Download Physical Science Chapter 18 Notes

Physical Science
Chapter 18 Notes
18-1 Structure of the Atom
 Scientific shorthand
 Element names:
 Ex:
 Element symbols:
 The first
 Ex:
 Some symbols
 Ex:
 Atomic components:
 Atom:
 Proton:
 Neutron:
 Nucleus:

 Electron:
 Where are electrons found?
 Quarks – even smaller particles
 Quark:
 Electron:
 There are
 Three
 Three
 Finding quarks:
 They
 The particles
 The particles
 There is
 Models – Tools for Scientists
 What are models?
 A model
 The changing atomic model
 Democritus:
 Aristotle:
 John Dalton:
 His model
 J.J. Thomson:
 His model
 Ernest Rutherford:
 His model
 Niels Bohr:
 It is also
 Electron Cloud Model:
 There are
 Electron cloud:
 It is
 There are
 These areas
 The higher
18-2 Masses of Atoms
 Atomic mass
o Where is most of the mass of an atom located?
 The volume?
o The mass of a proton is
 This is
o The mass of an electron is
o Atomic mass unit (amu):
 This is
 It is
o What determines the identity of an element?
 Atomic number:
 This is
 Ex:
o Mass number:
 This number is
 How can the number of neutrons be calculated if the
atomic number and mass number is known?
 Ex:
 Isotopes:
o Ex:
o Name:
 Ex:
o Average atomic mass:
18-3 The Periodic Table
 Organizing the elements
o Periodic table:
o
o
o
o
Periodic:
First developed by
Arranged the periodic table by
There were patterns in the elements:
o He left
 He was able to predict the existence and properties
of undiscovered elements
 He used
 This led
o Improving the periodic table
 Mendeleev’s table
 Henry GJ Moseley
 This cleared up a few problems
 The atom and the periodic table
o Group:
 Also
 All
o Period:
 There are
o Electron cloud structure
 In a neutral atom,
 The electrons in
 The lowest energy is
 Valence electrons:
 This determines
 The elements
o Energy levels:







Numbered
First:
Second:
Third:
Fourth:
A full set
Energy levels
o Electron dot diagrams:
 All of the elements
 Ex:
o All of the elements
 Ex:
 Regions on the periodic table
o Metals:
 Other properties include:
 Most
 They can
 They can
 Ex:
o Nonmetals:
 Other properties include:

 Most
 Ex:
o Semi-metals:
 They are
 Ex:
o Scientists are continuing to try to create new elements
 They do this by combining smaller elements
 Elements in the universe
o Elements
o Hydrogen and helium
o These elements
o Any elements