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Bellwork
• Please take a copy of “The Columbian Exchange” from
the front of the room and the answer the following
questions in your notebook based on the reading:
1. How would you define the “Columbian Exchange”?
2. What are some crops and animals that have been
traded in the exchange?
3. Why didn’t the population of the Old World decrease if
people were immigrating to the New World?
4. How did Old World diseases effect the New World?
5. How did New World crops affect Europeans, Africans,
and Asians?
You will have 20 minutes to complete as much
of this as you can.
World History
Section 5, Unit 3
European Contact in the Americas
Objectives
• Discuss the role of Christopher Columbus in
“discovering” America
• Analyze the affect of European conquest on native
peoples
• Discuss the role of increasing trade in the Americas
• Analyze why Europeans sought a western route, rather
than Eastern
• Analyze what was traded between Europe and the
Americas
• Describe the effects of European conquest on the
Americas
• Consider whether or not the arrival of Europeans was
ultimately good or bad
Exploration
• In the previous lesson, we
discuss that competition
in the East was fierce.
• Competition, however,
prompted Christopher
Columbus to make a
journey for Spain in 1492.
• Instead of a eastern route,
he believed that a western
route to Asia would
increase the wealth of
Spain.
Exploration
• With the blessing (and funding) of the
Spanish monarchy, Christopher Columbus
rallied his fleet– the Niña, Pinta, and Santa
Maria– out of a Spanish fort on August 3,
1492.
• After stopping for supplies on a small island
off the coast of Spain, he set sail westward
for Asia.
A New World
• On October 12, 1492, Columbus’ crew was
tired and wanted to turn back.
• However, a lookout on aboard the Pinta
cried out, “Tierra! Tierra!”– or “land”.
• By dawn, Columbus and his men landed on
a tiny island in the Bahamas, about 400
miles south of present-day Florida.
Question: Why are Native Americans called “Indians”?
A New World
• Believing he
successfully reached
the East Indies,
Columbus called the
surprised inhabitants–
the Tainos peoples–
los indios, meaning
“Indian”.
– Columbus was not
aware that he was not
in Asia.
A New World
• After successfully reaching the Bahamas,
Columbus named the land San Salvador or
“Holy Savior”.
Spain
Florida
Bahamas
A New World
• Columbus, like other
explorers, was only
interested in gold.
• Finding none in San
Salvador, he explored
other islands in the
region, staking his
claim to each one.
A New World
• In 1493, Columbus
returned to Spain and
reported on what he saw
to the delighted Spanish
monarchs.
• They were so pleased that
they funded his second
journey.
• However, instead of
being an explorer to a
new land, he went as an
empire builder.
A New World
• With 17 ships, hundreds of armed soldiers,
and 1000 settlers at his disposal, he
intended to transform the islands of the
Caribbean into colonies– lands controlled
by other nations.
• Columbus and his followers began the
process of colonization that would reach
every corner of the Americas.
American Exploration
The red line is his trip to India, whereas
the blue line is his return trip. Note that
he did stop in Brazil.
• In 1500, other
explorers began to
explore the what they
believed to be Asia.
• Pedro Alvares Cabral
reached the shores of
Brazil and declared it
part of the Portuguese
empire.
American Exploration
• In 1501, Amerigo Vespucci traveled along the
eastern coast of South America.
• When he returned to Europe, he claimed
that the newly discovered lands were not
Asia, but rather a new world.
• In honor of him, a German map-maker
named the new continent of America after
Vespucci.
American Exploration
• In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan sailed around
the southern end of South America and into
the Pacific Ocean.
• While Magellan himself did not survive the
journey, his crew– of which only 18 out of
230 survived– were the first to
circumnavigate the world.
Spanish Empire
• In 1519, a Spaniard named
Hernando Cortes landed
on the shores of Mexico.
• After colonizing several
Caribbean islands, the
Spanish turned their
attention to the mainland.
• Followed by
conquistadors– Spanish
explorers- Cortes made his
way into the heart of
Mexico, following rumors
of lands filled with gold
and silver.
Spanish Empire
• In Mexico, Cortes learned of the vast and
wealthy Aztec Empire.
• After marching for weeks, his force of 600
men reached the Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlan.
• The Aztec emperor, Montezuma II, was
convinced that Cortes was an armor-clad
god.
Spanish Empire
• Montezuma agreed to
give the Spanish a share
of its’ gold supply.
• The conquistador was
not satisfied.
• Cortes admitted that he
and his comrades had a
“disease of the heart that
only gold can cure” and
forced the Aztecs to
mine more gold and
silver.
Spanish Empire
• However, the Aztecs rebelled against the
Spanish and drove them out.
• The Spanish, however, would strike back.
• Despite being greatly outnumbered, Cortes
and his men conquered the Aztec in 1521.
