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+ Unit Essential Question: What distinct characteristics did the early civilizations and empires of the Middle East and Egypt develop? Aim: What were the characteristics of the world’s first civilization? Do Now: Review from last unit – Based on the elements of civilization, how would you set up your own civilization, knowing it’s the first in the world? 1. What two rivers run through the Fertile Crescent? Tigris & Euphrates Rivers 2. Which two river valley civilizations are shown on this map? Egypt & Mesopotamia 3. In what present day country is Mesopotamia located? Iraq + Ancient Mesopotamia Map Know your geography of the Ancient Middle East by locating major geographic locations and features. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA (3200 B.C.) “land in between the rivers” Why was this a perfect place for the 1st civilization? 1. Fertile Crescent - large arc of fertile land in the Middle East 2. Tigris & Euphrates Rivers made it possible for farming 3. Cattle, pigs, goats & sheep were accessible WHAT CHALLENGES DID PEOPLE FACE IN MESOPOTAMIA? 1. Unpredictable floods destroyed crops, homes & people 2. Some areas were marshy and unsuitable for farming 3. This land was vulnerable to attack and invasion Religions have attempted to build their sanctuaries on prominent heights. Since no such natural heights were available in the flat flood plains of Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), ancient priests and kings determined to build ziggurats, square or rectangular artificial stepped temple platforms. Functionally, temples were placed on raised platforms to give them prominence over other buildings in a city, and to allow more people to watch the services performed at the temple. Symbolically, however, the ziggurat represents the cosmic mountain on which the gods dwell. The priests ascent up the stairway to the temple at the top of the ziggurat represents the ascent to heaven. The great ziggurat at Khorsabad, for example, had seven different stages; each was painted a different color and represented the five known planets, the moon, and the sun. WHAT DOES THIS PASSAGE REVEAL ABOUT THE RELIGIOUS BELIEF OF PEOPLE IN MESOPOTAMIA? ZIGGURATS – a pyramidtemple that soared towards the heavens Zoroastrian - one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago BABYLONIAN ZIGGURAT Why was Mesopotamia named the “cradle of civilization”? The Arch Ziggurat City-States/Kings Written Laws Cuneiform/Writing Wheel Games Achievements Sailboat Irrigation Plow Mathematics Music Medicine Organized Armies Metalwork + Epic of Gilgamesh The Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh dates from about 2000 B.C. It is a collection of tales about a hero named Gilgamesh. THE MANY PEOPLE OF MESOPOTAMIA: 1. Sumerians (ancient Sumer’s city-states) (3200 B.C. - 1800 B.C.) 2. Babylonians (Babylonian Empire) ( 1800 B.C. - 1200 B.C. 3. Assyrians (Assyrian Empire) (1200 B.C. - 539 B.C.) 4. Persians (Persian Empire) (539 B.C. - 330 B.C.) + The Epic of Gilgamesh 1. 2. Individually read and annotate the Epic of Gilgamesh With a partner look for traces of Sumerian culture and history within the Epic + Let’s Summarize… + AIM: What can we learn about Babylonia from Hammurabi’s Code? Do Now: Create three of the most ruthless (but fair) laws that you can think of. + *Invasion and conquest were prominent features in the history of the Ancient Middle East + Babylonian Empire [2000 BCE – 1680 BCE] Nomadic warriors overtook the Sumerians + Who was Hammurabi? • Member of the Amorite dynasty • King of Babylon from 1792-1750 BCE • United all of Mesopotamia under the Babylonian Empire Relief of Hammurabi and the god Shamash + Hammurabi’s Code 282 Laws for Babylonian society Tool to unify expanding empire “That the strong might not injure the weak” Allowed rules everyone to know the + What does it look like? + Loss and Unearthing + Evaluation of Evidence We To must evaluate all evidence evaluate evidence, we ask: Why is a document useful? What are its limitations? What other information do we need? Central Historical Question What can we learn about + Babylonia from Hammurabi’s Code? + Let’s Summarize… Agree or disagree… “an eye for an eye, a life for a life.” Explain. + Aim: What happened during Sennacherib’s siege of Jerusalem? Do Now: What is happening in Jerusalem today? Do you think it relates back to ancient times? How? + Wall Carving from Assyrian Palace Source: Carving on the wall of an ancient Assyrian palace showing Assyrian warriors attacking the Judean city of Lachish. The battle was part of Assyrian King Sennacherib’s final military campaign. This event occurred in 701 BCE. Historians date this carving from approximately 700 BCE. Assyrian Empire 900-600 BCE + Assyrian Military Assyrian Archers and Battering Ram Palace Wall Carving, 865-860 BCE + Assyrian Empire + Assyrian Artifacts The Destruction of Susa, 647 BCE Assyrians Taking Cedar from Lebanon, 716-713 BCE + Assyrian Scribes Assyrian Scribes Record Battle Victory Palace of King Sennacherib, 700-692 BCE + King Sennacherib Ruled 705-681 BCE Used military force against revolts Led campaign against a rebellion in Judah Conquered several Judean cities Attacked King Hezekiah in the city of Jerusalem Palace Carving of King Sennacherib + Corroboration What do other artifacts show us? Do the artifacts agree? If not, why? What are other possible artifacts? What artifacts are most reliable? + Two Sources The Book of Kings The Sennacherib Prism Central Historical Question What happened during Sennacherib’s siege of Jerusalem? Investigate through Corroboration Activity 1. Read document A and in small group answer guiding questions for A. 2. In same group, read document B and answer guiding questions. + Aim: What achievements did the Persians and Phoenicians contribute to the ancient world? Do Now: Analyze a map of the Persian Empire at its extent and hypothesize why the empire was so successful and vast. + The Rise of Persia The Persians based their empire on tolerance and diplomacy. They relied on a strong military to back up their policies. Ancient Persia is where Iran is today. Largest empire seen yet. + The Persian Empire Vocab – Persian kings accepted the people they conquered Tolerance – province, which had to pay taxes based on its resources and wealth Satrap economy – exchanging one set of goods and services for another Barter economy – goods and services are paid through the exchange of some toke of an agreed value Money + Cyrus the Great + Primary Source “This is the word of Cyrus king of Persia: The Lord, God of heaven has given me all the kingdoms of the earth, and he himself has charged me to build him a house at Jerusalem in Judah. To every man of his people now among you I say, God be with him, and let him go up to Jerusalem in Judah, and rebuild the house of the Lord God of Israel, the God whose city is Jerusalem.” What type of ruler was Cyrus based on this quote? + Darius + Persian Empire, 500 BC List the continents the Persian Empire reached by 500 BCE + The Royal Road 1,677 111 miles long relay stations Other smaller roads branched off the royal road Relay stations had rest areas and fresh horses. The entire royal road could be traveled in a week by a horsemen Caravans took about a month + How would the royal road enable a ruler to maintain power in the empire? + The Phoenicians Sailors and traders Occupied string of cities along the eastern Mediterranean coast (Syria and Lebanon) Set up colonies from North Africa to Sicily Contribution: our alphabet + Let’s Summarize… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sohX Px_XZ6Y