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Geology 12 Rocks and The Rock Cycle Provincial Exam Questions EXTRA PRACTICE TEST #3 Part A: ________ / = ________% Part B: ________ / = ________% TOTAL: ________ / = ________% Name ______________________ Geology 12 Chapters 3, 6 & 7 Test - Extra Practice Geology 12 Rocks and The Rock Cycle Multiple Choice Answers: 1. C 2. C 3. D 4. D 11. D 12. C 13. D 14. A 21. A 22. C 23. A 24. D 31. B 32. A 33. C 34. D 41. D 42. C 43. D 44. C 5. B 15. C 25. D 35. B 45. D EXTRA PRACTICE 6. A 7. A 8. D 9. D 10. A 16. B 17. C 18. C 19. D 20. B 26. C 27. C 28. B 29. D 30. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. D 40. C 46. D Written Response Answers: See the Extra Practice Test #3 KEY 2004 For question 1, refer to the following in the Data Booklet. Photograph 1 Table of Hardness Properties of Common and Important Minerals REFERENCE DATA BOOKLET 1. The mineral in Photograph 1 is a major component of limestone and cannot scratch a copper penny. What is the name of the mineral? A. B. C. D. mica quartz calcite potassium feldspar ________________________________________________ 2. Which of the following sets contains rocks that both have the mineral quartz as an important part of their compositions? A. B. C. D. shale marble breccia limestone granite sandstone conglomerate gabbro -1- REFERENCE DATA BOOKLET For question 3, refer to the figure below and the following in the Data Booklet. Percentage of Minerals in Igneous Rocks 40% 40% Mineral X Pyroxene 20% Olivine 3. The figure above shows the percentage of each mineral found in a gabbro. What is the name of mineral X? A. B. C. D. quartz biotite potassium feldspar plagioclase feldspar ________________________________________________ 4. Which of the following textures would most likely be found in the middle of a batholith? A. B. C. D. glassy pyroclastic fine-grained coarse-grained -2- For question 5, refer to the following in the Data Booklet. Bowen’s Reaction Series REFERENCE DATA BOOKLET magnified view Potassium feldspar Plagioclase feldspar Quartz Biotite 0 5 10 mm 5. The granite in the diagram contains well-formed crystals of biotite, plagioclase and potassium feldspar. Why are all the quartz crystals small? A. B. C. D. Quartz is harder than the other minerals. Quartz crystallized last from the magma. Quartz crystallized at the highest temperature. Quartz is more stable than all the other minerals. REFERENCE DATA BOOKLET For questions 6 to 7, refer to the following in the Data Booklet. Geological Map Rock Data Table Percentage of Minerals in Igneous Rocks 6. Rock sample P is from unit P shown on the geological map. Rock sample P is most likely A. B. C. D. basalt. granite. gabbro. rhyolite. -3- 7. Unit P is a lava flow. The list below contains true statements about unit P. Which two pieces of evidence, found on the geological map, indicate that unit P is a lava flow and not a sill? 8. A. Unit P has inclusions of unit K. Unit P has contact metamorphosed unit K. B. Unit P is fine-grained. Unit P has inclusions of unit K. C. Unit P has gas holes (vesicles). Unit P has not contact metamorphosed unit L. D. There is a sedimentary layer above unit P. There is a sedimentary layer below unit P. What is the most likely identity of rock sample K in the rock data table on page 3 of the Data Booklet? A. B. C. D. 9. chert calcite sandstone limestone Rock sample K is from unit K on the geological map. Which of the following is the most likely environment of deposition of unit K? A. B. C. D. alluvial fan outwash plain desert sand dune shallow marine zone 10. Which of the following best classifies the possible origin of unit C on the geological map? A. B. C. D. clastic organic chemical evaporite 11. Metamorphic rock sample J in the rock data table on page 2 of the Data Booklet was taken from location J on the geological map. What is the most likely identity of rock sample J? A. B. C. D. schist marble phyllite quartzite -4- REFERENCE DATA BOOKLET For questions 12 to 13, refer to the following in the Data Booklet. Geological Map Photograph 2 12. The rock sample shown in photograph 2 was obtained from unit G on the geological map. Which of the following is the most likely set of conditions necessary for the formation of the texture seen in the sample? A. B. C. D. slow creep down a steep slope low pressure and rapid cooling directed stress and high temperature rapid deposition in a high-energy environment 13. Concentrations of copper mineralization have been found in veins around the granite intrusion on the geological map. Which process is most likely responsible for the copper mineralization? A. B. C. D. evaporation assimilation placer deposition hydrothermal deposition 14. A mining exploration company has decided not to mine the copper. Which of the following is the best reason for leaving the copper mineral in the ground? A. B. C. D. The value of the copper is too low. The copper concentration is too high. The copper is too close to the surface. The copper market is too close to the resource. ________________________________________________ 15. What changes in a sandstone would likely result