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America and WWI
Part E
1.
In January 1918, what did President Woodrow Wilson present
before Congress?
• His Fourteen Points, a plan to promote peace after the conclusion of
the war
2. What were the basics of the first five points?
• No secret treaties among nations
• The Oceans should be free for all
• Tariffs and other trade restrictions between nations should be
lowered
• Armed forces should be reduced in number to a level that
protected a nation’s basic security…but not much more
• Nations with colonies should rule with the interests of the colonies
in mind, not just the mother country
3. What did the next eight points deal with?
• Boundary issues and the self-determination of
peoples
4. Regarding national self-determination, what did
President Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) believe in?
• Groups of people with distinct ethnic identities
should be free to form their own nation-states
5. What did the fourteenth point call for?
• The creation of a League of Nations to provide an
international forum for nations to engage in
diplomacy and prevent international crises
6. What two important Allied leaders wanted a
more harsh peace settlement for Germany?
• Georges Clemenceau of France
• David Lloyd George of Great Britain
7. The Peace conference did not include whom?
• The Central Powers nations such as Germany, The
Ottoman Empire, and Austria-Hungary
• Russia—a nation now under the control of the
Bolshevik Communists (Lenin and Trotsky)
8. Who were the Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference?
• Woodrow Wilson of the United States
• Georges Clemenceau of France
• David Lloyd George of Great Britain
• Vittorio Orlando of Italy
9. The Big Four worked out the details of what?
• The peace treaty that would formally end
WWI
10. Regarding the Fourteen Points, what did
Wilson have to concede?
• Much of it…but he did succeed in getting the
League of Nations created
11. On June 28, 1919, what happened in the Hall
of Mirrors at Versailles, the old royal palace
outside of Paris, France?
• The Big Four (plus Japan) and Germany signed
the Treaty of Versailles, thus ending World
War One, for all intents and purposes
• The other Central Powers (Austria-Hungary
and the Ottoman Empire) were parties to
other treaties
12. Regarding Germany, what did the 1919 Treaty of
Versailles demand?
• Germany accepted the sole responsibility (warguilt) for starting the war
• Germany returned Alsace and Lorraine (Former
French provinces) to France
• Germany paid the Allies money reparations (i.e.
war damages of $33 billion)
• Germany’s military was reduced to not much
more than a police force
13. How did the Treaty of Versailles leave Germany, in the big picture?
• Defeated, humiliated, and bitter
14. What German army WWI veteran would capitalize politically on
this humiliation and bitterness during the 1920s and early 1930s?
• Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), an Austrian-born immigrant who served in
the German army from 1914 to 1918
• In the 1920s, Hitler attained the leadership of the Nazi Party and
molded the party’s message according to his view of the world
• In 1933, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, and in short time,
became Germany’s dictator.
• Hitler and the Nazis ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945.
15. When President Woodrow Wilson returned
to the United States he found great opposition
to the what?
• Treaty of Versailles
16. To ratify the Treaty of Versailles the U.S.
Constitution requires the approval of whom?
• The U.S. Senate
17. In 1919, which political party controlled the U.S.
Senate?
• The Republicans
• Many of the Republicans did not like the League of
Nations provision
18. In September 1919, President Wilson (a Democrat)
began what?
• An 8,000 mile journey across the U.S. in hopes of
ginning up public opinion on behalf of ratification of
the Treaty of Versailles
19. In October 1919, what happened to Wilson?
• He suffered a stroke
• He was ill for he rest of his second term
• But he survived and finished out his term which
ended on March 4, 1921
20. Ultimately, the U.S. Senate did what with the
Treaty of Versailles?
• In 1920, the Senate rejected the treaty
21. When did the U.S. and Germany formally
establish a peace treaty between the two?
• In 1921, under an entirely different treaty
during the presidency of Republican, Warren
G. Harding
22. Did the United States ever join the League of
Nations?
• No
23. As a result of World War One, what major empires came to an
end?
• The Russian Empire
• The Austrian-Hungarian Empire
• The Ottoman Empire
• The German Empire
24. What became of the Russian Empire?
• Due to the Bolshevik takeover, Russia became the central
component of the Soviet Union, an entity that survived until 1991
• By the mid-1920s, Vladimir Lenin was dead (d. 1924), and the
Soviet Union was increasingly ruled by the iron hand of Josef Stalin,
a dictator of immense cruelty
• Josef Stalin ruled the Soviet Union until his death in 1953
25. What became of the Austrian-Hungarian
Empire?
• Several new nations were carved out of the
dissolved empire
• Hapsburg rule came to an end
• Austria became a separate country
• Hungary became a separate country
26. What became of the Ottoman Empire?
• Turkey became the major nation to be created
out of the dissolved empire
• Parts of the Middle Eastern territories of the
former Ottoman Empire became League of
Nations “mandates,” some ruled by France,
some by Great Britain
27. What became of the German Empire?
• Germany’s territorial size was reduced
• The Weimar Republic replaced the Empire,
and the office of Kaiser (Emperor/King) was
abolished
• Germany lost its overseas territories in Africa
and the Pacific