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REVIEW MATCHING)
1. Zoology
a. plants
2. Genetics
b. animals
3. Anatomy
c. heredity
4. Botany
d. organisms &
their environ- ment
5. Ecology
e. structure of
organisms
6. Taxonomy f. Change over time
7. Evolution
g. Classification
MATCH THE FOLLOWING TERMS
8. HOMEOSTASIS
9. METABOLISM
10. INFERENCE
11. THEORY
12. HYPOTHESIS
13. BIOGENESIS
A. LIFE COMES FROM OTHER LIFE
B. AN INTERPRETATION OF
OBSERVATIONS
C. A STATEMENT SUMMARIZING
MANY WELL SUPPORTED
HYPOTHESES
D. ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN A
CELL
E. MAINTAINING STABLE INTERNAL
CONDITIONS
F. A TESTABLE STATEMENT
REVIEW MATCHING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
A. REGULATES WHAT ENTERS AND
LEAVES A CELL
NUCLEUS
B. “SUICIDE SACS” – DIGESTIVE
ENDOPLASMIC
STRUCTURE
RETICULUM
GOLGI COMPLEX C. “POWERHOUSE” – GENERATES
ATP
MITOCHONDRIA
D. “POSTOFFICE” – PACKAGES AND
RIBOSOME
SHIPS PRODUCTS FROM THE CEL
LYSOSOME
E. “ROADWAY” – MAKES LIPIDS AND
CYTOSKELETON
TRANSPORTS SUBSTANCES W/IN
CYTOPLASM
THE CELL
CELL MEMBRANE F. GEL-LIKE FLUID W/IN THE CELL
G. “CONTROL CENTER” – HOUSES
DNA
H. “CELL FACTORY” – SITE OF
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
I. MAINTAINS CELL STRUCTURE
REVIEW MATCHING
1. OCCURS IN PLANT
CELLS
2. OCCURS IN ANIMAL
CELLS
3. OCCURS IN THE
CHLOROPLAST
4. OCCURS IN THE
MITOCHONDRIA
5. 6CO2 + 6 H20 + LIGHT 
GLUCOSE +6 O2
6. GLUCOSE + 6 O2  6
CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
A. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
B. CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
C. BOTH
CELL CYCLE REVIEW
1. Cell division resulting in 2, identical,
diploid cells  somatic cells
2. Cell division resulting in 4, different
haploid cells  gametes
3. Time between cell division where cell
grows, makes proteins, and prepares to
divide
4. Chromatin condense  chromosomes;
nucleus disappears
5. Chromosomes align in the middle of the
cell
6. Chromatids are pulled apart by spindle
7. Chromatids repair with homolog 
nucleus reforms
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
METAPHASE
PROPHASE
MITOSIS
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
MEIOSIS
CYTOKINESIS
INTERPHASE
REMEMBER
• PRESENTATIONS BEGIN MONDAY
• CP BIOLOGY: pg 57 and 59 #s 1-10 due
Monday – WRITE LETTER AND ANSWER
Biology – The Study of Living things:
Many fields
1. Cytology
2. Genetics
3. Evolution
4. Taxonomy
5. Microbiology
6. Zoology
7. Botany
8. Ecology
•
•
•
•
•
Cells
Heredity
Change over time
Classification
Microscopic organisms (viruses,
bacteria, protists)
• Animals
• Plants
• Interactions of organisms with their
environment
Characteristics of Living Things
1. Growth
2. Reproduction
3. Respond to Stimuli
4. Genetic Code
5. Metabolism
6. Homeostasis
7. Made of Cells
Atoms 
Molecules 
Cells 
Tissues 
Organs 
Organ Systems 
Organism 
Populations 
Communities 
Ecosystems 
Biomes 
Biosphere
NOT ALL LIVING THINGS CAN BE SEEN TO MOVE
• Total energy use
(eating, breathing
• Maintaining stable
internal conditions
(body temperature)
ORGANIZATION OF LIFE
LIVING
NON-LIVING
= BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
Science vs Non-science
• Nonscientific
• Scientific
Statements are Statements
falsifiable - can cannot be
be disproved
disproved
(Objective)
(Subjective –
Opinion based)
Flowchart
Designing an Experiment
Section 1-2
State the Problem
Analyze Results
Form a Hypothesis
Set Up a Controlled Experiment
Controls = keep the same
Independent/manipulated variable = changed
Dependent/responding variable = measured
Draw a Conclusion
Record Results
Qualitative – description
Quantitative - numbers
Go to
Section:
Publish Results
Theory
• A broad statement linking together many WELL
SUPPORTED hypotheses
– Theory of Evolution
– Big Bang Theory
– Atomic Theory
HOW DOES THE COMMON USE
OF THE WORD “THEORY”
DIFFER FROM THE SCIENTIFIC
DEFINITION?
THE TOOLS OF SCIENCE
1. Microscopes
a. Compound Light: Uses 2 lenses
and light; Can look at living things
–Resolution: How clear it is
–Magnification: How enlarged it is =
Optic * Ocular Lens
b. Electron: Uses electrons;
Magnification much greater
–Organism must be dead
5. SCIENCE TOOLS
• MEASURED IN SI (STANDARD INTERNATIONAL UNITS)
units. Base units include:
– LENGTH = METERS
– VOLUME = LITER
– MASS = GRAMS
• CENTI = 1/100, MILLI = 1/1000, KILO = 1000
• A CENTIMETER = 1/100TH OF A METER
GRADUATED CYLINDER
TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE
BEAKER
VOLUME MEASUREMENT
(mL)
MASS MEASUREMENT
(grams)
MIXING
USE THE PARAGRAPH BELOW TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-5.
Kellie wants to win the “largest pumpkin” award at the fair. She wants to
compare 2 plant foods to see their affect on the pumpkin growth.
