Download WWI notes from powerpoint - Westgate Mennonite Collegiate

Militarism
• Europe entered the 20 th century in an arms race.
• By 1914, Germany had the biggest arms build-up.
• Britain responded by working to increase the size of its navy.
• The situation was similar on both Russia & France.
Alliances
• In 1882, The Triple Alliance was formed between Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. It offered
to support each other militarily in the event of an attack against any of them by two or more
great powers
• In 1894, the Franco-Russian Alliance was established, as a result of Russia's feeling of
vulnerability after the Triple Alliance and France's isolation. It promised mutual military
assistance if either country was attacked.
• Ten years later, in 1904, France and Britain formed the Entente Cordiale, ending conflicts
between the countries. In 1907, Britain, France and Russia formed together the Triple Entente,
to constitute as a counterweight to the Triple Alliance.
• After Germany's isolation in the Algeciras Conference (about who controlled Morocco), it
realized that its only ally was Austro-Hungary. Suddenly, Austro-Hungary took on a new
importance. This led to it's blank-cheque of 1914.
• France also offered Russia a blank-cheque in 1912.
• The alliance system reduced the ability to deal with responses flexibly. If one thing led to
another, countries had to respond to events in the fashion they promised. And indeed, that's
what happened.
Nationalism
• There was an emerging problem of aggressive patriotism in Europe.
• In Austria-Hungary , a large number of ethnic groups (such as Serbs, Hungarians, etc.) lived
under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. These minorities wished for independence. This created
tension between the government in Vienna and the minorities.
• Irredentism: the nationalist belief that a territory belonging to another country should be
annexed for ethnic or historical reasons. In France, there was still a powerful feeling of
resentment, since France had to give up Alsace and Lorraine to Germany in the Franco-Prussian
war.
Flashpoints
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Problems with colonies, growing industries- countries needed more raw materials, they
wanted more colonies or markets.
Commercial: German railway from Berlin to Baghdad, threatened British control and
markets.
Colonies wanted independence: e.g. Boer War The Slavs, aided by Serbia & Russia, wanted
to be free of Austrian rule.
Britain had conflicts with Russia in both China and India
Russia wanted control of the Straits, Black Sea and Mediterranean access
Britain and France conflict in Egypt, Africa, and Sudan
Germany and Britain Arms Race: Increase in the German navy, threatened England.
World War One
Countries Involved
Allied Powers : France , Great Britain , Italy , Russia , United States (1917)
Central Powers: Austria-Hungary , Bulgaria , Germany , Ottoman Empire
1914 Germany invades Belgium to try and go around the side of the French army. It comes close but
doesn’t work. They dig trenches and the “front” stabilizes.
1915 Italy joins the war against Austro Hungary (they want Venice), it stalemates
Britain tries to capture the Dardenelle straits, (Turkey) to open a route to Russia. It fails.
1916: Germans attack at Verdun. 1 000 000 killed
Russians attack Austro Hungary to relieve pressure. 1.5 million killed, Russians lose 500 000.
Romania enters the war because they think Austro Hungary is weak and they’ll get some land by
attacking.
1917: Russian conditions and losses are so severe that soldiers begin to desert in masse. Revolution
breaks out in St. Petersburg (Communists) They eventually surrender Ukraine to the Germans
and make peace.
Disheartened by the slaughter of attacking trenches, the French army mutinees and refuses to
go on the attack any more. The British attack the Germans in the west to take the pressure off
the French.
USA enters the war, for political reasons, Germany tried to get Mexico to attack them. Pressure
from people at home, desire to be the power that “makes” peace.
Germany attacks France trying to defeat them before USA gets soldiers into the war.
Germans lose, USA soldiers reach front.
1918 German surrenders knowing they have now lost the war, they sign an armistice or cease fire, on
November 11th. The peace treaty is worked out over the next year in Paris.
Conclusions:
Wounded
POW’s +
missing
Total
casualties
casualties
in % of
men
mobilised
1.7mill
4.9mill
2.5mill
9.15mill
76.3
8.4 mill
1.3mill
4.2mill
537,000
6.1mill
73.3
GB +
Empire
8.9mill
908,000
2mill
191,000
3.1mill
35.8
Italy
5.5mill
650,000
947,000
600,000
2.1mill
39
USA
4.3mill
126,000
234,000
4,500
350,000
8
Japan
800,000
300
900
3
1210
0.2
Romania
750,000
335,000
120,000
80,000
535,000
71
Serbia
700,000
45,000
133,000
153,000
331,000
47
Belgium
267,000
13,800
45,000
34,500
93,000
35
Greece
230,000
5000
21,000
1000
27,000
12
Portugal
100,000
7222
13,700
12,000
33,000
33
Total
Allies
42million
5 million
13million
4 million
22million
52%
Germany
11million
1.7million
4.2million
1.1million
7.1million
65
Austria
7.8million
1.2million
3.6million
2.2million
7 million
90
Turkey
2.8million
325,000
400,000
250,000
975,000
34
Bulgaria
1.2million
87,000
152,000
27,000
266,000
22
22.8mill
3.3million
8.3million
3.6million
15 million
67
Country
Men
mobilised
Killed
Russia
12 million
France
Total
Central
Powers
Grand
Total
65 million
8.5mill
21million
7.7mill
37million
57%
Please note that the figures are rounded up and the total per section (such as killed,
wounded etc.) will not necessarily equal the total figure.
