of noun derivatives the informants have used the same verb form given in the sentences. In sentence (3) although the purpose of derivative is defeated here, the sentence is correct grammatically. 68 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. The knowledge of the informants in basics of English language is not very strong at all, as they are unable to differentiate noun and a verb or adjective and a noun or verb and a gerund in any sentence. 3.9. Adjective derivation: New adjectives can be derived from nouns, from other adjectives, from verbs and from adverbs: A noun that becomes an adjective by adding a suffix is called an adjective derivative. Adjective Noun Beautiful Beauty Clean Neat Arrogant Intelligent Fit High Frequent Proud Anxious Cleanliness Neatness Arrogance Intelligence Fitness Height Frequency Pride Anxiety Some examples of adjectives derived from nouns are: 3.10. Adjective - Noun child: childish comfort: comfortable weight: weighty joy: joyful or joyous care: careful or careless. Example of Adjective Derivative: subject- subjective addict- addictive react- reactive success- successive care- careless 69 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ugly- ugliness hope- hopeless steel- steely accept- acceptable obey – obedient EXERCISE X The informants were asked to read the following examples, notice how the adjective in the first sentence is changed to its noun form and combine the sentences accordingly. 1. Cindrella‘s beautiful looks so charmed the Prince that he could not take his eyes of her. 1. Cindrella‘s beauty so charmed the prince that he could not take his eyes of her. 2. They were asked to guess how high the building was. 2. They were asked to guess the height of the building. 3. The news that he was fit to play the match brought immense relief to his teammates. 3. The news about his fitness to play the match brought immense relief to his teammates. Combine the following pairs of sentences by changing the adjective to a noun: 1. He was honest. The Principal commended him at the assembly. 2. Rajesh is a very amiable person. It has endeared him to his colleagues. 3. The actor was famous. It got him many endorsements. 4. The young businessman was extravagant. It led to his downfall. 5. James was silent during the enquiry. It did not help the police in bringing the culprit to book. Expected answer: 1. The Principal commended him at the assembly for his honesty. 2. Rajesh has endeared him to his colleagues because of his amiability. 3. The actor‘s fame got him many endorsements. 4. The young businessman‘s extravagance led to his downfall. 5. James‘s silence during the enquiry did not help the police bringing the culprit to book. 70 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. Answers obtained from informants 1. The Principal commended him at the assembly for being honest. 2. Rajesh has endeared him to his colleagues because of his amiable personality. 3. The famous actor got many endorsements. 4. The extravaganza of the young businessman led to his downfall. 5. James‘s silent during the enquiry did not help the police bringing the culprit to book. Error analysis Table XV Expected noun form Adjective reproduced Honesty being honest Fame Famous Extravagant Extravaganza Silence Silent In sentence (2) the informants instead of using the noun form of ‗amiable‘ have given the noun form of the word ‗person‘. Since the students do not read nowadays and their reading habit has totally declined because of the impact of Mass media. Students spend a lot of time sitting in front of television not to learn new words but to watch their favourite cartoon channel, which does not help them learn English or retain their existing English vocabulary By the above they neither learn new words nor retain the spelling of the words which they have already acquired. This further damages their spelling and sentence making skill. They lack knowledge of various forms of words like verb, noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, etc. The knowledge of any language depends on two important factors namely – 1. Perception of spelling 2. Structure of sentence 71 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. 3.11. Verb derivation Verbs can be derived from nouns, from adjectives, from other verbs and from adverbs: Noun to verb Adjective to verb Verb to verb 3.12. Adverb derivation There is only one way to derive adverbs from adjectives: The function of an adverb in a sentence is significant because of its impact on the verb it qualifies. The effectiveness and vitality of the action reflected by the sentences is denoted by the use of the adverb. Sometimes adverbs qualify the adjectives also. Nowadays it is commonly noticed that students over generalize the ‗ly‘ with words to make them adverbs. Errors found in this regard are analyzed and classified in the following wayExercise Analogical creation wrongly created words with ‘ly’ endingsI. Adjective to adverb 1. He is working hardly but he failed. 2. Indian children live dependently on parents. 3. He smokes non stoppingly. 4. His statement was affirmatively. 5. The teacher clarified his doubts enoughly. Intended answers: 1. He is working hard but he failed. 2. Indian children live depending on parents. 3. He smokes continuously. 4. His statement was affirmative. 5. The teacher clarified his doubts enough. 72 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. Error analysis The informants got confused and added ‗ly‘ with all the words filled in the blanks. The informants do not have the knowledge of modifiers and their classifications. 3.13. Grammar and Spelling Tips for derivatives There is a need to learn some grammar and spelling tips to avoid common mistakes made in day to day usage of English language. The learners of English need Words that are formed from existing words can also be confusing - sometimes the original spelling stays the same and sometimes it changes. Some to remember are: Words ending in -our: Examples : honour, favour, labour, humour. Keep the u when you add -able or -er. Examples : honourable, favourable, labourer; favourite But u is very often lost before -ous. Examples : humorous, glamorous, rigorous, honorary and honorific Occur and occurrence but refer and reference. In verbs ending in -ur, double the r when you add -ence. Leave it single if the verb ends in -er or -ear. Examples : appear and apparent Drop the o if you add -iation to a verb ending in -ounce. Examples : pronunciation from pronounce. suffix – or – is used to form Noun actor, collector, demonstrator, director , editor, imitator, inspector, instructor, operator, translator, inventor suffix – ful is used to form Adjective beautiful, careful, doubtful, peaceful, powerful, skillful, useful, forgetful suffix – y – is used to form adjective 73 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. bloody, cloudy, dusty, funny, grassy, handy, hilly, muddy, rainy, salty, stony, sunny, windy, windy, wordy Prefixes – :mis miscount, misinform, misuse, mislead, mismanage, misplace, misprint , mispronounce, misread, misspell , misstate, misunderstand, misuse Prefixes : dis Disagree, disarm, disclose, disconnect , dishonest , dislike , disobey, disorder, distrust, discontinue Suffixes : en – is used to form Verbs Brighten, broaden, darken, fatten, harden, lessen, redden, sadden, shorten , soften, sweeten, thicken, weaken, whiten, widen Suffixes – ment – is used to form Noun Suffix – ment is usually put after verbs agreement, arrangement, development, enjoyment, disappointment, improvement, management, movement, requirement, treatment , appointment, assignment, government , measurement, payment, statement, announcement. Suffixes – ity – is used to form Noun Suffix – ity is usually put after adjective 1. Certain – certainty 2. Electric – electricity 3. Irregular – irregularity 4. National – nationality 5. Uncertain – uncertainty 6. Possible – possibility 7. Probable – probability 74 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. 