Download The Civil War

The Civil War
Events leading up to and
during the Civil War
I. Sectionalism
• Each region of the United States
gradually evolved its own distinct
social system
• South
– Slavery (“peculiar institution”); invention
of the cotton gin and the increased
demand for raw cotton lead to an
expansion of slavery
– 1/3rd of the population in the South were
slaves
I. Sectionalism
• Northwest
– Dominated by small, independent farmers
– The “bread basket” of the U.S.
• Northeast
– Center of manufacturing
Section
Population in 1850
Leading Economic
Activities
Northeast (9 states;
Maine, New Hampshire,
Vermont, New York,
Pennsylvania,
Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, New
Jersey)
9 million
Manufacturing (textiles,
ironwares, and
machinery), shipping,
small farms and fishing
South (15 states; Florida,
Texas, Louisiana, up to
Virginia, Kentucky,
Missouri)
9 million (including about
3.5 million slaves)
Small farms and large
plantations using slave
labor to grow cash crops
like cotton, tobacco, rice,
and sugar for export
Northwest (6 states; Iowa, 5 million
Illinois, Indiana, Ohio,
Michigan, Wisconsin)
Family farms on fertile
lands produced wheat,
corn, oats, and livestock
for sale in the Northeast
and South
II. Slavery
• Abolitionists – saw slavery as a moral evil
• Many former slaves, such as Frederick
Douglas, Sojourner Truth and Harriet
Tubman gave speeches and wrote books
about what they had experienced
• William Lloyd Garrison wrote The
Liberator
• Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle
Tom’s Cabin
II. Slavery
• Pro-Slavery Southerners
– Believed slaves were better treated than
factory workers in the North
– They feared that emancipating millions of
slaves might lead to social disorder and
violence against whites
III. Westward Expansion
• Expansionist Policies
– Annexation of Mexican territory gave rise
to the question “should these territories
have slave or free labor”?
– Republican Party formed in 1854 to stop
the spread of slavery
– Slave states wanted to keep control in the
Senate
IV. The Breakdown of
Compromise
• The Missouri Compromise, 1820
– Missouri admitted as slave state
– Maine admitted as free state
– No other slavery was to be allowed in the
area north of the southern boundary of
Missouri (36˚30’ N line of latitude)
IV. The Breakdown of
Compromise
• The Compromise of 1850
– California was admitted as free state
– Popular sovereignty was applied to the
other territories taken from Mexico
– New and stricter fugitive slave laws was
passed (greatly resented in the North)
– Sale of slaves was banned in
Washington, D.C.
Activity
Examine the maps on the
handout and answer the
questions on the
Compromises of 1820
and 1850
IV. The Breakdown of
Compromise
• Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1954
– Stephen Douglas wanted to build a rail
road through Nebraska/Kansas territory
– Applied popular sovereignty which would
repeal The Missouri Compromise
– Republican Party was formed in direct
response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act
IV. The Breakdown of
Compromise
• “Bleeding Kansas”, 1855 – 56
– Both pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces
tried to influence the outcome in Kansas
– Two rival governments formed, one proslavery and one anti-slavery
– Federal government eventually had to
send in troops to restore order
IV. The Breakdown of
Compromise
• The Dred Scott Decision, 1857
– Dred Scott sued for his freedom after
living in Illinois and Wisconsin for several
years (free states)
– Chief Justice Roger Taney announced
the decision:
• As an African American, Scott was not a U.S.
citizen and therefore had not right to sue
• Prohibition of slavery in northern territories by
the Missouri Compromise was
unconstitutional – Congress cannot take
citizen’s property away
Dred Scott v.
Sandford (1857)
“[African Americans] had no rights
which the white man was bound to
respect; and that the negro might
justly and lawfully be reduced to
slavery for his benefit. He was
bought and sold and treated as an
ordinary article of merchandise,
whenever profit could be made by
it. [Referring to language in the
Declaration of Independence] it is
too clear for dispute, that the
enslaved African race were not
intended to be included, and
formed no part of the people who
framed and adopted this
declaration…” – Chief Justice
Taney
Activity
• Pretend you are putting Chief Justice
Roger Taney on trial for his opinion in
Dred Scott v. Sandford.
– Did the Supreme Court act fairly and
reasonably in reaching its decision?
– Did the Justices follow the U.S.
Constitution, based on the views of that
time?
– Should they have reached a different
decision?
V. Differences in Constitutional
Interpretation: States’ Rights
• Southerners were strong supporters of
states’ rights
• Each state had joined the Union
voluntarily, it also had the power to
withdraw
• Northerners believed that the
Constitution was the work of the
American people and not individual
states
Election of 1860
Secession
• South Carolina was first
to secede
• Six other states quickly
followed; FL was the
third
• Southern states became
the “Confederate States
of America” with
Jefferson Davis as
president
Shots Fired at Fort Sumter
• Lincoln wanted to send food and supplies to
Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston,
South Carolina
• South fired upon Fort Sumter on April 12,
1861
• After this attack Virginia and 3 other states
joined the South and the border states of
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and
Delaware sided with the North
• West Virginia was created
Firing on Fort Sumter
Debate on the proposition that the Southern states had the right to
secede from the Union.
ACTIVITY
The Course of the Civil War
Advantages of the North
• More industrialized with
more railroads, factories,
mines, roads, and canals
• More coal, iron, gold, and
other natural resources
• Merchant ships and
control of U.S. Navy
Advantages of the South
• Strong military leadership
• Fighting for their way of
life
General Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda
Plan”
“Strangle” the South with a naval blockade of Southern ports and
the use of Northern naval power to seize control of the Mississippi
and divide the Confederacy in two
The Emancipation
Proclamation
• After Antietam victory Lincoln issues the
Emancipation Proclamation
• All slaves in those states still in rebellion
would be freed
• Did not actually free any slaves at all in
states that recognized federal gov’t
• Result: Made the war about slavery,
encouraged slaves to join the Union, and
discouraged Britain and France from
helping the Confederacy
Turning Point of the War
•
•
•
•
July 1863 – Gettysburg
Confederate forces were defeated
50,000 troops were injured or killed
Lee never advanced into the North
again
• Day after Battle of Gettysburg, farther
to the west, Grant won the Battle of
Vicksburg giving the North control over
the Mississippi River Valley
Read, answer, and discuss the Gettysburg Address
ACTIVITY
The Last Year of the War
• Ulysses S. Grant became
commander of Union army
• General Sherman marched
from Atlanta to Savannah, GA
and then up the coast into the
Carolinas
• “Total War” – destroy
everything in your path so
enemy cannot use or steal
back
The Surrender
• Grant takes the Confederate capital of
Richmond
• April 9, 1865 – Lee surrenders to
Grant at Appomattox
• President Lincoln was assassinated by
John Wilkes Booth less than one week
later
Florida in Focus
• In 1860, the population of FL was just over
140,000 people
• 40% were slaves
• Seminole Indians had been confined to
reservations a half century earlier
• North sought to control FL’s coastline
• Occupied Fort Pickens near Pensacola
• Lee wanted FL’s agriculture and cattle
• 1864 – Battle of Olustee; 5,200 Confederate
troops defeated 5,500 Union soldiers
Make a chart summarizing the effects of the Civil War. Consider the
war’s political, economic, and social effects
ACTIVITY