She designs an experiment to determine the affect of various foods on pumpkin
growth. She gives plant food # 1 to pumpkin # 1 and plant food # 2 to
pumpkin # 2. She doesn’t give any plant food to pumpkin # 3. All of the
pumpkins are kept in the same sunlight, temperature, and given the same
amount of water. After 2 weeks, she measures the growth of each pumpkin.
1. What group does Pumpkins # 1 and # 2 represent?
(A) Control Group (B) Manipulated Group (C) Data Group (D) Experimental
Group (E) Inference
2. What type of data is collected in Kellie’s experiment?
(A) qualitative (B) quantitative (C) Is best displayed with a pie graph (D)
Represents inductive reasoning
3. The different plant foods represent the:
(A) qualitative data (B) control group (C) independent variable (D)
dependent variable
4. What represents the control group?
(A)Pumpkin # 1 (B) Pumpkin # 2 (C) Pumpkin # 3 (d) The Plant Food
5. The growth of each pumpkin represents the:
(A) Control Group (B) Manipulated Variable (C) Responding Variable (D)
Inference
6. What would be the best unit to measure the distance from
Augusta, GA to Washington D.C.? (A) meters (B)
kilometers (C) kilograms (D) seconds (E) cubic centimeters
7. What piece of equipment is best for measuring 20 grams of
NaCl?
(A) graduated cylinder (B) triple-beam balance (C) Beaker (D)
meter stick
8. What piece of equipment is best for measuring 20 ml of
water?
(A) graduated cylinder (B) triple-beam balance (C) Beaker (D)
meter stick
9. The best way to clean a microscope is with:
(A) Your sleeve (B) Your hand (C) Special tissues (D) a
moistened paper towel
10. You know that a rock is not alive because: (A) It does not reproduce (B)
It is not made of cells (C) It does not maintain homeostasis (D) It does not
grow (E) All of the above (F) None of the above
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY – THE STUDY OF THE NATURE,
COMPOSITION, AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER
• Matter: Anything that has mass (amount of matter)
and takes up space
- There are 3 States of Matter
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
PARTICLES TIGHTLY
VOLUME
PACKED VIBRATE
FIXED
SHAPE
FIXED
LOOSELY
PACKED
MOST
LOOSELY
PACKED
FIXED
CHANGES
CHANGES
CHANGES
Proton
CHARGE
+
Neutron
O
Electron
-
LOCATION Nucleus Nucleus
Energy
levels
DETERMIN Atomic # Atomic mass = proton # if
– Atomic #
not charged
ED BY
Or
e=pcharge
OTHER TERMS
ISOTOPE
(DIFFERENT
NUMBER OF
NEUTRONS)
ION (CHARGED
ATOM)
BOND
IONIC
COVALENT
HYDROGEN
HOW
FORMED
Transfer of
electrons
Sharing of
electrons
Polarity
STRENGTH Medium
Strongest
Weakest
EXAMPLES
H2O (water) DNA double
helix
Na+Cl(sodium
chloride –
table salt)
Cohesion/
Adhesion
pH scale: determines
acid or base: scale 1-14
• Acid: High concentration
of hydronium ions (H+)
– Less than 7 on pH scale
• Base: High
concentration of
hydroxide ions (OH-)
– Greater than 7 on pH
scale
– alkaline
MACROMOLECULES = ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS THAT MAKE UP CELLS IN
LIVING THINGS – made of C, H, O, N
CARBON IS THE “BACKBONE” OF LIFE
ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
BUILDING
BLOCKS
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLES
CARBOHYDRATES
(SUGARS)
MONOSACCH
ARIDES
PRIMARY/QUICK
ENERGY
GLUCOSE
GLYCOGEN,
STARCH
LIPIDS (FATS)
FATTY ACIDS
STORED
ENERGY
STEROIDS
TRIGLYCERIDES
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
PROTEINS
AMINO ACIDS
BUILDING AND
REPAIRING
ENZYMES –
SPEED UP RXTS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEOTIDE
S
CARRY/STORE
HEREDITARY
INFORMATION
DNA
RNA
CHEMISTRY – Use the paragraph below to answer
questions 11-12
After red blood cells pick up carbon dioxide from tissues,
the CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid. Once
in the lungs, it is converted back to CO2 and water,
and the CO2 is exhaled.
Carbonic anhydrase increases the reaction rate from
200 molecules of carbonic acid to 600,000 carbonic
acid molecules per hour
11. Carbonic anhydrase represents: (A) an enzyme
(B) a substrate (C) a pigment (D) a reactant
12. What are the building blocks of the substance in
# 11?
(A) Amino Acids (B) Fatty acids (C) Nucleotides (D)
Monosaccharides
13. Covalent bonds result from atoms _______ electrons, while ionic
bonds result from _______ electrons. (A) sharing, transferring (B)
sharing, sharing (C) transferring, transferring (D) transferring, sharing
14. When a maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a solvent, the
solution is: (A) Saturated (B) Covalently bonded (C) Distilled (D) Separated
15. Which of the following represents a primary energy source for cells?
(A) Carbohydrates (B) Proteins (C) Nucleic Acids (D) Lipids
16. Cohesion and adhesion are both possible due to which water
property? (A) Polarity (B) Solubility (C) Transparency (D) Ionic bonding
17. If an atom has an atomic number of 8 and has a charge of -2, how
many electrons does it have? (A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 0
18. Stomach acid would be expected to have a pH around:
(A) 2 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 13
19. The primary solute in the cytoplasm of a cell is:(A) Water (B) NaCl (C)
Lipids (D) Nucleic Acids
20. Carbon 14 has 2 more neutrons than Carbon 12. Carbon 14 represents
a: (A) ion (B) isotope (C) compound (D) organic compound
CELL PARTS
PLANT & ANIMAL CELLS
HISTORY OF CELL DISCOVERIES
-1665 – ROBERT HOOKE – First discovered and
named cells (in non-living cork)
-1673 – Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - “Father of
MICROSCOPY”.
– *First to describe LIVING CELLS AND
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES
The CELL THEORY: 1800s
1. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS.