from metamorphism? A. B. C. D. Density and porosity both increase. Permeability and density both decrease. Density increases and porosity decreases. Permeability decreases and porosity increases. -5- 2005 Reference Data Pages in the Appendix For questions 16 and 17, refer to the following reference in the Appendix. Properties of Common and Important Minerals 16. Which of the following mineral properties would best allow you to distinguish between potassium feldspar and pyroxene? A. B. C. D. form colour cleavage hardness 17. A gabbro containing olivine, pyroxene, magnetite and plagioclase feldspar is physically weathered into separate mineral grains of equal size. Which mineral would be hardest to transport in a river on the basis of its density? A. B. C. D. olivine pyroxene magnetite plagioclase feldspar Reference Data Pages in the Appendix For question 18, refer to the following references in the Appendix. Bowen’s Reaction Series Percentage of Minerals in Igneous Rocks 18. Which of the following minerals is most likely to occur in silicic igneous rock? A. B. C. D. olivine pyroxene muscovite amphibole -6- Reference Data Pages in the Appendix For question 19, refer to the photograph below and to the following reference in the Appendix. Percentage of Minerals in Igneous Rocks Dark pumice Dark pumice Light pumice Photo courtesy of A. Sedgewick 19. The photograph shows a dark pumice on top of a light pumice. Both formed during a single, continuous volcanic eruption. Which of the following statements is true? A. B. C. D. Dark minerals rose through the pumice after eruption. Light minerals sank through the pumice after eruption. Intermediate magma was erupted before silicic magma. Silicic magma was erupted before intermediate magma. -7- Use the following photograph of mafic volcanic features to answer questions 20 and 21. Volcano Lava flow Photo courtesy of A. Sedgewick 20. The volcano in the background of the photograph is composed entirely of pyroclastic material. What type of volcano is shown? A. B. C. D. shield cinder cone lava plateau composite volcano 21. What type of lava flow is seen in the foreground of the photograph? A. B. C. D. aa pahoehoe pillow lava nuée ardente -8- 22. Magma with a very high viscosity may be unable to crystallize. Which of the following rocks may have formed from such a magma? A. B. C. D. basalt gabbro obsidian peridotite 23. The arrow on each of the following diagrams indicates the changes in pressure and temperature conditions that occur during a geological process. Which diagram represents the change in conditions during the lithification of sand to form a sandstone? B. 10 20 25 C. solid liquid 5 me ltin g Pressure/depth (km) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 10 15 20 25 solid 10 15 20 25 D. Temperature (∞C) 0 5 liquid -9- solid liquid Temperature (∞C) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 5 g 15 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 me ltin g 5 0 me ltin 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Temperature (∞C) Pressure/depth (km) 0 me ltin g Pressure/depth (km) Temperature (∞C) Pressure/depth (km) A. 10 15 20 25 solid liquid 24. In which of the following environments are sediments that form a conglomerate most likely deposited? A. B. C. D. a coral reef a tropical swamp a deep ocean basin a wave-swept beach Use the following cross-sectional diagram to answer question 25. 10 cm 25. What name is given to the sedimentary structure shown in the diagram above? A. B. C. D. mud cracks ripple marks cross bedding graded bedding - 10 - Use the following photographs and diagrams of rock textures to answer questions 26 to 27. Rock Y has formed from Rock X. Both Rock X and Rock Y are composed of calcite. Shell debris Rock X Rock Y Hand specimen Hand specimen Magnified view Magnified view 1 mm 5 mm 26. What type of rock is X? A. B. C. D. plutonic volcanic sedimentary metamorphic 27. Which of the following processes would transform X into Y? A. B. C. D. rapid deposition chemical weathering contact metamorphism magmatic crystallization 28. What name would you give to a sample of Y? A. B. C. D. slate marble granite sandstone -11 - 2006 29. Which of the following processes will produce metamorphic rock? A. B. C. D. cementation of debris solidification of magma lithification of sediment recrystallization of rock 30. Which of the following textures represents a very slowly cooled igneous rock? A. B. ¥1 ¥1 C. D. ¥1 ¥1 31. Which of the following pairs of elements is most abundant in the Earth’s crust? A. B. C. D. zinc and iron silicon and aluminum magnesium and copper rubidium and strontium - 12 - Use the following diagram to answer questions 32 to 35. source rock granite products of weathering quartz grains clay minerals X river transport process Y suspension solution sedimentary rock sandstone Z limestone 32. Which of the following processes would most likely produce the quartz grains from the granite? A. B. C. D. physical weathering chemical precipitation contact metamorphism magmatic crystallization 33. The weathering of granite produces a solution of X. What is the name of a common mineral which could form (precipitate) from this solution? A. B. C. D. gold mica calcite pyroxene 34. What name is given to river transportation process Y? A. B. C. D. creep solution elastic rebound rolling and bouncing 35. What is the name of rock Z? A. B. C. D. chert shale breccia conglomerate - 13 - 36. Which of the following sediments shows the best sorting? A. B. C. D. Use the following electron micrograph of sand grains to answer question 37. Y W X Z ¥ 150 © NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratories 37. Which sand grain has most likely travelled the greatest distance? