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Airpower in the Post Cold War 1 Overview I Gulf War Background The Enemy The Plan of Attack Objectives Concept of Operations Five Strategic Rings Targets Phases of the Campaign Operations PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN WATCH The Conflict and Lessons Learned 2 Overview II Operation SOUTHERN WATCH The Conflict and Lessons Learned Operations PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE The Conflict and Lessons Learned History of the Balkans Background Ethnic Groups 3 Overview III Operation DENY FLIGHT The Conflict and Lessons Learned Operation ALLIED FORCE Background NATO Actions Operation ALLIED FORCE Begins Lessons learned by US Military Political Lessons Learned Impact of Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget CFD Review 4 Gulf War Background Conflict began 2 August 1990 Iraq and Kuwait could not settle grievances over oil Saddam Hussein sent armies to invade Kuwait 5 US Objectives Immediate, complete, and unconditional withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait Restoration of Kuwait’s legitimate government Security and stability of Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf Protection of American citizens abroad 6 Operation DESERT SHIELD CENTCOM CINC—Army Gen H. Norman Schwarzkopf CENTAF Lt Gen Charles A. Horner Became JFACC during the war In first five days: Five fighter squadrons, contingent of AWACS, and part of 82d Airborne Division Equaled Iraqi force in first 35 days Air Reserves/Air National Guard called to active duty 7 DESERT STORM Begins 16 Jan—An 11th-hour appeal for Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait drew silence 17 Jan—Operation DESERT STORM began as allied forces answered Iraq’s silence Within 10 days, air sorties reached the 10,000 mark 8 Iraqi Threat 4th largest armed force in world Well over 1 million troops 750 combat and 200 support aircraft Nuclear, biological, and chemical capabilities SCUD Missiles 9 Air Defense Threat Iraq’s air defense system thought to be the best outside of the Soviet Union United States was probably the only nation in the world with the airpower to “disintegrate” an integrated system of this type 10 Objectives Isolate and incapacitate Iraqi command structure Win air superiority Destroy nuclear, biological, and chemical capabilities Eliminate Iraqi offensive military capability Eject Iraqi Army from Kuwait 11 Boyd 2 Video 12 Concept Of Operations Powerful and focused air attacks on strategic centers of gravity over a short period of time Target Hussein Regime, not Iraqi people Minimize civilian casualties and collateral damage Minimize Coalition losses Pit US and Coalition strengths against Iraqi weaknesses 13 Instant Thunder Developed by Colonel John Warden and his Checkmate staff in Washington Named in direct response to Vietnam’s unsuccessful Rolling Thunder campaign Based on a unique five-ring model of the modern nation-state 14 The Five Strategic Rings 15 Target Systems Leadership System Essentials Infrastructure Population Fielded Forces Hussein Regime Electricity Railroads Oil Bridges Strategic Psyops - Iraqis Incapacitate Telecommunications - Civil - Military Damage Internal Control Org. - Only internal distribution and storage, not production export capability Nuclear Biological Chemical Research Facility - Foreign workers Destroy Strategic Air Defense Destroy Strategic Offense - Bombers - Missiles Tactical Republican Psyops Guard - Soldiers in Kuwait 16 Horner 2 Video 17 Campaign Overview Four Part Campaign: Phase I: Strategic Air Campaign Phase II: Suppression of enemy Air Defenses over Kuwait vicinity Phase III: Air Attacks on ground forces in Kuwait and vicinity Phase IV: Ground Operations as directed 18 And in the end… On 27 Feb 1991, the Iraqi military was scattered and defeated Iraq lost 90 aircraft to coalition forces 122 Iraqi aircraft fled to Iran Stealth provided the needed edge The Persian Gulf War officially ended on 11 Apr 1991 19 Post-Desert Storm Video 20 The Crisis in Iraq—ONW UN Security Council established a no-fly zone over northern Iraq to protect the Kurdish people from attacks by Saddam Hussein Operation Provide Comfort began on 5 Apr 1991 as a humanitarian relief effort to deliver food, clothing, and supplies to Iraq’s Kurdish refugees C-130s began airdropping supplies on 7 Apr 1991 Lasted approximately 8 years and was then replaced by Operation NORTHERN WATCH 21 The Crisis in Iraq: Lessons Learned—ONW The need to avoid fratricide The limitations of airdrops Host-country tensions The need for alternate bases Lack of an exit strategy 22 The Crisis in Iraq—OSW OSW was a Combined Task Force enforcing the “no-fly zone” below the 32nd parallel (extended to 33rd in 1996) in southern Iraq Not an aggression against Iraq—executed as a self-defense measure Coalition partners included the US, UK, France, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait Fire from more than 850 Iraqi SAMs and AAAs directed at coalition aircraft Iraq violated the no-fly zone more than 160 times More than 150,000 USAF sorties by 1998 23 “What we’ve effectively done since 1992 is conduct an air occupation of a country…” General Ronald R. Fogleman Jul 1995 24 The Crisis in Iraq: Lessons Learned—OSW Became a test for USAF AEF concept in Oct 1995 Quality-of-life changes needed due to high Ops-Tempo Reorganized Security Forces 25 The Crisis in Somalia In mid-1992, drought and civil war devastated Somalia Food supplies became a weapon of war Operation PROVIDE RELIEF began by the United States on 22 Aug 1992 to deliver food to Somali refugees Military and civilian aircraft