(Schleiden and Schwann)
2. CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
3. CELLS COME ONLY FROM OTHER CELLS
(Virchow)
2 KINDS OF CELLS:
PROKARYOTES &
EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTE = NO
NUCLEUS
OR MEMBRANEBOUND ORGANELLES
EX. = BACTERIA
EUKARYOTE – HAS A
NUCLEUS &
MEMBRANE-BOUND
ORGANELLES
EX. = PLANTS,
ANIMALS
REVIEW OF CELL PARTS
How do plant and animal cells differ?
CLICK ON THIS FOR A REVIEW OF THE FUNCTIONS:
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/cell_functions.htm
ORGANELLE FUNCTION
NUCLEUS
CONTROLS Cell Activities; Contains genetic information
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
(ER)
ROUGH ER – With ribosomes; Produce products for export
SMOOTH ER – No ribosomes; System of channels
RIBOSOMES
Site of PROTEIN synthesis; Can be attached to ER or free in
cytoplasm
GOLGI BODIES
Responsible for PACKAGING and TRANSPORT OF cell products
MITOCHONDRIA
Site of ENERGY production (ATP)
LYSOSOMES
Site of DIGESTION, DISPOSAL, and LYSIS of cells
PEROXISOMES
Site of FILTERING toxic materials
CYTOSKELETON
Involved in support, transport, and reproduction of cell
VACUOLES
STORAGE of extra sugar and water
PLANTS/ALGAE ONLY
CHLOROPLASTS
CONVERT SOLAR ENERGY AND CO2  GLUCOSE AND O2
• CELL MEMBRANE (“LIPID BILAYER”)
– MADE OF LIPIDS AND PROTEINS
– SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
• The Cell WALL – Tough, outer layer outside of cell
membrane IN BACTERIA, ALGAE, AND FUNGI
DIFFUSION = MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES FROM
HIGH CONCENTRATION (MORE MOLECULES) TO LOW
CONCENTRATION (LESS MOLECULES)
= DIFFUSION OF
H 20
EFFECTS OF SOLUTIONS ON CELLS – HOW
CELLS MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
PURE WATER
SALT WATER
EXPLAIN WHAT IS HAPPENING
ACTIVE TRANSPORT = movement of
molecules from LOW to HIGH concentration
HIGH
LOW
REQUIRES
ENERGY
EOCT DAY 2 QUIZ
• NUMBER FROM 1-15
1. The organelle that is the site of protein synthesis is:
(A) Ribosome (B) Golgi Body (C) Nucleus (D) Cell Membrane
2. If a cell is placed in a solution with a high concentration of glucose,
water will: (A) Enter the cell by osmosis (B) Exit the cell by osmosis (C)
Exit the cell by active transport (D) Enter the cell by facilitated diffusion
3. What will happen to an animal cell if it is left in a solution of distilled
water overnight? (A) It will shrivel (B) It will swell and burst (C) It will
remain at equilibrium (D) It will undergo photosynthesis
4. The macromolecules which have the greatest variety of function and
are the main component of Cell Membranes are:(A) Lipids (B)
Carbohydrates (C) Nucleic Acids (D) Proteins
5. The individual who discovered and named cells was: (A) Anton Van
Leeuenhoek (B) Charles Darwin (C) Robert Hooke (D) Gregor Mendel
6. An egg that was left in a solution overnight was shriveled the next day.
The solution was: (A) Hypertonic (B) Hypotonic (C) Isotonic (D) Salty
7. The organelle in which DNA is stored is the: (A) Mitochondria (B)
Nucleus (C) Ribosome (D) Cell Membrane
8. What best describes the Cell Theory? (A) All living things are made of
cells (B) Cells come from pre-existing cells (C) Cells are the basic unit of all
life (D) All of the above (E) None of the above
9. Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in that
(A) Eukaryotic cells are living and prokaryotic cells are not
(B) Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
(C) Eukaryotic cells are much smaller than prokaryotic cells
CELL ENERGY
ATP = ENERGY STORAGE
COMPOUND IN CELLS
LIKE AN UNCHARGED
BATTERY
LIKE A CHARGED
BATTERY
WHY DO PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION
DEPEND ON EACH OTHER?
GLUCOSE
+ ATP
WHICH IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS &
WHICH IS CELL RESPIRATION?
C6H1206 + O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
In mitochondria
PLANTS & ANIMALS DO THIS TO RELEASE ENERGY
6CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT  C6H1206 + O2
In chloroplasts
ONLY PLANTS DO THIS TO STORE ENERGY
CELL REPRODUCTION
STAGES OF MITOSIS – cell division to make
organisms grow & repair themselves
INTERPHASE = PERIOD
BETWEEN CELL DIVISIONS
PMAT =
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
CYTOKINESIS = DIVISION OF
CYTOPLASM
MITOSIS – makes 2 identical cells with
same DNA – happens in all forms of
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
PARENT CELL WITH 46
CHROMOSOMES
46
46
46
DAUGHTER CELLS HAVE 46
CHROMOSOMES
MEIOSIS = cell division in ovaries
& testes to produce gametes (eggs
& sperm)
23
23
23
46
23
23
23
Human ovary or
testis cell starts with
46 chromosomes.
After meiosis, the
eggs & sperm only
have 23
chromosomes.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – involves 2 sex cells
(gametes)  offspring will be a combination of the
2 parents
HAPLOID
HAPLOID
+
EGG
(23)
ZYGOTE
(46)
DIPLOID
SPERM
(23)
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
• Mitosis
–2 cells formed
–Cells are diploid
(full set of chromosomes)
–Cells are identical
to “parent” cell
–Forms all cells
besides sex
cells
• Meiosis
–4 cells formed
–Cells are haploid
– (half set of chromosomes)
–Cells vary from
“parent” cells
–Forms sex cells
(gametes)
10. Which of the statements is NOT true concerning the
following reactions?