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z - 14 - Use the following list of processes to answer question 38. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. cooling of granite melting of sediment weathering of granite lithification of sediment recrystallization of granite transportation of sediment 38. Which of the following gives the correct order for the complete formation of a sedimentary rock? A. B. C. D. 5, 2, 1 3, 6, 4 4, 5, 2 1, 3, 6 ________________________________________________ 39. Which of the following sediments could be lithified to produce a biochemical sedimentary rock? A. B. C. D. desert sands glacial outwash landslide deposits microorganism skeletons -15 - 40. Which of the following sedimentary structures can give information about current direction at the time the sediment was deposited? A. B. C. D. varves mud cracks cross bedding graded bedding 41. Which of the following is the most important factor in determining the mineral composition of the metamorphic rock marble? A. B. C. D. the pressure at which it formed the temperature at which it formed the density of the original parent rock the chemical composition of the original parent rock 42. What term is used to describe the parallel alignment of minerals in a schist? A. B. C. D. graded bedding sedimentary layering metamorphic foliation regional metamorphism 43. Which of the following pairs of descriptions is true about galena? Material of economic value obtained from galena A use for material obtained from galena A. copper pipes and wires B. lead fibre-optic lines C. copper rust-proofing car bodies D. lead car batteries - 16 - 44. Which of the following pairs of minerals is commonly found in an evaporite deposit? A. B. C. D. bornite and pyrite hematite and halite calcite and gypsum magnetite and fluorite Use the following diagram to answer question 21. black smoker ore deposit ocean water super heated water ocean bottom fractured basalt magma Diagram not drawn to scale. indicates direction of water movement 45. What type of ore deposit is shown in the diagram above? A. B. C. D. placer evaporite pegmatite hydrothermal - 17 - Use the following diagram to answer question 23. H graphite G Heating Value F E 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Percentage of Carbon 46. When lignite is subjected to appropriate heat and pressure, it will be converted to a high-grade coal called anthracite. Which letter on the graph represents anthracite? A. B. C. D. E F G H - 18 - 2003 PART B: WRITTEN RESPONSE INSTRUCTIONS: Answer each question in the space provided. You may not need to use all of the space given. REFERENCE DATA B OOKLET For question 1, refer to the table below, and the following in the Data Booklet. Bowen’s Reaction Series Properties of Common and Important Minerals Minerals present Mineral content of granite Mineral content of stream sand potassium feldspar 60% 18% quartz 30% 80% biotite 10% 2% 1. An area of British Columbia that is entirely composed of granite is drained by a single, fast-moving stream. With reference to chemical and physical properties, describe two factors which could be used to explain why the mineral content of the stream sand has become so different from the mineral content of the granite. (2 marks) Factor 1: Factor 2: - 24 - 2003 REFERENCE DATA B OOKLET For question 2, refer to the following in the Data Booklet. Geological Map 2. A geologist has observed that the crystals in igneous rock unit S are much smaller at points X and Y than they are at a point half way between X and Y. Explain why the crystals are smaller at X and Y than in the middle of the unit. (2 marks) REFERENCE DATA B OOKLET For question 3, refer to the following in the Data Booklet. Geological Map Photograph 10 3. Sedimentary structures are very useful to geologists because they can give clues about the environment where the sedimentary rock they occur in was deposited. The sedimentary structure shown in Photograph 10 was found in the sandstone T shown on the geological map. a) Identify the sedimentary structure. (1 mark) b) Describe how the sedimentary structure would have formed. (1 mark) c) Name an environment where the sedimentary structure could have formed. (1 mark) OVER - 25 - 2003 Use the following graph which shows relationships between temperature, depth, and types of coal, to answer question 4. Temperature in degrees Celsius 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 0 Peat 1 Depth in kilometres 2 40–60% carbon Lignite coal 60–70% carbon 3 4 Bituminous coal 70–90% carbon 5 6 Anthracite