used Over 2,000 sorties, carrying 48,162 metric tons of food 26 The Crisis in Somalia Although a humanitarian effort: 44 American soldiers lost their lives 175 were injured or wounded Danger of failure due to warlord interference Operation Restore Hope Coalition peacekeeping operation from 9 Dec 1992 to 4 May 1993 First test of Rapid Global Mobility from the CONUS 27 The Crisis in Somalia: Lessons Learned First large scale test of newly formed AMC and the Tanker Airlift Control Center (TACC) Difficulties evolved in the planning, coordinating, and managing the operation Austere infrastructure of Somalia added to lack of adequate bases for strategic airlift aircraft 28 The Balkans: A Brief History After World War II, monarchy abolished; Communist Party leader Tito proclaimed the country the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, with himself as prime Minister Eliminating opposition, the Tito gov’t executed Mihajlovic in 1946 Tito died in 1980, and the fragility of the federation he ruled quickly became apparent 29 The Balkans: A Brief History After World War II, monarchy abolished; Communist Party leader Tito proclaimed the country the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, with himself as prime Minister Eliminating opposition, the Tito gov’t executed Mihajlovic in 1946 Tito died in 1980, and the fragility of the federation he ruled quickly became apparent 30 Three Ethnic Groups In Conflict Serbs—Dominant in Yugoslavia's politics and army, orthodox Christianity makes them natural allies of Russia Croats—Roman Catholics, closer to the West than Serbs and exposed to Western Influences Muslims—Living mainly in ethnically mixed towns and cities in Bosnia-Herzegovina 31 32 Operation DENY FLIGHT Oct 1992, UN Security Council Resolution 781 established a no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina Operation DENY FLIGHT Enforced the no-fly zone Provided close air support to UN troops Conducted approved air strikes under a dual-key command arrangement with the UN 28 Feb 1994, NATO aircraft shot down four warplanes violating the nofly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina This was the first military engagement ever undertaken by the Alliance 33 Operation DENY FLIGHT NATO objectives Bosnian Serb compliance to cease attacks on Sarajevo and other safe areas Withdrawal of Bosnian Serb heavy weapons from the total exclusion zone around Sarajevo Complete freedom of movement for UN Forces and personnel, and nongovernment officials Unrestricted use of Sarajevo airport 34 Operation DENY FLIGHT NATO missions of Operation DENY FLIGHT To conduct aerial monitoring and enforce compliance with UN Security Council Resolution 816 To provide close air support for UN troops on the ground at the request of, and controlled by, UN forces To conduct approved air strikes against designated targets threatening the security of the UN-declared safe areas 35 Operation DENY FLIGHT Operation DENY FLIGHT lasted from 12 Apr 93 – 20 Dec 95 Almost 100,000 sorties flown A formal closure ceremony was held in Vicenza, Italy on 21 Dec 95 Forces associated with Operation DENY FLIGHT were then transferred to Operation DECISIVE ENDEAVOR as part of the overall NATO operation JOINT ENDEAVOR. 36 The Crisis in Bosnia: Lessons Learned Lack of doctrine Tactical air and space power problems Bases weren’t large enough to accept the contingency surges Coalition/Joint problems Technological problems 37 KOSOVO 38 Kosovo Crisis Kosovo lies in southern Serbia and has a mixed population, the majority of which are ethnic Albanians (Muslims) Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic altered the status of the region, removing its autonomy and bringing it under the direct control of Belgrade, the Serbian capital The Kosovar Albanians strenuously opposed the move 39 United States & NATO Interests at Stake Serb aggression threatened peace throughout the Balkans and the stability of NATO’s SE region Belgrade’s repression in Kosovo created a humanitarian crisis of staggering proportions President Milosevic’s conduct directly challenged the credibility of NATO 40 United States & NATO Interests at Stake Serb aggression threatened peace throughout the Balkans and the stability of NATO’s SE region Belgrade’s repression in Kosovo created a humanitarian crisis of staggering proportions President Milosevic’s conduct directly challenged the credibility of NATO 41 NATO Action After the failure of repeated international diplomatic efforts since the spring of 1998 to peacefully resolve the conflict in Kosovo North Atlantic Council decided on 23 March 1999 to authorize NATO air strikes Aimed at strategic targets in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to end the repression of Kosovar Albanians by the Yugoslav government 42 NATO’s Objectives A stop to all military action and the immediate ending of violence and repression The withdrawal from Kosovo of the military, police, and paramilitary forces The stationing in Kosovo of an international military presence 43 NATO’s Objectives (cont’d) The unconditional and safe return of all refugees and displaced persons Establish political framework agreement for Kosovo in conformity with international law 44 NATO’s Objectives (cont’d) The unconditional and safe return of all refugees and displaced persons Establish political framework agreement for Kosovo in conformity with international law 45 NATO’s Strategic Objectives Demonstrate the seriousness of their opposition to Belgrade’s aggression in the Balkans Deter Milosevic’s attacks on helpless civilians, and reverse ethnic cleansing Damage Serbia’s capacity to wage war against