Question: How could a small Spanish force defeat such
a large empire?
Spanish Empire
• Cortes was successful for
three reasons:
1.
2.
3.
The Spanish had better
weapons.
Cortes enlisted the help of
natives were tired of Aztecs
harsh practices against
them.
Native fell prey to European
disease to which they had
no immunity– measles,
mumps, smallpox, and
typhus were just a few.
Hundreds of thousands of
Natives died just because of
these diseases alone.
How many natives were alive
in 1520? How many were left
by 1600?
Spanish Empire
• The Spanish had almost completed their
conquest by the middle of the 16th century,
after conquering both the Aztecs and the
Inca of South America.
• When the Spanish came to the Americas,
they decided to conquer the left over native
population through integrating them with
Spanish culture.
Spanish Empire
• Since almost all the Spaniards in the empire
were male, marriage between Spaniards and
native women was common.
• Spanish settlers were known as peninsulares
and their children– many of whom were of
Spanish and native ancestry- were mestizo.
Mestizo’s make up much of the modern day Hispanic peoples
of the Americas.
Spanish Empire
• Although the Spaniards
intermarried with
natives, they also
oppressed the natives.
• The Spaniards made
natives work in a labor
system known as the
encomienda.
• Under this, natives
farmed, ranched, or
mined for Spanish
landlords.
Spanish Empire
• These Spanish lords gained the rights to
labor from Spanish authorities.
• These lords promised the Spanish rulers to
be kind to the natives, but rarely were.
• Many abused the natives and worked them
to death.
Spanish Empire
• While many other
European nations were
still fighting over
eastern trade, the
Spanish American
colonies helped make
Spain the richest and
most powerful nation in
the world.
• Throughout the 16th
century, Spain increased
its military might.
Flag of the Spanish
Empire
Spanish Empire
• To protect its treasure, they built a powerful
navy.
• They also strengthened their military forces
and, for over a century, Spain never lost a
battle.
• However, Spain soon saw a new prize to
take: North America.
Spanish Empire
• The Spanish had actually settled in
modern-United States before they dreamed
of building an empire.
• By 1540, after building a massive South and
Central American empire, Spanish looked
to North America.
Spanish Empire
• In 1540, Francisco
Vasquez de Coronado
led an expedition
through modern
Arizona, New Mexico,
Texas, Oklahoma, and
Kansas.
• He was searching for
another great empire,
but found almost
nothing except the vast
deserts of the
Southwest.
Spanish Empire
• With him came Catholic
priests.
• While the explorers
searched for gold, priests
were looking for converts.
• In 1609-1610, governor of
Spain’s northern holdings
Pedro de Peralta, led
settlers into New Mexico
and established a new
capital Santa Fe or “Holy
Faith”.
Everything in red is part of
the Spanish Empire in the
Americas.
Spanish Empire
In the process of spreading their faith,
European explorers spent much time
also suppressing Native culture and
language.
• For the next two
decades, a string of
Christian missions–
communities dedicated
to spreading
Christianity– arose
among the region.
• These missions began to
spread faith to Native
Americans, such as the
Pueblo peoples of New
Mexico.
Spanish Empire
• Spanish priests worked
tirelessly to spread their
faith and often pushed
for better treatment of
Native Americans.
• Many denounced the
encomienda system and,
in the words of
Bartolome de Las Casas,
it was “detestable or
cruel” to use natives as
such.
Spanish Empire
• Thanks in part to the Catholic priests, the
Spanish government abolished the
encomienda system in 1542.
Question: Where are they going to get the labor they need now?
• To meet the need for labor, Spaniards began
to use Africans, who were immune to
European diseases.
– Some priests spoke out against the use of
Africans, but the support of African slavery
outgrew the criticisms.
Resistance
• Resistance did not just come from Spanish
priests, but also from the natives.
• In the 17th century, natives of New Mexico
fought against Spanish rule.
• While converting natives to Christianity,
the Spanish burned many sacred native
objects.
Resistance
• The Spanish often
sometimes abused the
natives and punished
them for practicing their
faith.
• In 1680, Popé, a Pueblo
leader, led an uprising
against the Spanish.
• Known as the Pueblo
Revolt, the natives
removed Spanish
presence from the area for
12 years until the Spanish
regained control.
Change
• While the Spanish grew their American
Empire, so did the British and many other
nations.
• However, it would be the connections
between the two continents that would
dramatically change the world.
Change
• The colonization of the Americas drastically
changed the world.
• It prompted both voluntary and forced
migrations of millions of people, but also
led to the establishment of new and
powerful societies.
Columbian Exchange
• The global transfer of
foods, plants, animals,
and various other
products during the
colonization of the
Americas is known as the
Columbian Exchange.
• Ships from the America’s
brought back a wide array
of items that Europeans,
Asians, and Africans had
never before seen.
