Download American Nationalism-Sectionalism-and Era of

American Nationalism,
Sectionalism, and Era of
Good Feelings
President Monroe’s Administration
1816 -1824
Out-Federalized
President Madison in his first annual message to Congress after the war,
recommended several steps to strengthen the government and the national
economy:
improved fortifications,
a permanent army and a strong navy,
a new national bank,
protection of new industries from foreign competition,
a system of canals and roads for commercial and military use,
and a great national university.
“The Republicans have out-Federalized Federalism,” one New Englander
remarked.
Q: Explain what the New Englander meant by this comment.
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B.U.S.
After poor state bank management (made loans with paper
money beyond its hard money reserve) Republicans passed the
2nd Bank of the U.S. (B.U.S.) bill in 1816. Without a national
bank the federal government couldn’t make loans or transfer
funds across state borders. Opposition felt the bank would
favor easterners and ignore westerners. Madison promoted
the B.U.S. because he had realized its “validity” and that the
“general will of the nation” demanded it.
Q: How would the bank favor easterners and ignore
westerners?
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Tariffs
After the war England flooded America with cheap imports so
fledgling U.S. manufacturers wanted protective tariffs.
Southern farmers and New England shippers opposed them
but all agreed that helping American manufacturing grow was
important. Tariffs would become a controversial issue later
when the South would object to them.
Q: Why would Southerners oppose protective tariffs?
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Infrastructure
Republicans wanted an amendment to allow the federal government
to use federal funds to build infrastructure. Without the amendment
the federal government would give states state land sale money to use
for this purpose. The Cumberland Road from Maryland to Illinois
began in 1815. Transportation corridors would aid significantly in
commercializing the agricultural industry. Madison would veto the bill
to use federal funds for infrastructure and for the next 100 years it
would be the responsibility of the states to build their own roads,
canals, bridges, and railroads.
Q: Why did Madison veto the bill to use federal money for
infrastructure.
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The Market Revolution
The B.U.S., tariffs, and transportation improvements spurred
Americas “market revolution” in the early 19th century.
American farmers, merchants, and manufacturers increasingly
devoted themselves to producing commodities and goods for
commercial markets.
Q: What did historians mean, specifically, by America’s
“market revolution”?
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The American System
Henry Clay (Kentucky) was the chief proponent of economic nationalism called
the “American System” in which the federal government plays an active role in
shaping the economy. The system included: 1) high protective tariffs, 2) higher
prices for federal lands to give money to states for infrastructure, and 3) a strong
national bank. This system created sectional tensions as they claimed higher land
prices would discourage western migration, high tariffs would hurt farmers and
“common people”, and the B.U.S. would give more power to the national
government and rich easterners.
Q: Explain why people in different parts of the country might object to this plan
and why they wouldn’t support it even though it might be better for America as a
whole.____________________________________________________________
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Monroe – Era of Good Feelings
• Becomes our 5th President in 1816 in a landslide victory.
• Last of the Revolution generation and last to dress as such (powered wig,
cocked hat, and knee britches).
• Accepted the B.U.S. and the tariffs, but didn’t allow any federal funds to
maintain the Cumberland Road; wanted an amendment for it.
• He became President during peacetime and when the economy was strong, so
he embarked upon a goodwill tour. While in New England a local paper called
this time the “Era of Good Feelings” and the label would stick.
• Monroe won re-election in 1820 unopposed. The Federalists were dead and
the Republicans were dominant as America now had only one political party.
Q: Why do you think the Federalist party died?
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Treaties and Relations w/Britain
Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817 – limited forces in the Great Lakes to a few
American vessels collecting duties. This established the longest undefended
border in the world.
Navigation Act of 1817 – because Britain wouldn’t allow us to trade with the
British W. Indies we closed U.S. ports to British vessels arriving from a port
legally closed to U.S. vessels.
Convention of 1818 – Settled three issues: 1) settled northern border of
Louisiana Purchase at the 49th parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky
Mountains, 2) Oregon Country would be open for joint occupation, and 3)
Acknowledged again the rights of Americans to fish off Newfoundland and
Labrador.
Q: Why do you think Britain was more agreeable than previously in negotiating
treaties with the U.S.?
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Transcontinental Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty), 1819
• Due to a slave revolt and Seminole harassment Andrew Jackson was
dispatched to Florida to terminate the rebels, but not to attack any Spanish
forts.
• Jackson disobeyed orders and conquered Pensacola, the Spanish West Florida
capital in May, 1818.
• Spain demanded return of their territory and a reprimand for Jackson.
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams was in negotiations with Spain to
acquire Florida and set western boundaries for the Louisiana Territory.
• With the knowledge that the U.S. could take Florida at any time Adams got the
Spanish to agree on the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 which gave us: Florida (for
a cash price), set border of western Louisiana at the Sabine River, Red River,
Arkansas River, and the 42 parallel all the way to the Pacific. We gave up claims
to Texas at this time.
• The Treaty took effect in 1821 with Jackson as the territorial Governor of
Florida.
Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 –Q : Why did Spain give up so much?
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Panic of 1819
• England chose to buy cheaper East Indian cotton causing cotton sales along
with other goods to plummet.
• Farmers, businessmen, and entrepreneurs had borrowed money liberally to
finance entrepreneurial schemes and when cotton sales plummeted banks
demanded repayment and began foreclosures.
