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Physical Science Chapter 18 Notes 18-1 Structure of the Atom Scientific shorthand Element names: Ex: Element symbols: The first Ex: Some symbols Ex: Atomic components: Atom: Proton: Neutron: Nucleus: Electron: Where are electrons found? Quarks – even smaller particles Quark: Electron: There are Three Three Finding quarks: They The particles The particles There is Models – Tools for Scientists What are models? A model The changing atomic model Democritus: Aristotle: John Dalton: His model J.J. Thomson: His model Ernest Rutherford: His model Niels Bohr: It is also Electron Cloud Model: There are Electron cloud: It is There are These areas The higher 18-2 Masses of Atoms Atomic mass o Where is most of the mass of an atom located? The volume? o The mass of a proton is This is o The mass of an electron is o Atomic mass unit (amu): This is It is o What determines the identity of an element? Atomic number: This is Ex: o Mass number: This number is How can the number of neutrons be calculated if the atomic number and mass number is known? Ex: Isotopes: o Ex: o Name: Ex: o Average atomic mass: 18-3 The Periodic Table Organizing the elements o Periodic table: o o o o Periodic: First developed by Arranged the periodic table by There were patterns in the elements: o He left He was able to predict the existence and properties of undiscovered elements He used This led o Improving the periodic table Mendeleev’s table Henry GJ Moseley This cleared up a few problems The atom and the periodic table o Group: Also All o Period: There are o Electron cloud structure In a neutral atom, The electrons in The lowest energy is Valence electrons: This determines The elements o Energy levels: Numbered First: Second: Third: Fourth: A full set Energy levels o Electron dot diagrams: All of the elements Ex: o All of the elements Ex: Regions on the periodic table o Metals: Other properties include: Most They can They can Ex: o Nonmetals: Other properties include: Most Ex: o Semi-metals: They are Ex: o Scientists are continuing to try to create new elements They do this by combining smaller elements Elements in the universe o Elements o Hydrogen and helium o These elements o Any elements