Kosovo 46 Military Objective “Degrade and damage the military and security structure President Milosevic has used to depopulate and destroy the Albanian majority in Kosovo.” William Cohen, SECDEF 15 April 1999 47 Lessons Learned on Kosovo War Objectives US Grand Strategy Maintain a peaceful, prosperous US-led Europe Convince NATO to transition from old Cold War common defense against external threats to new Continental security coalition Persuade NATO to acquire means and will to conduct out of area military ops European Strategy Kosovo War Aims • Stop the Serbian slaughter and expulsion of ethnic Albanians • Remove Milosevic from power • Accomplish the above with minimal collateral damage and NATO casualties Maintain a peaceful, prosperous, and independent Europe Prevent spillover into Albania and Macedonia, then to Greece and Turkey Maintain NATO relationship with Russia and give it a role in helping end the crisis Demonstrate European unity Common Effort Concealed Widely Differing Objectives 48 Lessons Learned by US Military United States air refuelers were stretched thin during operation Force structure numbers and resources were inadequate for current level of commitments (all services); support and training as important to victory as strike Older platforms with smart weapons may be seen as good enough; smart weapons may be better than smart platforms Need the right force structure for the future C4ISR is currently the weakest link in joint and coalition ops On the brink of another “hollow force” 49 Political Lessons Learned by Europeans Militarily, Europe remains dependent on Americans Best technology, weapons, and platforms “Made in USA.” Politicians unwilling to pay the cost of matching unique US capabilities United States cannot always be counted on to serve the Alliance’s interests US focus shifted with opinion polls Fear US commitment could falter if US forces take heavy casualties 50 Political Lessons Learned by Europeans European Union can provide diplomatic muscle (Martti Ahtisaari saves the day); many foreign policy interests are similar among EU Nations Threat of rising Islamic fundamentalism Humanitarian (ethnic cleansing) Need to build external identity Europe can overcome internal diversity to maintain cohesion German Luftwaffe conducted first combat missions since 1945 Greece provided logistical support despite popular opposition Italy and France (which have Communist ministers) offered air bases 51 Impact of Kosovo Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget Trends No DOD/Allied spending surge like post-Desert Storm International defense market continues to shrink Readiness and retention will increasingly consume $$$$ for modernization Inevitable tax cut legislation will further erode DOD budgets Services must eventually deal with the bow wave Old platforms with smart weapons were good enough Congress may balk at big bills for new platforms (JSF, F-22, CVX, DD-21) “We have to make a trade between Support forces will need big $$$$ too smart weapons and platforms...We need to encourage the services to concentrate more on smart weapons.” Jacques Gansler Former Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics 52 Review of CFD Model Distinctive Capabilities—Air and space expertise, capabilities, and technological know-how Functions—Broad, fundamental, and continuing activities of air and space power Doctrine—Fundamental principles that guide the actions of military forces in support of national objectives 53 CFD Model Time Period Distinctive Capabilities Functions (missions) Doctrinal Emphasis DESERT STORM Air Superiority Precision Engagement Global Attack Information Superiority Agile Combat Support Rapid Global Mobility Strategic Attack Air Refueling Command and Control (C2) Counterair Surveillance and Reconnaissance Strategic air attack (precision weapons/stealth) Suppress enemy air defenses PROVIDE COMFORT/ NORTHERN WATCH Rapid Global Mobility Air Superiority Airlift Counter Air Strategic Attack Surveillance and Reconnaissance Protect northern Iraqi no-fly zone Humanitarian airdrops for refugees SOUTHERN WATCH Precision Engagement Air Superiority Counter Air Strategic Attack Surveillance and Reconnaissance Theater attack of military targets 54 CFD Model Time Period Distinctive Capabilities Functions (missions) Doctrinal Emphasis PROVIDE RELIEF/ RESTORE HOPE Rapid Global Mobility Global Attack Air Superiority Agile Combat Support Surveillance and Reconnaissance Counter Air/Land Strategic Attack Airlift/Special Operations AEF concept Humanitarian airdrops for refugees Strategic Attack DENY FLIGHT Air Superiority Information Superiority Agile Combat Support Counterair Surveillance and Reconnaissance Counterland No defined doctrine ALLIED FORCE Air Superiority Precision Engagement Strategic Attack Counterland Intelligence Strategic attacks on ethnic cleansing Serbs and military capabilities 55 Summary I Gulf War Background The Enemy The Plan of Attack Objectives Concept of Operations Five Strategic Rings Targets Phases of the Campaign Operations PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN WATCH The Conflict and Lessons Learned 56 Summary II Operation SOUTHERN WATCH The Conflict and Lessons Learned Operations PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE The Conflict and Lessons Learned History of the Balkans Background Ethnic Groups 57 Summary III Operation DENY FLIGHT The Conflict and Lessons Learned Operation ALLIED FORCE Background NATO Actions Operation ALLIED FORCE Begins Lessons learned by US Military Political Lessons Learned Impact of Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget CFD Review 58