1. 6CO2+ 6 H2O + light energy  Glucose + 6 O2
2. Glucose + 6 O2  6 H2O + energy
(A) Chemical energy is converted to cellular energy in
photosynthesis, and light energy is changed into chemical
energy in respiration
(B) Photosynthesis requires energy while respiration releases
energy
(C) Respiration is an ecothermic reaction while photosynthesis is
endothermic
(D) Oxygen is a reactant in respiration and product of
photosynthesis
(E) The 1st formula represents photosynthesis while the 2nd
represents respiration.
11. Cellular respiration is to __________ as photosynthesis is
to __________. (A) Mitochondria, Photosynthesis (B)
Photosynthesis, Mitochondria (C) Nucleus, Cell Membrane (D)
Golgi bodies, Endoplasmic reticulum
12. Put the following stages of Mitosis in order:
(A) Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase, Anaphase
(B) Metaphase, Prophase, Anaphase, Telophase
(C) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
(D) Telophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Prophase
13. What best describes the difference between mitosis and
meiosis?
(A) Mitosis produces 2 identical and diploid cells, and meiosis
produces 4 different and haploid cells
(B) Mitosis produces 4 different and haploid cells, and meiosis
produces 2 identical and diploid cells
(C) Mitosis only produces gametes
(D) Meiosis is used in the repair of body cells
14. Cell Division differs in a plant cell from an animal cell at which
step? (A) Prophase (B) Metaphase (C) Anaphase (D)
Telophase (E) Cytokinesis
DNA, RNA & PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
WHAT IS DNA?
• Blueprint of Life (has the
instructions for making an
organism)
GENE = a segment of DNA
that codes for a protein,
which codes for a trait
(skin color, eye color, etc.)
DNA is wrapped around
protein to form chromosome
• Structure was
discovered by
James Watson
and Francis Crick
(1953)
• Described shape
as a double helix
(“twisted ladder”)
DNA STRUCTURE
• Made of repeating subunits
called NUCLEOTIDES = sugar,
phosphate, nitrogen base
• DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR and
PHOSPHATES (sides of ladder)
• NITROGEN BASES (rungs of
ladder)
ADENINE (A)
GUANINE (G)
THYMINE (T)
CYTOSINE (C)
• Attach to deoxyribose sugar
• Always follow “base-pair rule”
• Pair up A - T , C - G
• Connected by weak HYDROGEN
BONDS
DNA REPLICATION – DNA
makes a copy of itself
• Occurs during
interphase
before
MITOSIS, so
the new cells
will be
identical to
the parent cell
DNA, RNA, & PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
DNA
FUNCTION
CARRIES HEREDITARY INFO
GENES = PORTIONS OF DNA  PROTEIN  TRAIT
CHROMOSOME = DNA WRAPPED AROUND PROTEIN (46 IN
US)
WHERE
FOUND
NUCLEUS OF CELL
SHAPE
DOUBLE HELIX – (TWISTED LADDER)
-DISCOVERED BY WATSON AND CRICK (1953)
STRUCTURE
-DOUBLE STRANDED
NUCLEOTIDES = SUGAR (DEOXYRIBOSE, PHOSPHATE,
AND BASE (A, T, C, G); PAIR UP
A –T; G – C
PROCESS
REPLICATION: DNA MAKES AN IDENTICAL COPY OF ITSELF
(SEMICONSERVATIVE)
-OCCURS IN S PHASE (INTERPHASE) OF CELL CYCLE
DNA is too big to leave the nucleus so RNA
(Ribonucleic Acid) must get involved.
SIMILARITIES IN DNA & RNA
Both have N bases adenine, guanine, cytosine
DIFFERENCES
DNA
• Deoxyribose
sugar
• Thymine
• Double-stranded
RNA
• Ribose sugar
• Uracil
• Single-stranded
TYPES OF RNA
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
Messenger
RNA
Ribosomal
RNA
Transfer RNA
Copies DNA
code & takes
it to
ribosome
Makes up
ribosome
Picks up amino
acids in
cytoplasm &
brings them to
ribosome
HOW DOES mRNA COPY THE DNA
CODE?
DNA -
TAC
GGC TAA ACT
mRNA – AUG CCG AUU UGA
REMEMBER…RNA has uracil
instead of thymine to bond with
adenine!
RNA
FUNCTION
CARRIES HEREDITARY INFO FROM DNA IN NUCLEUS TO
RIBOSOME  PROTEIN
WHERE
FOUND
NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOME
STRUCTURE
-SINGLE STRANDED
-NUCLEOTIDES = SUGAR (RIBOSE, PHOSPHATE, AND
BASE (A, T, C, G); PAIR UP
-A, U, G, C
PROCESS
TRANSCRIPTION – FORMATION OF RNA FROM DNA (IN
NUCLEUS)
TRANSLATION – FORMATION OF A PROTEIN FROM RNA
(ON A RIBOSOME)
-CODON = SET OF 3 mRNA bases that code for an amino acid
AMINO ACIDS
• 20 exist
• Link together to
make proteins during
protein synthesis
• TRIPLET CODON
= 3 NITROGEN
BASES  1
AMINO ACID
mRNA codon
chart
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS is the making of a
protein. To make a protein, a cell needs:
•
•
•
•
DNA - holds the code in the nucleus
mRNA codons - carries code to ribosome
RIBOSOME - where protein is made
tRNA anticodon - picks up amino acids &
brings them to ribosome
• AMINO ACIDS - building blocks of
proteins
Step #1 - TRANSCRIPTION
• Making of
mRNA in the
nucleus to copy
the DNA code
to take to the
ribosome
Step #2 - TRANSLATION
• tRNA anticodon
picks up the
correct amino
acid in the
cytoplasm and
takes it to the
ribosome to
make the protein
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
1. TRANSCRIPTION

RIBOSOME
NUCLEUS
DNA
mRNA
CODONS
2. TRANSLATION
mRNA
tRNA
codons
anticodons
matched up
at ribosome
AMINO
ACIDS
PROTEIN
CHANGE IN THE DNA CODE
MUTATIONS
Can be passed to offspring if it
occurs in sex cells
Some may be beneficial 
evolution of species
Caused by
MUTAGENS
RADIATION
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTANTS
DRUGS/CHEMICALS
TYPES
CHROMOSOME
POINT
(GENE)
AFFECTS # OR
ENTIRE CHROMOSOME
FRAMESHIFT
INSERTION
SUBSTITUTION
DELETION
QUIZ DAY 3 – DNA, GENETICS
AND EVOLUTION
1.
