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BusinessSpotlight 6/2014 Grammar basics – to take away Hildegard rudolpH hat für Sie auf acht Seiten die wichtigsten Grammatik-Regeln der englischen Sprache zusammengestellt. Zum Heraustrennen und Aufbewahren. TABLE 1: Nouns There are two types of noun: countable and uncountable. Countable nouns Singular Plural For regular plurals, add -s employer employers For nouns ending in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, add -es switch boss crash box switches bosses crashes boxes For nouns ending in -y, change y to i and add -es currency currencies For nouns ending in -f or -fe, change these to -ves shelf life shelves lives Some irregular plurals businessman/-woman analysis businessmen/-women analyses Uncountable nouns Singular Plural Some nouns have only a singular form. Use “pieces of” or “bits of” for the plural advice information three pieces of advice two bits of information Some nouns have only a plural form. Use “pairs of” for the plural (a pair of) trousers two pairs of trousers TABLE 2: Personal pronouns These can be used alone or with prepositions. You and me! Subject Direct object Indirect object I you he she it we they me you him her it us them (to) (to) (to) (to) (to) (to) (to) me you him her it us them iStock TABLE 3: Verbs — present simple The present simple expresses actions and states in the present. Negations are formed using “do” / “does” + “not” + infinitive Regular verbs I / you / we / they he / she / it work works do not work (don’t work) does not work (doesn’t work) Use the present simple: l Third-person singular (he / she / it) to talk about states and facts She is a wonderful student, and she speaks French fluently to talk about habits and actions that are repeated (often with adverbs such as “always”, “never”) He never arrives on time. For most verbs, add -s work → works [w§:ks] live → lives [lIvz] produce → produces [prE(dju:sIz] l For verbs ending in -ch, -sh, -ss and -x, add -es catch → catches [(kÄtSIz] wash → washes [(wQSIz] pass → passes [(pA:sIz] fix → fixes [(fIksIz] l Irregular verb “be” Irregular verbs do → does [dVz] go → goes [gEUz] have → has I he / she / it we / you / they 6/2014 document2294484637416767013.indd 55 to talk about schedules and timetables (also scheduled future actions) The meeting starts at 10 a.m. am is are am not is not are not www.business-spotlight.de 55 19.09.14 08:50 BusinessSpotlight 6/2014 Grammar basics – to take away TABLE 4: Contractions Contractions are shortened forms. The apostrophe shows that one or more letters have been dropped. The auxiliary verbs “be” and “have” are often shortened I am he / she / it is you / we / they are I / you / we / they have he / she / it has I’m he / she / it’s you / we / they’re I / you / we / they’ve he / she / it’s I am not he / she / it is not you / we / they are not I / you / we / they have not he / she / it has not I’m not he / she / it isn’t you / we / they aren’t I / you / we / they haven’t he / she / it hasn’t The auxiliary forms “do” and “did” are often shortened when used with “not” I / you / we / they do not he / she / it does not I / you / we / they / he / she / it did not I / you / we / they don’t he / she / it doesn’t I / you / we / they / he / she / it didn’t TABLE 5: Verbs — modal verbs These often accompany a main verb. They do not take -s or -es in the 3rd person. Negations are formed using the modal + “not” + infinitive I / you / we / they / he / she / it can could may might must should would work cannot (can’t) could not (couldn’t) may not might not (mightn’t) must not (mustn’t) should not (shouldn’t) would not (wouldn’t) work Note: l l Could is the past simple of “can”. It is also used in polite requests. Could you help me, please? Would is also used for polite statements and questions. Would you mind closing the window, please? I would like to leave earlier today. TABLE 6: Verbs — past simple The past simple expresses actions and states in the past. Negations are formed using “did” + “not” + infinitive Regular verbs I / you / we / they / he / she / it The importance of time worked did not work (didn’t work) Forming the past simple For most verbs, add -ed work → worked [w§:kt] For verbs ending in -e, just add -d invite → invited [In(vaItId] raise → raised [reIzd] For some verbs, double the final consonant and add -ed stop → stopped [stQpt] travel → travelled (traveled US) [(trÄv&ld] Irregular verbs do → did have → had (see the list of irregular verbs in Table 20) Use the past simple: to talk about completed actions and states in the past (often with expressions of time, such as “last year”) Last year, profits increased by 35 per cent. iStock l 56 www.business-spotlight.de document2294484637416767013.indd 56 6/2014 19.09.14 08:50