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Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding Cancer Developed by: Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph.D. Donna Kerrigan, M.S. Jeanne Kelly Brian Hollen Discusses and illustrates what cancer is, explains the link between genes and cancer, and discusses what is known about the causes, detection, and diagnosis of the disease. These PowerPoint slides are not locked files. You can mix and match slides from different tutorials as you prepare your own lectures. In the Notes section, you will find explanations of the graphics. The art in this tutorial is copyrighted and may not be reused for commercial gain. Please do not remove the NCI logo or the copyright mark from any slide. These tutorials may be copied only if they are distributed free of charge for educational purposes. What Is Cancer? Different Kinds of Cancer Some common carcinomas: Lung Leukemias: Bloodstream Lymphomas: Lymph nodes Breast (women) Colon Bladder Prostate (men) Some common sarcomas: Fat Bone Muscle Naming Cancers Cancer Prefixes Point to Location Prefix Meaning adeno- gland chondro- cartilage erythro- red blood cell hemangio- blood vessels hepato- liver lipo- fat lympho- lymphocyte melano- pigment cell myelo- bone marrow myo- muscle osteo- bone Loss of Normal Growth Control Normal cell division Cell Suicide or Apoptosis Cell damage— no repair Cancer cell division First mutation Second mutation Third Fourth or mutation later mutation Uncontrolled growth Example of Normal Growth Dead cells shed from outer surface Epidermis Dividing cells in basal layer Cell migration Dermis The Beginning of Cancerous Growth During the development of skin cancer, the normal balance between cell division and cell loss is disrupted. The basal cells now divide faster than is needed to replenish the cells being shed from the surface of the skin. Each time one of these basal cells divides, the two newly formed cells will often retain the capacity to divide, thereby leading to an increase in the total number of dividing cells. Underlying tissue Tumors (Neoplasms) Underlying tissue Invasion and Metastasis 1 Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and blood vessels 2 Cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites 3 Cancer cells reinvade and grow at new location Malignant versus Benign Tumors Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis Time Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites Why Cancer Is Potentially Dangerous Brain Melanoma cells travel through bloodstream Liver Melanoma (initial tumor) Genes and Cancer Viruses Chemicals Radiation Heredity Chromosomes are DNA molecules DNA Structure Chemical bases A C DNA molecule T G DNA Mutation DNA CA AG C T A A C T Normal gene CA AG C G A A C T Single base change CA A G G CG C T A A C T Additions C T CA A G A A C T Deletions Oncogenes Normal cell Cancer cell Mutated/damaged oncogene Normal genes regulate cell growth Oncogenes accelerate cell growth and division Proto-Oncogenes and Normal Cell Growth Normal Growth-Control Pathway Growth factor Receptor Signaling enzymes Transcription factors Cell nucleus DNA Cell proliferation Oncogenes are Mutant Forms of Proto-Oncogenes Inactive growth factor receptor Inactive intracellular signaling protein Signaling protein from active oncogene Activated gene regulatory protein Transcription Cell proliferation driven by internal oncogene signaling Tumor Suppressor Genes Normal genes prevent cancer Normal cell Remove or inactivate tumor suppressor genes Cancer cell Damage to both genes leads to cancer Mutated/inactivated tumor suppressor genes Tumor Suppressor Genes Act Like a Brake Pedal Tumor Suppressor Gene Proteins Growth factor Receptor Signaling enzymes Cell nucleus Transcription factors DNA Cell proliferation p53 Tumor Suppressor Protein Triggers Cell Suicide p53 protein Normal cell Excessive DNA damage Cell suicide (Apoptosis) DNA Repair Genes Normal DNA repair T C GA C Base pair mismatch No cancer TC T AC AG C T G TC TAC TCT AC AG C T G Cancer AG TG AG A T G No DNA repair Cancer Tends to Involve Multiple Mutations Benign tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis Malignant cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites Time Mutation Cells inactivates proliferate suppressor gene Mutations inactivate DNA repair genes Proto-oncogenes mutate to oncogenes More mutations, more genetic instability, metastatic disease Mutations and Cancer Genes Implicated in Cancer Cancer Tends to Corrupt Surrounding Environment Growth factors = proliferation Invasive Matrix Proteases Fibroblasts, adipocytes Blood vessel Cytokines, proteases = migration & invasion Cytokines We would like to hear from you . . . If you have questions about this tutorial’s content, suggestions for new topics, or other feedback on the Web site, please send an e-mail to [email protected]. If you have questions about this tutorial’s artwork or want permission to use it, please send an e-mail to [email protected].