MLA Citation/Reference
"First World War Casualties". HistoryLearningSite.co.uk. 2014. Web.
Effects of World War One
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Changes in Population Structure
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Most killed were between 18-38.
Fall in the birth rate between 1914-1918.
Manpower shortage during the 1930s.
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Changes in Society
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Social barriers undermined because of the emphasis of national unity.
Improvement in the status of women.
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Increased Role of Governments
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Increased intervention in areas of health and education.
Greater control over the private sector.
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Economic Total War
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Belief in need for economic self-sufficiency, a country must have all the resources
needed to fight big, industrial wars.
Promoted idea of autarky
Japan conquers Korea for resources, USA, Russia become the “real” great
powers.
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International Effects
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Nationalism exploded, reached it's climax.
Spread of democractic ideals.
Emergence of world's first Communist state.
The US came out favourable in the war while the power of France, Germany,
Russia, and England all declined tremendously. Europe begins to leave the
spotlight as the center of the world.
Development of international organizations.
Led to the development of the League of Nations, the dream of Woodrow Wilson.
The United States congress voted against US participation and Germany was
originally unable to join the league.
The Treaty of Versailles
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The terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which Germany had no choice but to
accept, were announced on the 7th of May of 1919. Germany lost:
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10% of its land
All its overseas colonies (including Togo)
12.5% of its population
16% of its coalfields, and half its iron and steel industry.
Territorial Restrictions on Germany
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Alsace-Lorraine returned to France.
No annexation of Austria allowed.
No annexation of Czechoslovakia.
No annexation of Poland and Danzig.
Lost all of its overseas colonies including Togo, Cameroons, Namibia, and
Tanzania.
Military Restrictions on Germany
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The Rhineland was to be declared a demilitarized zone.
The German armed forces can be no larger than 100,000.
No manufacturing of weapons.
No importing or exporting weapons
No poision gas.
No tanks.
Small navy, 12 destroyers, 6 battleships, and 6 cruisers.
No Submarines
No military aircraft.
Economic Restrictions on Germany
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These were denounced by John Mayard Keynes.
Saar coal fields given to France.
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Compensation for all damages.
Article 231: War Guilt Clause justifies reparations.
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The Germans were outraged and horrified at the result - since Wilson's idealistic
and rejected fourteen points painted the picture of a different outcome. They did
not feel as though they started the war, nor did they feel as though they had lost.
The German people perceived this as a peace conference and not a surrender. At
first, the new government refused to ratify the agreement, and the German navy
sank its own ships in protest. The German leader, Ebert, eventually agreed to the
agreement on the 28th of June 1919.
The Impact of the Treaty of Versailles
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In 1919, Erbert's government was hanging on the edge of a knife. Right-wing
opponents threatened revolution.
1922-1923: Germany falls behind in its Reparation payments.
French and Belgian soldiers invade the Ruhr region and sack raw materials and
goods in order to compensate. (Allowed under the Treaty of Versailles)
German government orders the workers to strike. French kill 100 workers and
expell 100,000 protestants from the region in retaliation. The strike aids in
causing the growing inflation.
The three powers were not satisfied with the Versailles treatment. Clemenceau did
not think the treaty was harsh enough on Germany. Lloyd George viewed as a
hero, but realised the long-term effects of the war. The American Congress
refused to approve the treaty.
Other Treaties
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Treaty of St.Germain: 1919 with Austria.
Treaty of Neuilly: 1919 with Bulgaria.
Treaty of Sévres: 1920 with Turkey
Treaty of Trianon: With defeated Hungary.
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of September 10, 1919, established the Republic of
Austria,
It created states like Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats, and
Serbs, renamed Yugoslavia in 1929.
It gave Trieste, to Italy,
It gave Bukovina to Romania.
It barred Austria from unification with Germany,
Hungary also became an independent state:
Treaty of Trianon (November 1920) Hungary ceded Transylvania to Romania;
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Ceded Slovakia and Transcarpathian Rus to the newly formed Czechoslovakia;
Ceded crown lands to the future Yugoslavia.
The Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Sèvres on August 10, 1920, shortly thereafter a
Turkish War of Independence began. It was attacked by Greece, who wanted to reclaim
ancestral Greek territory in the Bosphorus and Aegean coastline.
The new Republic of Turkey, established in its aftermath, signed a superseding Treaty of
Lausanne in 1923
9. The Treaty of Versailles was extremely harsh
The Treaty of Versailles confiscated 10% of Germany's territory but left it the largest, richest
nation in central Europe.
It was largely unoccupied and financial reparations were linked to its ability to pay, which
mostly went unenforced anyway.
The treaty was notably less harsh than treaties that ended the 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War and
World War Two. The German victors in the former annexed large chunks of two rich French
provinces, part of France for between 200 and 300 years, and home to most of French iron ore
production, as well as presenting France with a massive bill for immediate payment.
Treaty of Versailles,
1919
After WW2 Germany was occupied, split up, its factory machinery smashed or stolen and
millions of prisoners forced to stay with their captors and work as slave labourers. Germany lost
all the territory it had gained after WW1 and another giant slice on top of that.
Versailles was not harsh but was portrayed as such by Hitler, who sought to create a tidal wave
of anti-Versailles sentiment on which he could then ride into power.
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25776836