What molecule carries the DNA information from the nucleus to the
ribosome for translation? (A) tRNA (B) mRNA (C)rRNA (D) ATP
2. A strand of DNA with the base pair sequence AATGGCCATT would
have the complimentary strand: (A) AATGGCCATT (B)
UUACCGGUAA (C) TTACGCGTTA (D) TTACCGGTAA
3. DNA contains the information needed to make: (A) proteins (B) Glucose
(C) Fatty Acids (D) ATP
4. A strand of DNA with the base pair sequence AATGGCCATT would
produce an RNA strand: (A) AATGGCCATT (B) UUACCGGUAA (C)
TTACGCGTTA (D) TTACCGGTAA
5. What best describes a codon? (A) a set of 3 DNA bases that codes for
RNA (B) a set of 3 mRNA bases that codes for an amino acid (C) a set of 3
tRNA bases that codes for an amino acid (D) a set of 3 rRNA bases that
codes for a ribosome
6. Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA? (A)
DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded (B) DNA is formed in
the nucleus while RNA is not (C) RNA contains the base Uracil instead of
Thymine (D) DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose
7. DNA produces more DNA in a process called ______________. DNA is
copied to RNA in a process called ______________. RNA codes for a
protein in a process called _______________. (A) Transcription,
Translation, Replication (B) Replication, Transcription, Translation (C)
Replication, Translation, Transcription (D) Transcription, Replication,
Translation
GENETICS
IV. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS
A. Self-pollinated plants (true-breeding)
Purple X purple  All Purple
White X white 
All White
B. Cross – pollinated plants w/ contrasting
traits
(P) Purple X white*  All Purple (F1)
Tall X short*

All Tall
* Trait seemed to disappear in the 2nd, or F1 generation
1 trait always disappeared in the 2nd,
or F1 generation
Round/
wrinkled
Yellow/
green
Gray/
white
Inflated/
constricted
Yellow pod/
Green pod
Axial/
terminal
Tall/short
IV. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS
cont.
C. Self-pollinated F1 plants  F2 generation
• Purple (F1) X purple (F1)  ¾ Purple, ¼ white (F2)
• Tall
X tall
 ¾ Tall, ¼ Short
• Missing traits reappeared
The trait reappeared in the
3rd, or F2 generation
The white trait
“skipped”
a generation!
VI. MENDEL’S
CONCLUSIONS
1. Traits are
controlled by
genes, that
occur in pairs.
2. LAW OF DOMINANCE
• Some traits hide
the effect of others.
• Allele – a single gene
– 2 alleles  Trait
– Alleles may be:
• Dominant – Hides the
other trait
• Recessive – Trait
seems to disappear
–Ex. Tall x short =
All tall
OTHER GENETIC TERMS
• HOMOZYGOUS = pure = organism w/
same alleles for a trait (TT,tt)
• HETEROZYGOUS = hybrid = different
alleles for a trait (Tt)
•GENOTYPE – Alleles
(genes) of a trait 
(letters)
•PHENOTYPE –
Physical appearance
(words)
Homozygous dominant - TT
Heterozygous – Tt
Homozygous recessive - tt
Tall plant
Tall plant
Short plant
HOW CAN WE USE MATH TO FIGURE
ALL THIS OUT?
• PROBABILITY - chance that
something will or will not happen

1 out of 2 or 50 % that a flipped coin will land on
heads
Not dependent on previous result; You could flip
heads 10 straight times
• PUNNETT SQUARE – chart used to
predict probable outcomes in a genetic
cross
HOW TO SET UP A PUNNETT SQUARE
TALL X SHORT
TT X tt
HETEROZYGOUS TALL X
HETEROZYGOUS TALL
Tt x Tt
MONOHYBRID CROSS
• involves 1 pair of
alleles  1 trait
• FLOWER COLOR
TRY THIS ONE
GIVE THE GENOTYPIC RATIO
&
PHENOTYPIC RATIO
Tongue rolling (T) is dominant to nontongue rolling (t)
What is the probability of tongue
rollers for the following crosses?
1) Homozygous dominant x Homozygous
recessive
2) Heterozygous x homozygous recessive
3) Neither parent can roll their tongue
WHAT IF THE TRAIT IS NEITHER
DOMINANT NOR RECESSIVE?
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
• Neither gene is dominant
• Heterozygous condition produces
“mixture” of traits” (blend)
• Ex. Snapdragons, 4 o’clocks
• PHENOTYPE
• GENOTYPE
Red X white  Pink
RR X WW  RW
WORK THIS PUNNETT
SQUARE.
SEX-LINKED TRAITS
• Due to genes on X chromosome
– XX = FEMALE; XY = Male
– SEX-LINKED Diseases are more common in
males  they lack a backup chromosome
• Muscular Dystrophy, Colorblindness,
and Hemophilia
• The other 22 pair are called AUTOSOMES
22 PAIRS OF
AUTOSOMES 
1 PAIR SEX CHROMOSOMES
Practice: Colorblindness is a sexlinked recessive trait
A) What is the probability that a
female will be colorblind if:
• Her father is colorblind and
• Her mother is a carrier?
B) Probability of a male?
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Taking DNA from 1
organism and
putting it into
another organism
EX. Human gene for
insulin was put
into bacteria so
bacteria can make
human insulin for
diabetics
9. A gene mutation in gene p53 can cause skin cancer. This mutation is usually
caused by too much sun exposure. How could one mother who had a mutation
in gene pg53 and skin cancer and a mother without the mutation or skin cancer
both had children without the mutation or skin cancer?