8. Rapid – rapidity 9. Real – reality 10. Able = ability 3.14. Some, Any and their derivatives + - ? SOME ANY ANY ONE / BODY THING WHERE SOMEONE/SOMEBODY I met someone I knew. SOMETHING He bought something cheap. SOMEWHERE They went somewhere on holiday. ANYONE/ANYBODY We didn't speak with anyone. ANYTHING I can't see anything nice. ANYWHERE I'm not going anywhere tonight. ANYONE/ ANYBODY Do you know anyone here? ANYTHING Did you answer anything? ANYWHERE Did you hide it anywhere? 3.15. Nouns transferred as adjectives 1. India develops technically. 2. Youngster develop revolutional attitude. 3. Karl Marxs‘ views are quite revolutional. 4. Actresses in the past were treated as respectably. 5. Appreciation of a person is quite appreciably. Expected answers from the informants: 1. India develops technologically. 2. Youngster develop revolutionary attitude. 3. Karl Marxs‘ views are quite revolutionary. 4. Actresses in the past were treated as respectable. 5. Appreciation of a person is quite appreciative. 3.16. Verbs used as adjectives 1. In India the women education is not satisfy.(satisfactory) 2. Terrorism seems to be a continue threat to mankind. (continuous) 3. No product is cheapened nowadays. (cheaper) 75 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. 4. There are thousands of fans for a specify group. (specific) 5. The disease Swine flu is infect. (infectious) Expected answers from the informants 1. In India the women education is not satisfactory. 2. Terrorism seems to be a continuous threat to mankind. 3. No product is cheaper nowadays. 4. There are thousands of fans for a specific group. 5. The disease Swine flu is infectious. 3.17. Adjectives used as nouns 1. Many people migrate to Tiruppur to work in industrials . 2. Due to inflation the productive is not high in industries. 3. India has a rich cultural . 4. World cultural has developed after independence. 5. Productive is not high in any part of the world due to the economic slowdown. Expected answers from the informants 1. Many people migrate to Tiruppur to work in industries . 2. Due to inflation the production is not high in industries. 3. India has a rich culture . 4. World culture has developed after independence. 5. Production is not high in any part of the world due to the economic slowdown. Interpretation The above mentioned errors are due to the following factors: Mother tongue plays an important role in the acquisition of vocabulary by pushing the learner of English into dark. In Tamil the word ‗thodarandhu‘ implies continue or continuous, this confuses the informants and hence results in their giving wrong answer to sentence (2). Terrorism seems to be a continue threat to mankind. In Tamil the words ending with ‗al‘ sound marks the word plural. So the learner whose mother tongue is Tamil assumes the same with English. Hence he / she tends to make mistakes in English sentences. For example: 76 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. In sentence (4) of adjectives used as nouns the informants have given the incorrect answer: World cultural has developed after independence. This is because they got confused with the ‗al‘ rule of Tamil. The impact of language spoken in surrounding is seen commonly amongst the first generation learners, whether of rural background or urban. The place where people live plays an important role in the acquisition of English vocabulary. The people of a particular area tend to make common mistakes whether in pronunciation of a word or in written form, as it is wrongly used by majority of the same locality. For instance: Informants have given the incorrect answer for sentence (1) as Many people migrate to Tirupur to work in industrials. The reason behind this incorrectness is because they might have associated Tirupur with industrials. 3.18. Conclusion From the viewpoint of linguistic prescriptivism, derivations are considered to make sentences more difficult to follow and to promote wordiness. For these reasons, derivations are usually discouraged in writing. However, they can be warranted when it is necessary to use the derived verb or adjective as the head of a noun phrase. Very common derivations (like the noun "changes") are usually not discouraged. The very concept of derivatives is new and confusing for the informants. Although there is a chapter in CBSE schools having NCERT books for their curriculam. Their English book titled ―Interact with English‖ has a chapter named Nominalization. As far as the children are concerned, the concept is not easily understood. As it includes conversion adding the affixes either suffix or prefix to any word form. Further there is no hard and fast rule that describes which word will have a suffix and which will have prefix. In most of the cases which suffix / prefix to be added and which should not be is not so clear. To overcome the problems faced by the informants, they must master in English vocabulary, even if it is a foreign language. This will come only by sheer hard work and 77 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. practice. ‗A new English word a day‘ will also help any individual to a great extent. Acquiring a new word is not enough, one must know which form of the word that is, say verb, noun, adverb or adjective. What part of speech etymology the word belongs to. The same word exists in how many different forms, like- rise, is used in verb as well as noun form. This is another major area of concern that the informants do not have the clear knowledge of the various forms of words in English grammar and hence they must enrich their knowledge in that. Further to confuse the informants there are many new words added into English language every day all over the world. There are few examples of the words added in English language recently. These words are derivatives or not, is not very clear. Further these words are in which form is also not very clear. 78 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.