• In addition, state banks and the B.U.S. issued paper money in excess of the gold
& silver they had on hand to create easy loans. When the collapse occurred
they didn’t have enough “specie” (gold & silver) to exchange for the
overabundance of paper money.
• To handle the crisis a new B.U.S. president reduced costs, postponed dividend
payments, cut back on loans (made them harder to get), offered state
banknotes to keep the specie on hand saving the bank. This made it harder on
Southerners and Westerners to get money causing a hatred for the B.U.S.
Panic of 1819 Questions
Q: How did the Panic of 1819 cause common people in the west
and south to view the B.U.S. and banking in general?
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Q: What did this panic tell the agricultural industry about a one
commodity agricultural system?
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Missouri Compromise
• In 1819 Missouri asks Congress for statehood and the debate on free vs. slave
began since at the time there were 11 free states and 11 slave states.
• At the same time Maine had asked for admission as a state, so the Senate
decided to admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state keeping
the balance of free & slave states at 12 each.
• Senator Jesse Thomas introduced an amendment to further section off the
Louisiana Territory. He proposed to exclude slavery in the rest of the Louisiana
Territory north of the 36.30 degree parallel.
• People assumed the area northwest of Missouri was desert and not likely to be
settled, so the slavery proponents felt like it was a victory.
• Missouri had written in their state constitution that flee blacks couldn’t be free
in Missouri, but this violated the U.S. Constitution. Henry Clay got the Missouri
legislature to agree, but not in writing, they would allow free blacks to enter
and the state was admitted to the U.S. on 8/10/1821.
Missouri Compromise
Q: Why was it so important to keep the balance of free and slave states?
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McCulloch vs. Maryland, 1819
• State of Maryland was trying to tax the Baltimore branch of the B.U.S.
• A bank clerk (McCulloch) was indicted for not affixing stamps to bank notes
which taxed the bank. His case went all the way to the Supreme Court.
• The Supreme Court ruled against the state of Maryland being able to tax a
federal bank, saying:
• States cannot tax the B.U.S.
• The federal government is not a creation of the states, but of the people
acting through state conventions.
• The federal government does have implied constitutional powers.
• “the Constitution and the laws made in pursuance thereof are
supreme…they control the Constitution and laws of the respective states,
and cannot be controlled by them.”
• Q: What was settled in U.S. law with this decision?
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Gibbons vs. Ogden, 1824
• Established national supremacy in regulating interstate commerce
• Ogden was given exclusive rights to operate a steamship in NY state between
NY and New Jersey on the Hudson River.
• Gibbons had a federal license to operate his boats and sued Ogden to operate
in the area where he was given exclusive rights to operate by the state of NY.
• The Supreme Court said the monopoly given to Ogden by the state of NY
violated the federal Coasting Act under which Gibbons operated, effectually
breaking Ogden’s monopoly.
• This made clear that states cannot create laws in violation of federal acts,
making federal law supreme over state law.
• Q: How do you think states rights advocates reacted to this decision?
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Nationalist Diplomacy
• NW Territory and Russia – Russia claimed the territory south to the 51st parallel.
John Q. Adams told Russia that “the American continents are no longer subjects for
any new European colonial establishments.”. Russia agreed to fall back to the 54.40
parallel in a treaty signed in 1824.
• Monroe Doctrine – Fearing that Napoleon wanted to restore to Spain all of their lost
American territories Monroe set forth a “doctrine” at his 1823 State of the Union
Address, knowing that he had British naval power backing him. The Doctrine said: 1)
“the American continents are not to be considered as subjects for future colonization
of any European powers”, 2) extending European systems of government to America
would be considered dangerous, 3) U.S. would not interfere in European-controlled
colonies, and 4) U.S. would keep out of European internal affairs. Note: no one paid
too much attention to Monroe’s Doctrine at the time.
• Q: What point in the Monroe Doctrine was the most important? Why?
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John Q. Adams Becomes President, 1824
• Four man race in one party – John Q. Adams, John C. Calhoun, William H.
Crawford, and Andrew Jackson.
• Jackson got the most electoral votes, but it was not enough to win. So, the
House of Representatives voted and gave it to John Q. Adams.
• Adams had a brilliant and capable mind, but was a poor leader as he was
blunt, uncompromising, and often depressed.
• He supported an expanded federal government but promoted it very poorly.
He wanted: infrastructure improvements, a national university, to finance
scientific explorations, build astronomical observatories, and to create a
department of interior to manage federal lands.
• His domestic policies were frustrated by a Congress that opposed him. His
presidency never got off the ground, and he would be a one term President.
• Q: Who was his famous father? _____________________________________
Jackson Wins the Presidency in 1828
• Jackson vs. John Q. Adams
• Was a vicious election with lots of mudslinging: Adams called Jackson a killer,
brawler, hot-tempered, ignorant barbarian, and an adulterer; while Jackson
called Adams a public leach, corrupted by foreigners, gambler, spendthrift,
hypocrite who gained the 1824 presidency through a corrupt deal with Henry
Clay.
• This election saw the voting rights extended in almost every state to all white
males (property owners or not), which brought in a lot of common people, for
Jackson was the hero of the common man.
• Jackson won handily 178 electoral votes to 83 bringing about another
“revolution”, probably more than that of 1800.
• Q: Why was this more of a “revolution” than that of Jefferson’s in 1800?
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