(A) Neither father had the skin cell mutation, and the disease is a homozygous recessive
one
(B) The mother without the mutation did not sunbathe during pregnancy
(C) Neither child came down with the illness because only mutations in gamete genes
can be passed on
(D) It is random chance that neither child came down with the condition.
10. If one parent was homozygous dominant for a trait and the other was
heterozygous, what are the expected genotypes of the offspring. (A) 25 %
homozygous dominant, 50 % heterozygous, 25 % homozygous recessive (B) 100%
homozygous dominant (C) 50 % homozygous dominant, 50 % heterozygous (D) 50
% homozygous dominant, 50 % homozygous recessive.
11. If one allele masks another one, it is said to be: (A) Recessive (B) Dominant (C)
Homozygous (D) Heterozygous
12. A mother is homozygous recessive for not being able to roll her tongue. The
father is heterozygous and can roll his tongue. What is the chance that the child will
be homozygous recessive and not be able to roll his/her tongue? (A) 0% (B) 25 %
(C) 50 % (D) 75 % (E) 100%
13. The disease that results from non-disjunction in the 21st pair of
chromosomes, leading to a 3rd 21st chromosome is called: (A) Down Syndrome
(B) Hemophilia (C) Muscular Dystrophy (D) Cystic fibrosis
14. The “father of heredity” is: (A) Charles Darwin (B) Gregor Mendel (C) Robert
Hooke (D) Carl Linnaeus
EVOLUTION
• Evolution is considered the Unifying
Theory in Biology
It uses all fields of Biology to provide a possible answer
to these difficult questions
Radioactive dating – Use isotopes to date
ancient materials
Half-life: how long it takes for half to
decay
–Carbon Dating: Dates 1000s of yrs
–Other Elements used to date millions of yrs
I. Theorized History of Earth
•
•
•
•
•
14 Billion Years: Big Bang
5 Billion Years: Beginning of Solar System
4.5 Billion Years: Origin of Earth
3.5 Billion Years: Prokaryotes dominate
2.5 Billion Years: Oxygen Accumulates
in Atmosphere
• 1.5 Billion Years: Eukaryotes Appear
• 0.5 Billion Years: Cambrian Explosion of
multicellular organisms
II. Theories for life origin
A. Miller and Urey – Tested to see if
organic compounds could
spontaneously form without life
B. Prokaryotes theoretically came first  Released
oxygen  formed ozone layer 
absorbs UV light
– Allowed organisms to move to land
C. Endosymbiosis: Eukaryotes came from
prokaryotes:
- Bacteria  Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts - Mutualism
B. History of Evolutionary Theory
• Lamarck (1801) – Said acquired
traits were passed to offspring;
easily disproved
–The offspring of flies with clipped
wings have normal length wings
–If you lost a limb in an accident,
your kids wouldn’t have 1 less
limb
History of evolution cont.
2. Charles Darwin - “Father of
evolution”
(1809-1882)
a. Gathered data at The
Galapagos Islands
b. “Darwin’s finches” – 13
different finch species
• Specialized beaks for
feeding
• Came from 1 finch ancestor
c. 1858 - Published On the Origin
of Species
C. How Evolution Happens
• 1) Overproduction
• 2) Variation - through mutation,
migration, sexual reproduction
• 3) Natural Selection
a. The environment “favors” certain variations
(“Survival of the fittest”)
b. Organisms with favorable traits are more likely to
survive and reproduce
– These organisms have a high “fitness”
• 4) Isolation
TYPES OF EVOLUTION
CONVERGENT
DIVERGENT
SIMILAR TRAITS
DEVELOPED
INDEPENDENTLY
SIMILAR TRAITS DUE TO
COMMON ANCESTRY
EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION
1. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
2. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES – “LEFTOVERS”
(APPENDIX)
3. EMBRYOLOGY – SIMILAR DVPT
4. FOSSILS – “MISSING LINKS”
5. DNA COMPARISONS – SIMILAR DNA
INDICATES MORE RECENT ANCESTRY
V. A Cladogram represents a “tree of life” that shows the
theorized relationship between organisms
TAXONOMY
The study of
classifying &
naming
organisms 
based on
evolutionary
relationships
CAROLUS LINNAEUS (1707-1778)
•
Developed modern, universal
classification of organisms (17071778)
Binomial nomenclature:
(2-name naming system)
by Genus and species
• Capitalize Genus and lower
case species
• Underline or Italicize
Ex. Homo sapiens
Canis familiaris
Felis domesticus
CLASSIFICATION GROUPINGS –
from broad to narrow  based on evolutionary
relationships
• KINGDOM divided into
PHYLUM (phyla) divided into
CLASS divided into
ORDER divided into
FAMILY divided into
GENUS (genera) divided into
SPECIES
6 Kingdoms
1) Archaebacteria:
Ancient bacteria
Ex. methanogens
2) Eubacteria: “True”
bacteria
Ex. E. coli, Salmonella
3) Protista: “Dumping
ground”
Ex. Protozoa, algae
Prokaryotes; Unicellular;
Different Cell Wall than Eubacteria
Can withstand extreme conditions
Prokaryotes; Unicellular; Most
numerous on earth
-Eukaryotes; Mostly unicellular
– Both autotrophic and
heterotrophic members
6 Kingdoms Continued
4) Fungi
Ex. Mushroom, mold
5) Plantae:
Ex. Oak tree, tomato
6) Animalia:
Ex. Human, crayfish,
earthworm
Eukaryotes; Multicellular
Cell Wall; Heterotrophic
Eukaryotes; Multicellular
Cell Wall; Autotrophic
Eukaryotes; Multicellular;
No Cell Wall; Heterotrophic
Example: Use a DICHOTOMOUS Key to Identify
a Snake, Frog, Fish, and Cat
1a. Has hair………………..
1b. Has no hair……………
…Cat
2a. Has
Legs………………..