coal 7 (hard coal) 90–95% carbon 8 9 4. a) Describe a type of environment where a potential coal deposit could accumulate on the earth’s surface and the type of material that would accumulate to eventually become coal. (2 marks) Type of environment: Type of material: b) According to the graph, at what temperature and depth would lignite change to bituminous coal? (1 mark) Depth: Temperature: c) Choose one type of coal and describe a use for it. - 26 - (1 mark) 2003 d) Why is anthracite (hard coal) often found in association with slate rather than shale or mudstone? (1 mark) Use the following cross section diagrams of coal deposits to answer question 4e). Note the different scales of the cross sections. X Y coal seam 2m 100 m coal seam e) The two coal deposits X and Y were discovered in British Columbia, however neither of them will be mined at this time. i) Describe any geological or economic reason why deposit X will not be mined. (1 mark) ii) Describe a different geological or economic reason why deposit Y will not be mined. (1 mark) OVER - 27 - 2003 REFERENCE DATA B OOKLET For question 5, refer to the following in the Data Booklet. Photograph 6 5. Photograph 6 shows sandstones and siltstones in a cliff section. Using the information visible in the photograph, name and describe (in order from youngest to oldest) three geological processes that have been important in the development of the rock sequence in the cliff section. (3 marks) Youngest Process 3 Process 2 Oldest Process 1 - 28 - 2004 WRITTEN RESPONSE INSTRUCTIONS: Answer each question in the space provided. You may not need to use all of the space given. For question 1, refer to the diagram below and the following in the Data Booklet. page 10: Percentage of Minerals in Igneous Rocks REFERENCE DATA BOOKLET Siltstone Compaction and cementation High temperature and pressure Weathering and erosion to silt Formation of light and dark bands Rock X Rock Y Slow cooling inside the earth Melting Felsic/silicic magma 1. a) What type of rocks are rocks X and Y shown in the diagram above? Rock X: ______________________________________________ (1 mark) Rock Y: ______________________________________________ b) Describe a plate tectonic situation that would cause the high-grade metamorphism of the siltstone. (1 mark) OVER - 23 - 2004 Use the following map to answer question 2. Kohala Direction of lithospheric plate movement Mauna Kea Hualalai LEGEND Older rocks Younger rocks Older rocks Mauna Loa Younger rocks Kilauea Recent earthquake epicentre magnitudes Seismic station Zulu 4.0–4.4 4.5–5.4 >5.4 Recent volcanic eruptions Site of lava flow 50 km 2. The map above shows the island of Hawaii, and the locations of several recent volcanic eruptions which are building shield volcanoes. The island is over a hot spot. a) What is the likely composition of the lava from these eruptions? (1 mark) b) Explain why a pyroclastic flow (nuée ardente) is unlikely in this area. (1 mark) c) Place an X on the map in an area where you would expect the volcanic activity to increase over the next several hundred years. (1 mark) - 24 - 2004 d) Sketch and describe the likely cross-sectional shape of the shield volcanoes in this area of Hawaii. (2 marks) Sketch REFERENCE DATA BOOKLET Description For question 2e), refer to the following in the Data Booklet. Percentage of Minerals in Igneous Rocks Bowen’s Reaction Series e) A sample of coarse-grained rock was collected from a Kilauea lava flow, and geologists think it is an ultramafic xenolith brought up from the mantle. The rock has the following mineral composition. Mineral Percent by volume plagioclase feldspar 5% pyroxene 70% olivine 25% How can geologists tell that the material in the xenolith must have formed at a temperature above 1000∞ C ? (1 mark) OVER - 25 - 2005 WRITTEN RESPONSE INSTRUCTIONS: Answer each question in the space provided. You may not need to use all of the space given. Use the following partial, simplified, rock cycle diagram to answer question 1. PROCESS 3 Metamorphic Rock Magma PROCESS PROCESS 2 4 Sedimentary Rock Igneous Rock Example Process PROCESS 1 5 Sediment 1. Choose any two processes from the diagram above. For each process, describe the process and its probable plate tectonic location. An example is given. (4 marks) Process # Description of Process Example: Process 5 Igneous rocks in volcanic mountains are weathered and eroded to become sediments. © 2005 Province of British Columbia. All rights reserved. Plate Tectonic Location Volcanic mountain range at converging plates. Page 25 2005 Use the following diagram of ripple marks and cross-bedding to answer question 2. west east 2. Describe how this structure might have formed. Include direction of flow in your answer. (2 marks) Page 26 © 2005 Province of British Columbia. All rights reserved. 2006 Written Response Use the following photograph of an igneous layer to answer question 2. X © GSC 2. Describe two pieces of evidence that could be found in or near the dark igneous layer at X to establish that it was a sill, and not a buried lava flow. (2 marks) Evidence 1: Evidence 2: Page 2 Geology 12 – 0608 Response Booklet