Download Understanding SNPs and Cancer

Understanding Cancer
Developed by:
Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph.D.
Donna Kerrigan, M.S.
Jeanne Kelly
Brian Hollen
A) What is cancer?
Cancer is the uncontrolled
rapid growth and spread
of invasive, abnormal cells.
Cell Cycle
Normal Cell Growth
Normal
cell division
Cell Suicide or
Apoptosis
Cell damage—
no repair
Cancer
cell division
Damaged cells are programmed to
initiate apoptosis.
First
mutation
Second
mutation
Third
Fourth or
mutation later mutation
Uncontrolled growth
Repeated genetic cell mutations may
lead to loss of apoptosis ability.
Cancer
cell division
First
mutation
Second
mutation
Third
Fourth or
mutation later mutation
Uncontrolled growth
B) Characteristics of cancer cells
What differences do you observe?
Normal Growth: uniform, organized
Dead cells
shed from
outer surface
Epidermis
Dividing cells
in basal layer
Cell migration
Dermis
Tumors (Neoplasms)
Underlying tissue
Find:
• the lung cancer
• the normal fibrous tissue
For the hotshots , find:
• The largest cancer cell (dead), with its
nucleus fragmented
• a blood vessel
Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=cancer+cells+vs+normal+cells&view=detail&id=B3EB
6D27D608538D9EE4978F8343588428C479E4&first=60&FORM=IDFRIR
Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=cancer+cells+vs+normal+cells&view=detail&id=B3EB
6D27D608538D9EE4978F8343588428C479E4&first=60&FORM=IDFRIR
Basal cell carcinoma (epidermis)
MDBlogger
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=cancer+cells+vs+normal+cells&view=detail&id=E5A26D97E
AC8D6530CD998A7993BD7C6F8B29305&first=120&FORM=IDFRIR
Basal cell carcinoma
MDBlogger
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=cancer+cells+vs+normal+cells&view=detail&id=E5A26D97E
AC8D6530CD998A7993BD7C6F8B29305&first=120&FORM=IDFRIR
Normal liver
Liver cancer
C) Malignant vs.Benign Tumors
Benign (not cancer)
tumor cells only
grow locally
Time
Malignant (cancer) cells
invade neighboring
tissues, metastasize to
different sites
D) Metastasis
Brain
Melanoma
cells travel
through
bloodstream
Liver
Melanoma
(initial tumor)
E) Kinds of Cancer
common
carcinomas:
Lung
Leukemias:
Bloodstream
Lymphomas:
Lymph nodes
Breast (women)
Colon
Bladder
Prostate (men)
common
sarcomas:
Fat
Bone
Muscle
F) Cancer Detection
Early Stages of Cancer May NOT
Have Any Symptoms!
Tumor Stages
Five-Year Survival Rates for
Patients with Melanoma (by stage)
100%
50%
I
II
III
Stage at Time of Initial Diagnosis
Biopsy
Pathology
Proteomic profile
Patient’s
tissue sample or
blood sample
Genomic profile
F) Causes of Cancer
1. Tobacco Use and Cancer
Some Cancer-Causing Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke
20-Year Lag Time Between
Smoking and Lung Cancer
4000
Cigarettes
Smoked
per Person
per Year
3000
Cigarette
consumption
(men)
Lung
cancer
(men)
150
100
2000
50
1000
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
Year
Lung Cancer
Deaths (per
100,000 people)
2. Radiation
High
Dallas
Skin
Cancer
Incidence
Pittsburgh
Detroit
Low
Least
Most
Annual Sunshine
(UV radiation)
3. Viruses
Virus inserts
and changes
genes for
cell growth
Cancer-linked virus
Examples of Human Cancer Viruses
4. Cancer Risk and Aging
Cancer Risk and Aging
400
Colon
300
Breast
Number of
Cancer Cases 200
(per 100,000
people)
100
0
20
40
60
80
Age of Person (in years)
5. Heredity and Cancer
All Breast Cancer Patients
Inherited factors (1 in 20 breast cancer patients)
Other factor(s)
6. Environmental carcinogens
viruses or bacteria
chemicals
(carcinogens)
Radiation
Heredity
Diet
Hormones
G) Cancer: Treatment
1. surgery
2. chemotherapy
3. radiation
4. hormone therapy
5. biologic therapy
(antibody)
6. targeted therapy
(block blood vessels to
tumor)
H) Cancer: Prevention
cancer
Cancer Prevention
Carcinogenic
chemicals
Carcinogenic
radiation
Cancer viruses
or bacteria
1. Avoid Tobacco
Lung Cancer Risk Increases
with Cigarette Consumption
15x
10x
Lung
Cancer
Risk
5x
0
Non-smoker
15
Cigarettes Smoked per Day
30
2. Protect Yourself From
Excessive Sunlight
3. Limit Alcohol and Tobacco Intake
Combination of Alcohol and Cigarettes
Increases Risk for Cancer of the Esophagus
40x
30x
Risk
Increase
20x
10x
Alcoholic Drinks
Consumed per Day
AND
Packs of Cigarettes
Consumed per Day
4a. Limit Fats and Calories
Correlation Between Meat Consumption and
Colon Cancer Rates in Different Countries
40
Number of Cases
(per 100,000
people)
30
20
10
0
80
100
200
300
Grams (per person per day)
4b. Eat Fruits and Vegetables
5. Exercise & maintain healthy
body weight
6. Avoid Cancer Viruses
High
HPV Infection Increases
Risk for Cervical Cancer
Cervical
Cancer
Risk
Low
Noninfected
women
Women
infected
with HPV
7. Physical exams & screenings
e.g. mammograms, biopsy
8. Reduce exposures to
environmental carcinogens
What percentage of people survive
cancer?
* The 5 year survival rate for all
cancers diagnosed between 19962002 is 66%, up from 51% in 19751977.
* The improvement reflects
progress in diagnosing cancers at
an earlier stage and improvements
in treatment.
The remaining are extra slides, not
part of the outlined notes
How Cancer Starts: Genes & Cancer
Viruses
Chemicals
Radiation
Heredity
Chromosomes
are DNA
molecules
DNA Mutation
DNA
CA AG C T A A C T
Normal gene
CA AG C G A A C T
Single base change
CA A G G CG C T A A C T
Additions
C
T
CA A G A A C T
Deletions
Cancer Genes: Oncogenes
Normal cell
Cancer cell
Mutated/damaged oncogene
Normal
genes
regulate
cell growth
Oncogenes
accelerate
cell growth
and division
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Normal
genes
prevent
cancer
Normal cell
Remove or inactivate
tumor suppressor genes
Cancer cell
Damage to
both genes
leads to
cancer
Mutated/inactivated
tumor suppressor genes
p53 Tumor Suppressor Protein
Triggers Cell Suicide
p53 protein
Normal cell
Excessive DNA damage
Cell suicide
(Apoptosis)
DNA Repair Genes
Normal DNA repair
T C GA C
Base pair
mismatch
No cancer
TC T AC
AG C T G
TC TAC
TCT AC
AG C T G
Cancer
AG
TG
AG A T G
No DNA repair
Microscopic Appearance of Cancer
Carcinoma in Situ
Normal
Hyperplasia
Mild
dysplasia
Carcinoma in
situ (severe
dysplasia)
Cancer
(invasive)
Sources
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
American Cancer Society (ACS)