2b. Has no
legs……………..
…….Frog
3a. Has gills…………….
3b. Has no gills………..
……….Fish
………. Snake
…go to 2
…… go to 3
• MICROBIOLOGY
Characteristics OF VIRUSES
•
Very Small (Smaller than
bacteria)
–
Only seen with electron
microscope
–
COMPARE IT:
http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm
•
Subcellular – No cell
parts; Made of:
1.
2.
Nucleic Acid: DNA or RNA
Capsid – Protein coat around
nucleic acid
a. Envelope – Surrounds capsid
b. Protein “spikes” - help them attach
to cells
•
Living or Non-living?
•
No life activities except
reproduction - Requires a
host (a living cell) to do this
Reproduction – Requires a host
Lytic Cycle –
Causes immediate
disease (i.e. flu)
– 5 steps 
Lysogenic cycle Virus is dormant
before causing
disease (i.e. HIV)
• Viral DNA becomes
1) Attachment
part of cell’s DNA 2) Entry (by injection,
hides
endocytosis, or injured
• Enters into Lytic
cell wall/membrane)
cycle after infecting
3) Replication
1000s of cells
4) Assembly
5) Rupture (Lysis)
LYTIC CYCLE
LYSOGENIC CYCLE
Humans and Viruses cont.
Viral Diseases: cold, HIV, chickenpox,
measles, mumps, polio, rabies, hepatitis,
smallpox, influenza, …
1) Treatments/Prevention
– Antiviral drugs – Interfere with viral replication
– Vaccines – dead or attenuated viruses that
stimulate immune system
• Created by EDWARD JENNER 
– Antibiotics are NOT effective
2) Control carriers (rabies shots, mosquito
control)
3) These have led to eradication of some viruses
(smallpox, polio)
BACTERIA
(Kingdom Monera)
all prokaryotic and unicellular
DIVIDED INTO
• Archaebacteria
(“Ancient”)
• EXTREMOPHILES
2 Kingdoms
• Eubacteria (“True”)
• COMMON BACT.
Kingdom Eubacteria:
Structure –
1. Parts
a. Plasmid (circular DNA),
ribosomes, and cytoplasm
b. Cell Membrane and Cell Wall
– Gram stain indicates type
(+ or -)
c. Capsule – for protection
i. Pili – to attach to cell
ii. Cilia or Flagella – For
movement
iii. Endospore – dormant,
protective structure to
survive harsh conditions
Bacterial diseases can be cured by
Antibiotics
• Discovered (Penicillin) in
1918 by Alexander
Fleming
• Different types based on
gram stain (+ or -)
• Antibiotic resistance
results from overuse or
misuse
KINGDOM PROTISTA
ARE CLASSIFIED AS
ANIMAL-LIKE
PROTOZOA
PLANT-LIKE
Phytoplankton
( Algae)
FUNGUS-LIKE
SLIME MOLDS/
Water Molds
PROTOZOA  (“Animal-like Protists”)
Compose ZOOPLANKTON (big part of food chains in water
environments
Classified by MOVEMENT into 4 phyla
Type
MOVEMENT
EXAMPLE
FLAGELLATES
flagella
Dinoflagellates ( red
tide)
Pseudopoda
pseudopod
Ameoba
ciliates
cilia
Paramecium
Sporozoa
none
Plasmodium  malaria
Trypanosoma-> African
Sleeping Sickness
Ameoba proteus
Paramecia pictures
ALGAE – Plant-like Protists
• All have chlorophyll
• All make food by carrying out
photosynthesis (autotrophic)
• Classified by Color &
structure
DINOFLAGELLATES
 Red tide
GREEN
Euglena, Spirogyra, Desmids
GOLD
Diatoms
RED
 Agar
BROWN
Kelp, Rockweed
IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE
• Food & oxygen source
for lots of organisms
• ALGIN – thicken soups &
salad dressing
• CARRAGEENAN –
smooth ice cream
• AGAR – grow bacteria
• DIATOMACEOUS
EARTH – toothpaste,
cleansers, road paint
FUNGI

CLASSIFIED INTO 4 PHYLA based on structure & method of
reproduction
IMPERFECT
FUNGI
(DEUTEROMYCOTA)
COMMON MOLDS
(ZYGOMYCOTA)
RHIZOPUS
CLUB FUNGI
(BASIDIOMYCOTA
MUSHROOMS,
PUFFBALLS)
SAC FUNGI
(ASCOMYCOTA)
Morels
Truffles
PENICILLIUM
ATHLETE’S FOOT
NO SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
INVERTEBRATE COMPARISON
EXAMPLE
SYMMETRY
DIGESTION
CIRCULATIO
N
EXCRETION
RESPIRATIO
N
PORIFERA
SPONGES
NONE
FILTER
FEEDER
NONE
DIFFUSION
DIFFUSION
CNIDARIANS
HYDRA,
JELLYFISH,
CORAL
RADIAL
GASTROVAS
CULAR
CAVITY
NONE
DIFFUSION
“
PLATYHELMI
NTHES
(FLAT
WORMS)
PLANARIA,
TAPEWORM,
FLUKE
BILATERAL
MOUTH,
PHARYNX,
INTESTINE
(1 OPENING)
NONE
FLAME
CELLS
“
NEMATODA
(ROUND
WORMS)
ASCARIS,
HOOKWORM
, TRICHINA
BILATERAL
2 OPENING
NONE
FLAME
CELLS
“
ANNELIDA
(SEGMENTE
D WORMS)
LEECH,
EARTHWOR
M
BILATERAL
2 OPENING
CROP,
GIZZARD
CLOSED W/
AORTIC
ARCHES
