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Neolithic Age Neolithic Age Neolithic Advances Farming Revolution allows people to settle in one place. They no longer have to be nomads. 1. People began to form villages and live in permanent homes. a) Jericho and Catal Huyuk some of the oldest neolithic villages 2. Steady food supplies = more healthy and growing populations 3. As the population grows, there are more workers for crops. a) Eventually more food is grown than people need to eat, so they began to trade with people from other communities. b)The food surplus also allowed people to specialize in their jobs. Everyone was not needed to farm anymore. 1. craftspeople such as potters, toolmakers 4. Neolithic people eventually heated rocks to melt the copper inside and form tools a) eventually copper and tin were mixed to form bronze. - bronze age was 3000 B.C. to 1200 B.C. Ancient Neolithic Cities Catalhoyuk Catalhoyuk is an example of a Neolithic settlement currently under excavation in Anatolia (Turkey). Aleppo & Jericho Aleppo and Jericho are examples of early cities in the Fertile Crescent studied by Archaeologists. Farming – the most important development if Neolithic times Antler and Bone Sickles / Early Shelter Paleolithic VS Neolithic Food: Hunting and gathering Food: Farming, domesticated animals Dwellings: Caves, nomadic people Dwellings: Permanent villages, stone houses Technology: Digging sticks, spears, axes, & spoken language Technology: Stone tools, polished ax heads, arrowheads, weaving cloth, calendar, wheel Religion & Art: Cave paintings, religious statues, belief in afterlife Religion & Art: Jewelry, buried dead in earthen tombs Mesopotamia “Land Between Two Rivers” Civilizations around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Geography Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Fertile soil = farming/agriculture Tigris and Euphrates flood – spreads nutrients from river bed Flooding was unpredictable – could wipe out crops Outside River Valleys, Mesopotamia is hot and dry Ch. 3 Vocabulary Words Paleolithic Relating to the earliest period of the Stone Age Nomads People who moved from place to place as a group to find food for themselves. Technology An ability gained by the practical use of knowledge Ice Age A time when glaciers covered much of the land Domesticate To adapt an animal to living with humans for the advantage of humans Neolithic Age Relating to the latest period of the Stone Age Systematic Agriculture The organized growing of food on a regular schedule Ch. 3 Vocabulary Words (continued) Shrine A place where people worship Specialization The act of training for a particular job Bronze Age The period in ancient human culture when people began to make and use bronze Monarchy A government whose ruler, a king or queen, inherits the position from a parent Ancient Mesopotamia Mesopotamia – Greek “mesos” = between “potamos” – rivers Mesopotamia translated from Old Persian Miyanrudan means "the fertile cresent" Mesopotamia stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea. Mesopotamia – Current Political Boundaries Government/Leaders Each Sumerian city & surrounding land became a “city-state.” Geography made CS isolated. Each CS had its own govt. – not part of a bigger country. CS went to war w/each other. Eventually ruled by king 282 Laws – written for 1st time Religion Polytheistic= many gods Each god thought to have power over a natural force or human activity. Built grand temple called a ziggurat for chief god Only priests/priestesses could go to top of ziggurat Priests/priestesses controlled land and some even ruled Life in Sumer Only men are educated Women had rights – own businesses Small mud-brick houses Most people farmed Some were artisans – skilled workers (pottery, cloth, etc.) Merchants traded wheat, barley, timber 3 social classes • Upper: priests, kings, govt. officials • Middle: Artisans, merchants, farmers • Lower: Slaves Language Writing – helps keep records, pass on ideas Cuneiform: sharp reeds used to cut marks into clay tablets. Boys from wealthy families learned to write. Boys could become scribes: record keepers Oldest known epic (story) Epic of Gilgamesh Gilgamesh does great deeds – immortality only for gods Education/Technology Irrigation system Wagon wheel Plow Sailboat Geometry # system based on 60 (60 min. hour, 360 degree circle) 12-month calendar based on moon cycles Recorded positions of stars/planets Organization/Leaders Sargon, king of Akkadians (N. Meso) Sargon conquered all of Meso. – world’s 1st empire New group conquers Akkadians – builds city of Babylon Hammurabi creates Babyolonian Empire Hammurabi best known for 282 laws “Hammurabi’s Code.” Code covered all areas of life (crime, farming, business, marriage). Assyrians 1000 yrs. after Hammurabi Army 1st to use iron weapons (heated and cooled rapidly for strength • Foot soldiers armed with spears & daggers or bows and arrows • Also chariots & horsemen • Fierce warriors Cruel rulers • Organized empire into provinces (political districts) • Each province had a governor • Built roads Chaldeans Captured Assyrian capital – Ninevah Descendants of Babylonians Rebuilt Babylon into wealthiest city on world King Nebuchadnezzar built the “Hanging Gardens” • Large trees, flowering vines, plants, irrigated from river • Could be seen from any point in Bablyon Babylon became major trade center b/n Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Caravans or traveling merchants passed through selling goods Astronomers studied and mapped stars Nebuchadnezzar’s Hanging Gardens of Babylon Babylon & Hanging Gardens