Columbian Exchange
• Some items included
tomatoes, squash,
pineapples, tobacco, and
cacao beans (chocolate).
• Two of the most
important items traded
were corn and potatoes.
• Both were inexpensive
to produce and were
very nutritious.
• Entire societies boosted
their populations thanks
in part to these two
crops.
Columbian Exchange
• Traffic along the
Columbian Exchange
was not one way.
• Europeans introduced
livestock to the
Americas, such as
horses, cattle, and pigs.
• Foods from Africa and
Asia, such as bananas,
rice, and yams were
brought to the Americas
and grown in vast
quantities.
Columbian Exchange
Because the diseases spread faster than
they traveled, Europeans came to largely
empty lands that they thought were always
uninhabited, hence the myth that the
Americas were "sparsely inhabited,
unused, and underdeveloped".
• However, not all trade
was good.
• The Columbian
Exchange also brought
with it disease that
ravaged native
populations.
Commercial Revolution
• The establishment of colonial empires in
the Americas influenced the nations of
Europe in other ways.
• New wealth, mixed with trade, prompted
new business and trade practices in Europe
during the 16th and 17th centuries.
• Many of these changes are the foundation
of modern economies and the changes are
known as the Commercial Revolution.
Commercial Revolution
• One aspect of the
revolution was the
growth of capitalisman economic system
based on private
ownership and
investment of wealth
for profit.
Commercial Revolution
• No longer were
governments the sole
owners of great
wealth. Because of
trade, numerous
merchants had
become wealthy and
continued to invest
their money into trade
and exploration.
Commercial Revolution
• The increase in economic activity in Europe
led to an increase in the money supply.
• This in turn brought about inflation– a gradual
increase in prices.
• In many nations, between the increase in the
amount of money and higher demand for
goods, items became more expensive.
– Spain, in the 1600s, suffered a bout inflation as they
continued to pour in more money into their
economy.
Commercial Revolution
• Another business
ventured developed
during this time were
joint-stock companies.
• Joint-stock companies
worked like a modern
corporation where
people pooled their
money together for a
common purpose.
Commercial Revolution
• In this, joint-stock companies were made
up of many investors who pooled their
money to pay for the cost of colonization,
with a hope of a return on their investment.
• Joint-stock companies were the cause for
the establishment of many colonies, such as
Jamestown.
Commercial Revolution
• During this time, the
nations of Europe
developed a new
economic policy,
mercantilism– a
nations power
depended on it’s
wealth.
• The goal of every
nation became the
attainment of wealth.
A political cartoon showing why
Mercantilists supported created colonies in
the new world– getting gold and silver,
brining in new foodstuffs, and getting raw
materials for the “mother country”.
Commercial Revolution
• According to the theory of mercantilism, a
nation could increase its wealth and power
by:
1. Obtaining as much gold and silver as possible.
2. Establishing a favorable balance of trade, in
which it sells more goods than it buys.
• The ultimate goal of mercantilism is to be
self-sufficient.
Commercial Revolution
• While difficult today, having a favorable
balance of trade was possible for Europeans
at the time because of the goods their
colonies were producing.
• Colonies were providing raw materials for
their home nation so that the balance could
be maintained.
Commercial Revolution
• The economic changes that swept through
Europe during colonization also led to changes
in European society.
• The Commercial Revolution spurred the
growth of towns and the creation of social
classes.
Commercial Revolution
• However, these changes only went so far as
much of Europe’s population continued to
live in rural populations and were still poor.
• But, the wealth that came into these nations
made the European rulers far more
powerful than they ever were before.
Closure
• Write down three ways the world changed–
for better or for worse– due to Columbus’
“discovery” of the New World.
Review Objectives
• Discuss the role of Christopher Columbus in
“discovering” America
• Analyze the affect of European conquest on native
peoples
• Discuss the role of increasing trade in the Americas
• Analyze why Europeans sought a western route, rather
than Eastern
• Analyze what was traded between Europe and the
Americas
• Describe the effects of European conquest on the
Americas
• Consider whether or not the arrival of Europeans was
ultimately good or bad
Questions
• If you have a question, please ask now.
Next lesson
• In the next lesson, we are going to discuss
absolutism in Europe.
Review
1. Describe “capitalism”?
2. What were the two tenants of mercantilism?
3. What was the effect of the trade of food during the
Columbian Exchange on European populations?
4. How did the American colonies help Europeans
maintain a favorable balance of trade?
5. What was a negative impact of the Columbian
Exchange?
6. Why did the Spanish go into Central America? What
were they looking for?
7. Why did Christopher Columbus go west, rather than
east? What was he searching for?
8. What were the three (3) reasons why Cortes was able to
conquer the massive Aztec Empire?
9. (a) What was the encomienda system and (b) what was
it replaced by?