NEPHRIDIA
“
OPEN
(CLOSED IN
OCTUPUS)
NEPHRIDIA
GILLS
OPEN
MALPIGHIAN
TUBULE
GREEN
GLAND
SPIRACLES
AND
TRACHEAL
TUBES
GILLS
MOLLUSKA
(SOFT
BODY)
ARTHROPO
DA
BILATERAL
SPIDER,
INSECT,
CRAYFISH
BILATERAL
2 OPENING,
CROP/GIZZA
RD
VERTEBRATE COMPARISON
FISH
AMPHIBIANS
REPTILES
BIRDS
MAMMALS
EXAMPLES
LAMPREY,
SHARK, TROUT
FROG, TOAD,
SALAMANDER
SNAKE, LIZARD,
TURTLE
ALLIGATOR
ROBIN, CROW,
CHICKEN
HUMAN, CAT,
WHALE
CHARACTERIS
TICS
SCALES,
GILLS, FINS
LEGS, LUNGS,
THIN SKIN
AMNIOTE EGG,
SCALY SKIN
FEATJERS
HAIR, MAMMARY
BODY TEMP
ECTOTHERMIC
ECTOTHERMIC
ECTOTHERMIC
ENDOTHERMIC
ENDOTHERMIC
HABITAT
WATER
WATER 
LAND
LAND
LAND
LAND
# OF HEART
CHAMBERS
2
3
3 ( 4 in
Crocodilians)
4
4
CIRCULATION
SINGLE-LOOP
DOUBLE –
LOOP
DOUBLE –
LOOP
DOUBLE –
LOOP
DOUBLE –
LOOP
RESPIRATION
GILLS
GILLS 
LUNGS
LUNGS
LUNGS W/ AIR
SACS
LUNGS
EXCRETION
KIDNEYS
KIDNEYS
KIDNEYS
KIDNEYS
KIDNEYS
REPRODUCTIO
N
EXTERNAL
OVIPAROUS
EXTERNAL
OVIPAROUS
INTERNAL
OVIPAROUS
INTERNAL
OVIPAROUS
INTERNAL
VIVIPAROUS
OTHER
SWIM
BLADDER,
LATERAL LINE,
OPERCULUM
NICTITATING
MEMBRANE
TYMPANUM
CLOACA
JACOBSON’S
ORGAN,
HEMOTOXIN,
NEUROTOXIN
ARCHEOPTER
YX
MONOTREME
MARSUPIAL
PLACENTAL
GLANDS
ORGANIZATION OF
THE BIOSPHERE
Organism
Populations Bass in pond
Same Species in area
Communities
all living things in an area
Bass + duckweed +
Turtles + algae in pond
Ecosystems
Biotic + Abiotic Factors
Sunlight,H2O,
Fish, plants
Biomes
Ecosystems with same climate
Biosphere
All of Earth’s Biomes
Desert, ocean,
rainforest
SUCCESSION IN A POND ECOSYSTEM
-BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE PROCESS IS
OCCURING
-ORGANIZE THE PICTURES FROM THE 1ST
TO LAST STEP IN THE PROCESS
-BRIEFLY EXPLAIN WHAT IS
HAPPENING IN THE DIAGRAM BELOW.
-WHAT IS THE HARDWOOD FOREST
CALLED?
Succession - The changing of an ecosystem
over time due to natural processes
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE
Primary
Succession
Occurs where there is no
soil or life
Rock, volcanic
islands; parking lots
and sidewalks
Secondary
Succession
Occurs in an area that has
been disturbed and is
returning to its natural
community
CLIMAX
COMMUNITY
A mature, stable
TROPICAL RAIN
ecosystem that will change FOREST
very little  contains a
large amount of
biodiversity (different
species of organisms)
fields becoming
forests
BIOME
TEMPER
ATURE
RAINFALL
ORGANISMS
LOCATION
TROPICAL
RAINFOREST
WARM
HIGH
HIGHEST BIODIVERSITY
-TREE DWELLING ANIMALS
NEAR EQUATOR
TEMPERATE
DECIDUOUS
FOREST
moderate
moderate
Trees that lose leaves, deer,
bears, snakes
SOUTHEAST U.S.
(WHERE WE LIVE)
TAIGA
COLD
MODERATEHIGH
SNOWFALL
conifers and furry animals
SAVANNA
LOW
Zebras, giraffes, lions,
small plants, a few
trees
African equator
HIGH
TUNDRA
VERY
COLD
LOW
Polar bears, arctic foxes,
seals, etc
POLAR REGIONS
(Alaska and
Canada)
PERMAFROST  (frozen soil)
PREVENTS GROWTH OF BIG
TREES
DESERT
HOT
TEMPERATE
GRASSLAND
LOW
LOW 
RAINSHADOW
Tall grasses,
buffalo, prairie
dogs
CACTI, BOBCAT, OWLS,
LIZARDS & SNAKES
NORTHERN
AFRICA (SAHARA)
MID-WEST U.S.
LOW
WHAT IS A BIOME?
BIOME CATEGORIES
–Marine – saltwater; oceans
–ESTUARY – BRACKISH WATER
–Freshwater – rivers, lakes,
streams
–Forests – enough rain for trees
–Grasslands – not enough rain
for trees, mainly small plants
Species Relationships
• Predation (+/-)
(1 chases & eats the
other)
• Parasitism (+/-)
(1 lives on the other)
• Commensalism
(+/0) – 1 benefits, other
not affected
• Mutualism (+/+)
(both benefit)
• Competition (-/-)
(Both fight for same
resources)
Example of a Food Chain
Quaternary
consumer
Eagle
Tertiary consumer
Snake
Secondary
consumer
Primary consumer
Producer
Frog
Grasshoppers
Grass
D
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
e
r
s
Identify the Producers, Consumers, &
Decomposers:
Count
the Food
Chains!
4TH TROPHIC
LEVEL
3RD TROPHIC
LEVEL
2ND TROPHIC
LEVEL
1ST TROPHIC
LEVEL
B. Energy Flow Pyramid
• With each
transfer, some
energy is lost
to heat.
-Only 10% of the
energy is
transferred to
the next
trophic
level
1 person
10
trout
100
dragonflies
1000
insect larvae
10,000
phytoplankton
CARBON CYCLE